History of India

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•Harappan were not aware of iron, gold and horse.

HISTORY OF INDIA • Trade – Barter system/ trade from Sumeria .
• Pashupati Mahadev was the chief deity.
• We have not read the Harappan script.
ANCIENT INDIA • Ropar is in Punjab .
• Kalibangan ( Rajasthan )
Name of human -- The Homo Sapiens • Banawali and Rakhigarhi ( Haryana )
1. The Palaeolithic Age
2. The Mesolithic age The Vedic Age –
3. The Neolithic age • Four Vedas were written during this period.
1. The Palaeolithic age Rig Veda –
• Time Period – 500000 BC to 9000 BC. • Oldest religious text of the world.
• Stone was the main tool, they lived in caves • Written around 1500 BC.
• Men were hunters and gatherers. • Contains 10 parts (Mandals) , 1028 Hymns.
• Bhimbetka (M.P) has famous cave paintings. • Sama Veda (Collection of Melodies)
• No knowledge of Agriculture, fire. • Yajur Veda ( Book of sacrifices)
2. The Mesolithic age • Atharva Veda ( Book of Magic, Medicine )
• Time Period – 9000 BC to 5000 BC. Gayatri mantra is taken from Rig Veda
• Animal domestication was started with Dog.
• End of ice age . The Society
3. The Neolithic age Four Varnas
• Time Period – 5000 BC to 2500 BC. 1. Brahmin
• Men started making houses. 2. Kshatriyas
• Discovery of Fire, Wheel. 3. Vaisyas
• Agriculture and farming started. 4. Shudras
• Use of Pottery . Vedic Literature
The Chalcolithic age • Upanishadas – 108
• The age of Copper. • Aranyakas – Written in forests.
• First metal used by the human – Copper. • Puranas – 18
Indus Valley civilization • Ashtadhyayi – Panini – First Sanskrit grammar
• Also known as Harappa Civilization. • Mahabhasya - Patanjali
• Time Period – 2500 BC – 1750 BC. Epics
• Belongs to Bronze age . • Mahabharat – Largest epic of the world.
• Harappa, Mohenjodaro are presently situated in • Written by – Ved Vyas.
Pakistan. • Original 24000 verses, Present – 100000
• Famous for town planning and Drainage system. verses.
Harappa • Mahabharat has 18 Parts ( Parva).
• Discovered by Dayaram Sahni in 1921. • Ganesh ji wrote Mahabharata for Ved Vyas.
• At the bank of Ravi river. • Mahabharata war was fought for 18 days .
• Famous for six granaries. Ramayana
Mohenjodaro • Written by – Valmiki. In Sanskrit
• Discovered by R.D. Banerjee in 1922. • Bhagawat gita is written by Ved Vyas ..
• The mound of dead.. Mahajanpada
• The great bath. • There were 16 large states in ancient india.
• Bronze dancing girl. • Taxila University was the first university of the world.
Some more facts – Magadha Empire
• Lothal ( Gujarat) – Famous for the dockyard. • Haryanka dynasty– Founded by Bimbisara.
• First to produce cotton. • Bimbisara was contemporary of Gautam Buddha.
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• Capital – Earlier Rajgir, later – Patliputra. • Ashokan script ‘Brahami’ was deciphered by – James
• Founder of Patliputra – Udayin Princep(1837).
• Nanda Dynasty – Mahapadmanand. • Iron Pillars were installed by Ashoka.
• Last Nanda ruler – Dhananand. • He built Sanchi Stupa.
Post Mauryan-
Foreign Invasion- • Milindpanho – conversation between Minander and
• Alexander, the Greece king invaded India in 328 BC. Nagasena.
• He was the first European to invade India. • Vikramaditya started ‘Vikram Samvat’ in 57 BC.
• Battle of Hydaspas – 327 BC ( Alexander vs Porus). • Kanishka ( Kushana) first to issue gold coin in India.
• Kanishka started ‘Saka era’ in 78 AD.
• Hydaspas is currently Jhelum river.
