MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)

TOPIC OUTLINE
2.1: Metric System of Measurement
2.2: Imperial System of Measurement
2.3: Conversions
2.4: Surface Areas
2.5: Volumes
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.1. Metric System of Measurement
• Officially known as the International System of Units (SI)
• It is based on the standard decimal number system.
• In everyday use to measure;
• road distances and speeds,
• floor areas,
• storage volumes,
• energy consumption,
• mass and volumes of food and drink.
• temperature,
• electricity and the brightness of light bulbs.
• It is the standard system of measurement for international trade.
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2.1. Metric System of Measurement
Units
• The metric system consists of a set of seven base units, for quantities
including length, time and mass
Name Symbol Quantity
Kilogram kg Mass
Meter m Length
Second s Time
Ampere A Electric current
Kelvin K Temperature
Mole mol Amount of substance
Candela cd Light intensity
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2.1. Metric System of Measurement
Units
• Units for all other quantities are called derived units, and are defined as
products of powers of one or more of the base units.
• EXAMPLES OF DERIVED UNITS
Name Symbol Quantity
Square meter m2 Area
Cubic meter m3 Volume
Meter per second m/s Speed
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2.1. Metric System of Measurement
Units
• To simplify their expression, some derived units have been given special
names and symbols.
• EXAMPLES OF DERIVED UNITS WITH SPECIAL NAMES AND SYMBOLS

Name Special symbol Symbol Quantity

Newton N Kg m s2 Force
Joule J Kg m s2 Energy
Watt W Kg m s2 Power
Degree celsius oC K Celsius temperature
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.1. Metric System of Measurement
Prefixes
• The use of prefixes to denote decimal multiples and sub-multiples means that
only one unit is required for any given quantity.
Prefix Symbol Value
Giga G 109 1,000,000,000
Mega M 106 1,000,000
Kilo k 103 1,000
Hecto h 102 100
Deca da 101 10
100 1
deci d 10-1 0.1
Centi c 10-2 0.01
Milli m 10-3 0.001
Micro μ 10-6 0.000 001
Nano n 10-9 0.000 000 001
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.2. Imperial System of Measurement
• Although there have been many systems of measurement used over time,
• there are two that have emerged which the world has accepted and adopted.
• They are;
• the Imperial or British (Standard) System and
• the Metric or International System of Units (which we already discussed).
• Imperial system of measurement used Referent.
• referent is a concrete object that approximates a measurement.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.2. Imperial System of Measurement
• Some common referents are given in the table below for the Imperial system

Unit Abbreviation Referent

Inch in Thumb length
Foot ft Foot length
Yard yd Arm span
Mile mi Distance walked in 20 minutes
Cubit cu Distance from elbow to finger tip
Fathom fa Distance between the fingertips of a man’s outstretched arms
Furlong fl The distance a team of oxen could plow a field before it had to rest
(furrow long)
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2.3. Conversion
Metric to Imperial conversions

Metric System

Imperial System
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion
Distance/length
Imperial system of measurement Metric system of measurement
1 in 25.4mm (2.54cm)
1 ft 0.3048 m
1 yd 0.914 m
1 mile 1.609 km
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2.3. Conversion
Imperial system conversion
Volume
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion
Imperial system conversion
Weight
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion (Imperial system conversion)
Area
Area Units Example

in2, inch2,sq in, q inch, square A chessboard of 100 sq. in

Square inch
inch

ft2, foot2, sq. ft, sq foot, sq

Square foot A garage of 200 sq. ft
feet

A park of 100 sq. yard

Square yard yd2, yard2, sq. yd, sq yard

A botanical garden of 500 sq. mile

Square mile mile2, sq. mile

A football ground is exactly 1 acre

Acre acre
1 acre = 43,560 sq ft
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion
Imperial system conversion
Example 1: Peter bought a cake that weighed about 2 lbs. He cut the
cake and gave a 10-ounce piece to his sister. Help Peter figure out the
weight of the cake that is remaining.
Solution:
1 pound(lb) = 16 ounces. Therefore, 2 pounds(lbs) = 32 ounces. We
know that Peter bought a cake that weighed about 32 ounces. He gave
his sister a piece weighing about 10 ounces. Thus, 32 −10 = 22 ounces.
Therefore, the remaining cake weighs about 22 ounces.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion
Imperial system conversion
Example 2: Olivia and 3 of her friends decided to host a house party.
They prepared different dishes. Olivia prepared 4 gallons of lemonade.
She later prepared another 2 quarts of the same. How many quarts of
lemonade was prepared by Olivia?
Solution:
1 gallon = 4 quarts. Thus, (4 x 4) + 2 = 18 quarts. Therefore, Olivia
prepared 18 quarts of lemonade.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.3. Conversion
Imperial system conversion
Example 3: A football field exactly measures 1.32 acres in size. How
many square feet does it measure?
Solution:
We know that 1 acre = 43560 sq ft. Thus, 1.32 acre = 1.32 ×× 43560 =
57499.2 sq. ft. Therefore, the football field measures 1.32 acres =
57499.2 sq. ft.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.4. Surface Areas
• The total area occupied by the surfaces of an object is called its surface area.
• The surface area is classified into two categories:

