Analog Modulation (Part-1)

PREPARED BY
KAZI AFRA NAWER
LECTURER, DEPT. OF EEE
NORTH WESTERN UNIVERSITY KHULNA
Modulation
Modulation is the process of combining a low-frequency (AF) signal with a very
high-frequency (RF) radio wave called carrier wave (CW). The AF signal is also called
a modulating wave and the resultant wave produced is called modulated wave.

Fig: 1

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 1

Carrier wave
A high-frequency undamped radio wave produced by radio-frequency
oscillators is called carrier wave.

Fig: 2

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 2

Demodulation
Demodulation is the process of separating or recovering the signal from
the modulated carrier wave.

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 3

Radio Frequency Spectrum

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 4

Why do we need modulation?
i. For long distance signal transmission.
ii. For antenna size reduction.
iii. For de-multiplexing channels from multiplexed channels.

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 5

Methods of Analog Modulation

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 6

Amplitude Modulation (AM)
In AM, the amplitude of the carrier
wave is changed in proportion to the
instantaneous amplitude of the AF
signal, but not its frequency.
Two main points about AM:
• Fluctuations in the amplitude of the
carrier wave depend on the AF signal
amplitude.
• Rate at which these fluctuations take
place depends on the frequency of
the AF signal.

Fig: 3
Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 7
Percent Modulation & Modulation Index
Percent modulation:

Again,

Fig: 4
Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 8
Problem

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 9

Upper and Lower Sidebands
In a broadcasting station, the modulating signal is the human voice (or music) which
contains waves with a frequency range of 20-4000 Hz. Each of these waves has its own LSF
and USF. When combined together, they give rise to an upper-side band (USB) and a lower-
side band (LSB). The channel width (or bandwidth) is given by the difference between
extreme frequencies i.e. between maximum frequency of USB and minimum frequency of
LSB. As seen,
Channel width = 2 × maximum frequency of modulating signal = 2 × fm (max)

Fig: 6
Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 10
Problem

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 11

Self Study

Fig: 7

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 12

Mathematical Analysis of Amplitude Modulation

The equation of a modulating signal

p
Fig. 8
8

p
Fig: 8
Fig: 8

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 13

To be continued…
𝐵 𝐵
= 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + cos 𝜔 − 𝑝 𝑡 − cos 𝜔 + 𝑝 𝑡
2 2
𝐵 𝐵
= 𝐴 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 2
𝐵
Now, we know, 𝑚 = or, 𝐵 = 𝑚𝐴
𝐴
𝑚𝐴 𝑚𝐴
∴ 𝑒 = 𝐴 sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 − 𝑓𝑚 𝑡 − cos 2𝜋 𝑓𝑐 + 𝑓𝑚 𝑡
2 2

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 14

Power Relations in an AM Wave
A modulated carrier wave consists of the following three components :

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 15

To be continued…

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 16

Problem

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 17

Problem

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 18

Frequency Modulation (FM)
In this modulation, only the frequency
of the carrier is changed and not its
amplitude.
Two important points about FM:
• The amount of frequency change
depends on the amplitude (loudness)
of the audio signal. Louder the sound,
greater the frequency deviation and
vice-versa.
• The rate of frequency deviation
depends on the signal frequency.

Fig: 10
Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 19
Centre Frequency, Frequency Deviation & Carrier Swing

• Resting Frequency/ Centre Frequency:

The frequency of an FM transmitter without signal input is called the
resting frequency or centre frequency (f0) and is the allotted frequency
of the transmitter.
• Frequency Deviation:
When the signal is applied, the carrier frequency deviates up and down
from its resting value f0. This change or shift either above or below the
resting frequency is called frequency deviation (∆f).
• Carrier Swing:
The total variation in frequency from the lowest to the highest is called
carrier swing (CS).
carrier swing = 2 × frequency deviation = 2 × ∆f

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 20

Modulation Index

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 21

Deviation Ratio

𝑚𝑎𝑥

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 22

Percent Modulation

× 100%

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 23

Problem

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 24

Problem

𝑴𝑯𝒛
7

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 25

Equation Derivation of FM Wave
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑒𝑚 = 𝐸𝑚 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 = 𝐵 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑒𝑐 = 𝐸𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑜 𝑡
𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑀 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒,
𝑡

𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜 + 𝐾 𝑒𝑚 𝑑𝑡
0
𝑡 Not needed
⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜 + 𝐾𝐵 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 26

To Be Cotinued…..
⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜 +
𝐾𝐵
2𝜋𝑓𝑚
sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 Not needed
∆𝑓
⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜 + sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝐾𝐵 = ∆𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝜋𝑓𝑚
𝑚𝑓 ∆𝑓
⇒ 𝑓 = 𝑓𝑜 + sin 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 = 𝑚𝑓 =
2𝜋 𝑓𝑚
∴ 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑀 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒, 𝑒 = 𝐴 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑡
𝒆 = 𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒐 + 𝒎𝒇 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝝅𝒇𝒎 𝒕 𝒕

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 27

Difference between FM and AM

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 28

Type of Analog Pulse Modulation

Pulse
Modulation

Pulse Amplitude Pulse Width Pulse Position

Modulation Modulation Modulation
(PAM) (PWM) (PPM)

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 29

Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
In PAM, the signal is sampled at regular intervals, and amplitude of each sample
is made proportional to the amplitude of the instantaneous sample value of the
original signal. the original signal

Input PAM

Fig: 11

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 30

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
In PWM , the width of each pulse is made proportional to the amplitude of each
sample of the original signal.
Here, the amplitude of each sample of the original signal is encoded into the
duration of corresponding pulse.
Sawtooth wave

x(t) -
PWM
+
Sawtooth
Generator

PWM

Fig: 12

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 31

Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
In PPM, the position of each pulse with respect to a pre-established reference is
made proportional to the amplitude of each sample of original signal.
PPM is superior than PAM and PWM under high noise condition.

PWM

Derivator

Negative pulse suppressor

Pulse Shaper PPM

Fig: 13
Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 32
PCM (Pulse Coded Modulation)
In PCM, analog signal is
represented by a coded group
of discrete pulses (either 1 or
0). So, PCM is a ADC ( analog to
digital conversion) technique.

In PCM the output signal is

obtained by sampling,
quantization and encoding the
input analog signal.

Fig: 14

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 33

Advantages of PCM

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 34

Kazi Afra Nawer, Lecturer, Dept of EEE, NWU, Khulna. 35