• Gautamiputra Satkarni was a famous Satvahana
• Aristotle was the teacher of Alexander.
ruler.
• First Foreign Invader – Darius ( Persia)
Gupta Age-
Jainism-
• Founder – Sri Gupta.
• Founded by Rishabhnath ( First Tirthankar).
• Golden age of India,
• Total – 24 Tirthankars.
• Samudragupta - ‘Napolean of India’ , Prayag Prasasti
Vardhaman Mahavir
by Harisena.
• Born in -540 BC ( Kundalgram)
• Chandragupta II
• Death – 468 BC (Pavapuri)
• Mehrauli Iron pillar.
• Swetambara – wears white cloths.
• Kalidas was one of the Navratna.
• Digambara – without cloths.
• Chinese traveller Fa-Hien visited India.
Kumaragupta – Founded the Nalanda University
Buddhism-
More Facts about Gupta age-
• Founded by Gautam Buddha.
• Kalidas (Shakespeare of India) – Abhigyan
• Original Name – Siddhartha.
Shakuntalam, Meghdoot, .
• Born in – 563 BC ( Lumbini ) Kapilvastu.
• Ajanta cave paintings are of Gupta period.
• Enlightenment at – Bodh Gaya
• Panchatantra – Vishnu Sharma
• First Sermon at – Sarnath.
• Aryabhatta – use of 0 , value of pie (𝝅).
• Death – 483 BC ( Kusinagar)
• Literature (Pali) – Tripitaka (Vinaya, Sutta,
Harshavardhan-
Abhidhamma)
• Capital- Thaneswar ( Kurukshetra). Later – Kannauj.
• Budhcharit written by – Ashvaghosh.
• Last great Hindu king.
• Buddhist Sect- Hinayana and Mahayana.
• Defeated by Pulakesin II .
• Jataka – Stories of Earlier births.
• Banabhatta wrote – Harsha Charita.
• Ajanta and Ellora Caves are dedicated to
• Chinese traveller – Hiuen Tsang visited Harsha’s
Buddha.
court.
More facts about Ancient India-
Mauryan Empire-
• The rock cut temple of Kailash at Ellora – By Krishna
• Founded by Chandragupta Maurya.
I (Rashtrakuta)
• Teacher of Chandragupta – Kautilya ( Chankya).
• Dharam Pala established ‘Vikramshila University’
• Author of ‘Arthashastra’ – Chanakya.
• Sangam Age – Assembly of Tamil scholars.
• ‘Indica’ written by – Megasthenese.
• Narsimha deva I built Konark Sun Temple.
• Megasthenese was the ambassador of Selucus
Nicator.
Ashoka-
• Greatest Mauryan king. Son of Bindusara.
• Battle of Kalinga – 261 BC.
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8. Razia Sultan was the first Muslim woman to rule

MEDIEVAL INDIA India.
RAJPUT RULERS
9. Balban was last great slave king.
• Pala, Gurjar-Pritihara and Rashtrakutas fought for the
sovereignty over Kannauj (UP).
KHILJI DYNASTY (1290)
• Dantidurga was the founder Rashtrakuta dynasty.
1. Jalaluddin Khilji founded Khilji dynasty.
• Mihir Bhoj was a great Gurjar-Pratihar king.
2. Alauddin Khilji started the system of Dagh and
• Rana Kumbha of Mewar built Vijay Stambha at
Chehra.
Chittor.
3. Alauddin built Alai Darwaja at Qutub Minar.
4. Amir Khusrau (Tota-i-Hind) a famous poet was his
PRITHVIRAJ CHAUHAN
courtier.
• First battle of Tarain – 1191 AD ( with Mohammad
5. He fixed the price of all market commodities.
Ghori)
• Second battle of Tarain -1192 AD ( with Mohammad
Ghori) TUGHLAQ DYNASTY (1320)
• Chanderbardai wrote ‘ Prithviraj Raso’ • Giyasuddin Tughlaq founded Tughlaq dynasty.