✓ Lateral surface area or Curved surface area

✓ Total surface area

 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.4. Surface Areas
Example 1: Find the total surface area of a cylinder if its radius is 3.5
units and height is 6 units.
Solution:
We know that the formula to find the total surface area of a cylinder =
2πr(r + h)
= 2 × 22/7 × 3.5 × (3.5 + 6)
= 2 × 22/7 × 3.5 × (9.5)
= 209 unit2
Therefore, the total surface area of the cylinder is 209 unit2
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.4. Surface Areas
Example 2: If the radius and slant height of an ice cream cone is 4
inches and 7 inches respectively, what is its surface area?
Solution:
Given: radius = 4 inches and slant height = 7 inches.
The surface area of cone = πr(r + l)
= π × 4(4 + 7)
= 3.14 × 4 × 11
= 138.16 inches2
∴ The surface area of the cone is 138.16 inches2.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.5. Volumes
• A volume is simply defined as the amount of space occupied by any
three-dimensional solid.
• These solids can be
• a cube, a cuboid,
• a cone,
• a cylinder or a sphere.
• Different shapes have different volumes.
• Volume of a solid is measured in cubic units.
• For example, if dimensions are given in meters, then the volume will be in
cubic meters.
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.5. Volumes
Example 1.
If a cuboid has dimensions of 10cm x 3cm x 5cm, then find its volume.
Sol: Volume of cuboid = length x width x height
V = 10cm x 3cm x 5cm
V = 150 cubic centimetres

Example 2.
Find the volume of a cube if its side length is equal to 4 cm.
Solution: Given, the length of cube = 4cm
As we know,
Volume of cube = Side3
Therefore,
Volume of cube with 4cm length = 64 (cm)3
Volume = 64 cm3
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2.5. Volumes
Example 3.
What is the volume of the cone if the radius is 2cm and the height is 5cm.
Solution: Given, radius of circular base of cone = 2cm
Height of cone = 5cm
As we know,
Volume of cone = ⅓ πr2h
Volume = ⅓ π (2)2 (5)
Volume = ⅓ x 22/7 x 4 x 5
Volume = 20.95 cu.cm.
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2.5. Volumes
Example 4.
The volume of a cube is 512 cm3, its surface area is?
Solution: Since, a3 = 512 = 8 x 8 x 8
⇒ a = 8 cm
∵ Surface area of cube = 6a2
=[6 x (8)2] cm2
=384 cm2

Example 5.
A hemisphere has 3 cm radius. Calculate its volume?
Solution: Volume of the hemisphere = (2/3)πr3
= (2/3) x π x 33
= (2/3) x π x 27
= 18π cm3
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
2.5. Volumes
• Formulas for Perimeter, Area, Surface and Volume for different shapes
SHAPES FORMULAS
Rectangle
Area = Length X Width
A = lw
Perimeter = 2 X Lengths + 2 X Widths
P = 2l + 2w
Parallelogram
Area = Base X Height
A = bh
Perimeter = add the length of all sides
P = 2a + 2b
Triangle
Area = 1/2 of the base X the height
A = bh
Perimeter = a + b + c
(add the length of the three sides)
Trapezoid
Area = 1/2 of the base X the height
𝑏1+𝑏2
 Area = Base X Height
A = bh

MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)

Perimeter = add the length of all sides
P = 2a + 2b
Triangle
2.5. Volumes Area = 1/2 of the base X the height
A = bh
• Formulas for Perimeter, Area, Surface and Volume for different shapes
Perimeter = a + b + c
(add the length of the three sides)
Trapezoid
Area = 1/2 of the base X the height
𝑏1+𝑏2
A=( 2
)h
Perimeter = add lengths of all sides
P = a + b1 + b2 + c
Circle
Radius = the distance from the center to a point on the circle (r).
Diameter = the distance between two points on the circle through
the center (d = 2r).
Circumference = the distance around the circle (C = πd = 2πr).
(Assume π≈ 3.14)
Area = πr2
Rectangular Solid
Volume = Length X Width X Height
V = lwh
 Perimeter = add lengths of all sides
P = a + b1 + b2 + c
Circle
MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
Radius = the distance from the center to a point on the circle (r).
Diameter = the distance between two points on the circle through
the center (d = 2r).
2.5. Volumes Circumference = the distance around the circle (C = πd = 2πr).
• Formulas for Perimeter, Area, Surface and Volume for different shapes
(Assume π≈ 3.14)
Area = πr2
Rectangular Solid
Volume = Length X Width X Height
V = lwh
Surface = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh
Prisms
Volume = Base X Height
V = bh
Surface = 2b + Ph (b is the area of the
base P is the perimeter of the base)
Cylinder
Volume = πr2 X height
V = πr2 h
Surface = 2π radius X height
S = 2πrh + 2πr2
 MTH404 LECTURE 2: MEASUREMENTS (2)
TUTORIAL QUESTIONS
Question 1. Convert 7 yd to;
I. ft
II. In

Question 2. convert 62 inches to;

I. ft and in
II. yd, ft and in

Question 3. George buys baseboard for his bedroom that has a perimeter of 37 ft. What is
the length in yards and feet? If baseboard costs $5.99/yd what is the cost of material
before taxes?

Question 4. How many meters is 4.5 km?

Question 5. How many μm are in 0.0257 cm

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Exercise Questions
Question 6. Find the volume of each solid.

Question 7. A wooden cube has edges measuring 5 centimeters each. Find the surface area
of the cube.
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Exercise Questions
Question 8. The triangular prism shown has three rectangular faces. Its bases are
congruent isosceles triangles. Find the surface area of the triangular prism.