• He along with Tomar rulers, was the earliest king to • . Mohammad Bin Tughlaq transfer his capital from
make Delhi their capital. Delhi to Devagiri.
• Mohammad Bin Tughlaq is known as wise fool
The Chola Empire king . Ibn Batuta visted his court.
Chola empire was founded by Vijayalaya • Firoz shah Tughlaq built Firoz Shah Kotla.
• Rajaraj built Brihadeshwar Temple at Tanjore. • Firoz constructed many canals.
• Local Self- governance (Panchayat) was introduced • Firoz established many cities .
by the Cholas. • Firoz imposed Jaziya tax on Non- Muslim.
• Chola’s was the first kingdom to have a strong Navy. • Timur-i-Lung invaded India during Tughlaq reign
• Rajendra –I assumed the title of Gangaikondachola. in 1398.
• Kamban wrote Tamil Ramayana. • Tughlaq is the longest ruling dynasty of Sultanate.
Islamic Invasion in India SAYYID DYNASTY (1414)

• First Muslim Invader – Muhammad Bin Qasim (712 Khizar Khan founded Sayyid dynasty.
AD ) LODHI DYNASTY (1451)
• Mahmud Ghaznavi raided India as many as 17 times
• Bahlol Lodhi founded Lodhi dynasty.
and looted Somnath Temple ( Gujarat) .
• First Afghan Dynasty to rule India .
• Al Beruni visited India with Ghori, wrote ‘Kitab-ul-
• Sikandar Lodhi founded the City of Agra.
Hind’
• He introduced Gaz- i- Sikandari for land
• Bakhtiyar Khalji destroyed Nalanda University
measurement.
• Sikander Pen name was Gulrukhi.
Delhi Sultanate • Ibrahim Lodhi was the last Sultan of Delhi.
Slave Dynasty (1206) • He lost to Babur in First battle of Panipat.
1. Qutubuddin Aibak founded slave dynasty.
2. Aibak built Adhai Din Ka Jhopra at Ajmer. Mughal Empire
3. Aibak was given the title of Lakh Baksh.
4. Aibak died while playing Chaugan (Polo). BABUR (1526-30)
5. The construction of Qutub Minar completed by
 First Battle of Panipat (1526) – Babur – Ibrahim
Iltutmish. Lodhi
6. Mongol Chengiz Khan invaded India during  Founder of Mughal Empire – Babur
Iltutmish’s reign.  Autobiography – Tuzuk-i- Baburi (Turkish)
7. Chahalgani (40 slaves ) was set up by Iltutmish.  Babur was the first to bring gun powder in India.
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 Battle of Khanwa (1527) – Babur – Rana Sangha  Autobiography ‘ Tuzuk –i- Jahangiri’ in
 Battle of Chanderi (1528) – Babur - Rajput Persian.
(Medini Rai).  Her wife – Nurjahan ..
 Razmanama – Translation of Mahabharata.
SHAHJAHAN (1627-58)
HUMAYUN (1530-40)  Original name –Khurram.
 Lost to Sher Shah Suri in Battle of Kannauj (Bilgram)-  He built Taj Mahal (Agra), Red Fort and Jama
1540 Masjid in Delhi”. Also Diwan-i-Khas .
 Battle of Chausa (1539) – Sher Shah Suri  He built the capital city of Shahjahanabad (Old
 Death –fell from the Library stairs. Delhi).
 Humayun’s Tomb is in Delhi by Hamida Bano.  French traveller Bernier visited his court.
 Humayun nama was written by Gulbadan Begum .
AURANGZEB (1658-1707)
 Killed his brother Dara Sikoh and imprisoned
SHER SHAH SURI father Shahjahan.
 The Afghan king – original name – Farid  He built Bibi ka Makbara ( Aurangabad).
 He is famous for his land revenue system.  Called Zinda Pir.
 He started Rupee currency.  Last Great Mughal Emporer.
 Constructed Grand Trunk Road ( Sher Shah  Started Jiziya tax again.
Suri Road from Peshawar to Kolkata).  Executed 9th Sikh Guru Teg Bahadur
 He constructed Purana Qila ( Delhi) More facts about Mughals.
 Sher Shah’s Tomb is in Sasaram ( Bihar)  Salim chisti tomb is in Fatehpur Sikri.
 Panch Mahal, Diwan-i- Khas and Diwan- i- Aam are
AKBAR (1556-1605) in Fatehpur Sikri.
 Second Battle of Panipat (1556) – Akbar –  Akbar’s tomb is in Sikandara.
Hemu , Akbar commander – Bairam Khan  Shahjahan built Peacock throne, which was looted by
 Abolished Slavery, Jaziya tax (1564) Nadir Shah in 1739. Kohinoor diamond was part of it.
 Akbar established matrimonial alliance with  Mansabdari and Jagirdari system was introduced in
the Rajputs. His wife was Jodhabai. Mughal period.
 Battle of Haldighati (1576) with Maharana  Mir Bakshi was the military incharge during Mughals.
Pratap.  Malik Mohammad Jaysi wrote ‘ Padmawat’
 Constructed Buland Darwaza ( Fatehpur Sikri)
to memorise his Gujarat victory. SHIVAJI (1627-1680)
 He built Agra Fort, Ibadat Khana. • Religious teacher – Guru Ramdas.
 He had the famous Navratnas in his court. • Sardeshmukhi and Chauth were the main taxes
 Todarmal was his finance minister, introduced during Maratha.
Zabti system, Dahsahla system . • Father of India navy – Shivaji.
 Mansingh was his army commander .
 Tansen was the famous musician. VIJAYNAGAR EMPIRE
 Birbal was his prime minister.  Harihar and Bukka founded the Vijay Nagar Empire.
 Arabic was his Court language.  Hampi was the capital of Vijay Nagar.
 Abul Fazl wrote Akbarnama or Ain-I-Akbari.  Krishna Deva Raya was the greatest Vijay Nagar king.
 Akbar started ‘Din-i-Ilahi in 1581.  Battle of Talikota – 1565.
 Tulsidas was Akbar’s Contemporary, wrote  Vijay Nagar had famous rivalry against the Bahmani
Ramcharita Manas. kingdom.
JAHANGIR (1605-27) BAHMANI EMPIRE

 Original name – Salim.  Bahman Shah or Hasan Gangu founded the
 He executed fifth Guru ‘ Arjun Dev”. Bahmani Empire.
 English traveller Thomas Roe visited his court.  Gulberg was the capital of Bahmani.
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 Mohammad Adil shah built Gol Gumbaj at Bijapur. • The East India company’s existence came to an end
 Charminar of Hyderbad was built by Qutub Shah. in 1858.
• The British left India on 15 August 1947.
BHAKTI MOVEMENT BATTLE OF PLASSEY
 Alvar ( Vishnu) and Nayanar (Shiva) were south • Fought between the English and the Nawab of
Indian religious sects. Bengal – Sirajuddaula.
 Kabir- Disciple of Ramananda, wrote Dohas in Bijak. • Fought on 23 June 1757.
 Guru Nanak Dev – First Sikh Guru . • Sirajudaula’s army general Mir Jaffer betrayed him.
 Chaitanaya Mahaprabhu- Famous Bengali Krishna • English forces were headed by Robert Clive.
devotee. • Black hole tragedy happened before the war.
 Mirabai, Surdas – Krishna devotee. BATTLE OF BUXAR
 Tukaram, Eknath, Naamdeva, Redas were other • Fought between the English and the combined forces
bhakti poets. of Nawab of Bengal – Mir Qasim, Nawab of Awadh
and the Mughals .
• Fought in 1764.
• Treaty of Allahabad (1765)- land revenue rights
Modern India (Diwani) of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa were given to the
THE PORTUGUESE company .
• Vasco da gama reached India in 1498.
• He was welcomed by Zamorin of Calicut.
Maratha
• Albuquerque captured Goa from Bijapur and Bombay
 Third battle of Panipat – 1761 against Ahmad Shah
was later given to the English as dowry.
Abdali.
• They were the last European to leave India in 1961 (
 Maratha prime minster were – Peshwas .
Goa , Daman and Diu)
 Other Maratha powers – Holkar ( Indore), Gaekwad
( Baroda) , Scindhia (Gwalior)
The Dutch
 First Anglo- Maratha war – (1775-82)
• Formation of Dutch East India company in 1602.
• First factory at Masulipattam (1605). MYSORE
• Dutch power was ended by Battle of Badera in 1759. • First Anglo-Mysore war (1769) by Haider Ali.
• Second Anglo- Mysore war – 1780-84.
The French • Third Anglo- Mysore war – 1792 (Treaty of
• The French came to India in 1664. Rangapattnam)
• First factory at Surat. • Fourth Anglo- Mysore war – 1799 (Tipu died)
• Dupleix was the most famous French governor. • Lion of Mysore – Tipu Sultan
• Carnatic wars, battle of Wandiwas (1760) were
fought against the English. INDIA (1772 to 1800)
• The French left India in 1954 when Puducherry and  First governor General of Bengal – Warren Hastings.
Chandernagar got independence .  Regulating Act –1773.
 Pitts’ India Act – 1784.
The English  Asiatic Society – 1784 (by William Jones).
• The British East India company was set up in 1600  Lord Cornwallis is known as father of Indian civil
by Elizabeth -1. services.
• William Hawkins was a merchant who came to India  Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley
in 1600. (1798).
• First factory was set up at Surat in 1608.  Fort William college in Calcutta – 1800.
• Thomas Roe got the royal farman (permission) from
Jahangir.
• Their first settlement was set up at the Fort William .
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LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS Reforms by the English

1. Permanent settlement-1793 by Cornwallis in • Abolition of Sati – 1829 ( William Bentinck )
Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. • Abolition of slavery – 1843
2. Ryotwari system – 1820 by Thomas Munroe in • Widow remarriage act – 1856
Bombay and Madras. • Sharda Act – 1929 ( minimum age for marriage -14
3. Mahalwari system- Introduced in Central India, for girls and 18 for boys )
ganga valley.
SOCIAL REFORM MOVEMEMTS
INDIA – (1800 to 1857) • Father of Indian renaissance – Raja Ram Mohan
 First governor general of India – William Bentinck Roy.
(1833) • Atmiya Sabha (1815)- Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
 Father of western Education in India -- Bentinck • Brahmo Samaj (1828) – Raja Ram Mohan Roy.
 Policy of Paramountcy – Lord Hastings • Prathana Samaj (1867) – Atmaram Pandurang.
 English language was made compulsory-1835 by • Theosophical Society (1875) – Blavastky, Olcott.
Macaulay. • Young Bengal movement – Henry Vivian Derozio
 Indian Panel Code – 1860. • Satyashodhak Samaj (1873) – Jyotiba Phule
 Father of Indian Panel Code – Lord Macaulay. • Self respect movement – EV Ramaswami ‘Periyar’
 Last Governor general and first Viceroy – Lord • Arya Samaj (1875) – Dayanand Saraswati.
Canning (1858) • Arya Samaj motto – Get back to the Vedas.
 Universities were opened at Calcutta, Bombay • DAV schools were started by Arya Samaj.
and Madras (1857) • It also started Suddhi movement.
LORD DALHOUSIE (1848-56) • Ramakrishan Mission – Swami Vivekanand .
• Doctrine of lapse – First state Satara. • Parliament of religions Confrence – 1893 by Swami
• Railway service – 1853 (Bombay to Thane) Vivekanand.
• Telegraph service – 1853. ( Agra- Calcutta) • Aligarh Movement (1875) – Sir Syed Ahmad Khan.
• First engineering college at Roorkee. • Mohammadan Anglo Oriental college started later it
• Postal service also started during his time. became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920.
1857 Revolt
• Mangal Pandey of Barrackpore was the first martyr. INDIA (1857-1885)
• The revolt is considered as the first war of • First census – 1872. (Lord Mayo)
Independence . • First regular census – 1881.
• The revolt started from Meerut on 10 May 1857. • Vernacular Press Act – 1878.
• Bhadurshah Zafar the last Mughal was chosen as the • Queen Victoria became the empress of India – 1876.
leader. • Father of local self governance – Lord Ripon.
• Enfield rifles’ pork or beef greased cartridges was a • Ilbert Bill Controversy – 1883 ( Indian judges to try
main reason. the English).
• Awadh was captured forcefully in 1856.
• It ended in 1858 and the power went in hands of Indian National Congress
British government. • Established in Bombay on 28-12-1885.
• The post of governor general was also abolished. • Founder AO Hume .
1857 Revolt leaders • First president – WC Banerjee.
• Delhi – Bahadur shah Zafar/Bakht khan • First Muslim president – Badruddin Tayyabji.
• Jhansi – Rani Laxmibai • First European resident – George Eule.
• Gwalior – Tantya Tope • First woman president – Annie Besant.
• Lucknow – Begum Hazrat Mahal. First Indian woman president – Sarojini Naidu
• Bihar – Kunwar singh • Congress president on 15 august 1947 – JB Kriplani.
• Kanpur – Nana Saheb • Only time when Gandhi was the President – 1924 (
Belgaum)
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Indian National Movement (1885-1907) • Dandi March – From Sabarmati to Dandi .

• Drainage of wealth – Dadabhai nauroji. • Total Satyagrahi of Dandi March – 78 ..
• Moderates phase (1885-1907). • Only Woman participant – Sarojini Naidu .
• Partition of Bengal – 1905 by Curzon. • Bardoli Satyagraha (1928) – Farmers.
• Swadeshi movement – 1906. • Gandhi- Irwin Pact -1931.
Vande Mataram became popular during Swadeshi . • Round table conference attended by Gandhi ji-
• Surat split (1907) – Congress divided in two parts . Second (1931). In London ..
• Extremist – Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, BR Ambedkar attained all 3 Round Table Conference .
Bipen Chandra Pal (Lal, Bal, Pal) • Poona Pact – 1932 between Gandhi and Ambedkar
• Muslim league at Dacca – 1906 by Agha Khan . ( separate electorate to Dalits)
• Also known as communal award announced by
Indian National Movement (1907-1920) Ramsay Mcdonald.
• Morley – Minto Reforms (1909) – Separate electorate Government of India Act – 1935.
for Muslims. Individual satyagraha – 1940 by Vinoba Bhave .
• Capital shifted from Kolkata to Delhi – 1911. • Quit India movement – 1942.
• Delhi Darbar – 1911 by King George V. • Quit India movement started on 9 August from
• Ghadar Party – 1913 by Lala Hardayal at San Bombay).
Francisco. • Woman who unfurled Indian flag – Aruna Asaf Ali.
• Kesari newspaper by Bal Gangadhar Tilak (1907). • Radio announcer during movement – Usha Mehta
• Kamagatumaru ship incident – 1914. • Cripps Mission -1942.
• Home Rule league – 1916 ( Tilak and Annie Besant) • Cabinet mission plan -1946
• Lucknow Pact – 1916 ( Congress and Muslim
League) Revolutionary Phase
• Rowlatt Act -1919 ( Black Law)  Khudiram Bose was hanged in 1908 at the age of 18.
• Jalianwala bagh massacre – 13 April 1919.  Ghadar Party famous for outside India activity .
• Khilafat Movement – 1919 by Shaukat Ali and  Bhikaji Kama made Indian flag in Germany ..
Mohammad Ali.  Kakori train robbery – 1925
• Montague Chelmsford reforms – 1919 (Diarchy)  Ramprasad Bismil , Ashfaqullah khan and Roshan
• Diarchy means powers divide between British India singh were hanged.
and the princely states.  Bhagat Singh formed HSRA ( Hindustan Socialist
• Banaras Hindu University by Madan Mohan Malviya Republic Association
(1916).  He also formed ‘Naujawan Bharat Sabha’
 Lala Lajpat Rai was killed in anti Simon commission
Gandhian Phase (1917 to 1947) protest in 1928.
• Champaran Satyagraha (1917) by Gandhi ji for indigo  Bhagat Singh killed Saunders.
farmers..  Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw bomb in
• Kheda Satyagraha (1918) by Gandhi ji. assembly in 1929.
• First mass movement Non cooperation – 1920  Jatin Das died after 63 days of fast unto death in jail
• Chauri Chaura incident – 5 Feb. 1922.  Bhagat Singh, rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged on
• Swaraj Party formed by CR Das and Motilal Nehru – 23 March 1931.
1923.  Chandrashekhar Azad killed himself in Alfred park
• Simon Commission (1927). Lajpat Rai died Allahabad on 27 February 1931.
protesting. Azad Hind Fauz ( INA)
• Nehru Report – 1928.  Formed by Ras Behari Bose in Singapore (1942)
• Lahore session (1929), Purna Swaraj. ( Nehru)  United by Subash Chandra Bose in 1943.
• First independence day celebrated on 26 January  Azad Hind Fauz took help from Japan .
1930  First place captured in India by INA – Moirang (
• Civil disobedient movement – March- April 1930. Manipur)
• Also known as Dandi March or salt satyagraha.  INA captured Andaman islands .
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 Laxmi sehgal was the leader of Rani Jhanshi FAMOUS BATTLES OF INDIA
brigade. Battle of Hydaspes
 INA trial- 1945 (Red Fort) Alexander / Porus -- 326 BC
 Royal navy Mutiny – 1946 Kalinga War
Ashoka / Kalinga-- 261 BC
Subhash Chandra Bose
Invasion of Muhammad Bin Qasim
• Born in 1897 at Cuttack.
Battle of Sindh-- 712 AD
Left Civil Services Battles of Tarain
• President of Congress twice in 1938,39. 1st-1191 AD 2nd – 1192 AD
• He founded Forward Block. Prithviraj Chauhan / Mohammad Ghori
• Slogans – dilli chalo, Jai Hind and Tum Mujhe Khoon
do Mein tumhe azadi dunga. First Battle of Panipat
• Died in a plane crash in 1945.(Taiwan) Babur / Ibrahim Lodhi --1526 AD
Battle of Khanwa
Babur / Rana Sangha -- 1527 AD
Mahatma Gandhi
• Born in 1869 at Porbander. Battle of Chausa and Kannauj
• Studied in England and work in South Africa. Shershah Suri / Humayun -- 1539 AD & 1540 AD
• Wife- Kasturba Gandhi.
• First Satyagraha in South Africa against the apartheid Second Battle of Panipat
policy. Akbar / Hemu-- 1556 AD
Battle of Talikota --Vijaynagar / Bahmani --1565 AD
• Books – My Experiments with truth, Hind Swaraj and
Harijan, Indian Opinion Battle of Haldighati
• Came to India in 1915. Akbar / Maharana Pratap -- 1576 AD
• Called Mahatma by Rabindranath Tagore.
Called father of nation by Subash Chandra Bose . Battle of Plassey
• Killed by Nathuram Godse on 30 Jan 1948. East India Company /Nawab of Bengal --1757 AD
Battle of Wandiwash
• Political Guru – Gopal Krishna Gokhle.
East India Company /French --1757 AD
Churchill called Gandhi Naked Fakir .
Third Battle of Panipat
Pakistan Demand Ahmed Shah Abdali /Maratha --1761 AD
• Pakistan name was coined by Rehmat Ali . Battle of Buxar
• Separate country ‘Pakistan’ was demanded by
Muslim league in 1940. East India Company / Allied Forces of Bengal, Awadh
• Direct action day by Jinnah -16 August 1946. and Mughals -- 1764 AD
• Partition by Mountbatten Plan on 3 June 1947. Anglo – Mysore wars
• First Governor General – Mohammad Ali Jinnah 1st – 1767-69 ,,2nd –1780-84
First Prime Minister – Liaquat Ali Khan 3rd – 1790-92 ,, 4th—1799
Anglo – Maratha wars
India Got Freedom 1st – 1775-82 ,, 2nd –1803-05 ,, 3rd – 1817-18
• Prime minister of Britain in 1947 – Clement Attlee. India ‘s First war of Independence – 1857
 Last Viceroy and First Governor General of India – China War -- 1962
Independent India – Lord Mountbatton
• Integration of Princely states by – Sardar Patel. India – Pakistan War-- 1965
• Nehru’s speech on 15th August 1947 – Tryst with
Bangladesh LiberationWar
Destiny.
India – Pakistan -- 1971
• Gandhiji was at Noaakhli (Bengal) when India got Kargil war
Independence. India – Pakistan – 1999
9
Associations— Revolt and Movements —

Arya Samaj Dayanand Saraswati Indigo revolt Bengal
Brahmo Samaj Raja Rajmohan Roy Kuka rebel ( Punjab) Ram Singh
Asiatic Society William Jones Munda revolt Birsa Munda
Prarthana Samaj MG Ranade, Pandurang Aligarh movement Syed Ahmed Khan
Servants of India society Gopal Krishna Gokhale Temple entry BR Ambedkar
Home rule league Tilak, Annie Besant Self respect movement Ramaswamy Periyar
Satyasodhak Samaj Jyotiba Phule Moplah revolt Kerala
Ramakrishna mission Vivekananda
Young Bengal movement Henry Vivian Derozio Famous Slogans —
Theosophical society Annie Besant
 Swaraj is my Birth right and I shall have it —
Ghadar Party Hardayal Lokmanya Tilak
Abhinav Bharat Veer Savarkar  Jai Hind, Delhi Chalo — Subhash Chandra Bose
Hindustan Socialist Bhagat Singh  Tum Muje Khoon Do Mein Tumhe Azadi Dunga —
Republic Association Subhash Chandra Bose
 Do or Die — Gandhiji
Azad Hind Fauz Ras Behari Bose  Aram Haraam Hai — Jawaharlal Nehru
 Share Jahan se Acha — Iqbal
Founder of Dynasties, Kingdoms and Cities—  Inquilab Zindabad — Bhagat Singh
 Sarfarosi ki Tamanna — Ram Prasad Bismil
Haryanka dynasty Bimbisar
 Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan — Lal Bahadur Shastri
Patliputra Udayin  Jai Jawan , Jai Kisan, Jai Vigyan — Atal Bihari
Maurya dynasty Chandragupta Maurya Vajpayee.
 Jhanda Uncha Rahe Hamara — Shyamal Gupta
Gupta dynasty Shree Gupta  Democracy- Of the people, For the People, By the
Nalanda University Kumargupta People —Abraham Lincoln
Vikramshila Dharampal
World History –
Delhi Sultanate Qutubuddin Aibak  French revolution – 1789 ( Louis XVI)
Mughal Babur  American Independence – 4 July 1776.
Vijay Nagar Empire Harihar & Bukka  Battle of Water Loo -- 1815
 Russian Revolution – 1917 ( Lenin)
Agra city Sikander Lodhi
 First World war – 1914-1918.
Fatehpur Sikri Akbar  League of Nations -1920 by Woodrow Wilson.
Maratha Empire Shivaji  Second World War – 1939-1945.
 Leader of Germany Nazi Party – Hitler .
 Dictator of Italy – Mussolini .
Foreign travellers—
 Cold war – 1945-1991.
Magasthenese (Greece) Chandragupta Maurya
 Disintegration of USSR – 1991.
Fahien ( China) Gupta dynasty
Huensang (China) Harshavardhan
Alberuni (Uzbek) Mahmud Ghazni
Ibn Batuta ( Morocco ) Mohammad bin Tughlaq
Thomas Roe Jahangir
10
Part – 2 – Citizenship (Article 5-11)

INDIAN POLITY  There are 5 ways to acquire citizenship of India.
 1.By Birth
Indian Constitution – Introduction  2. By Descent
 3. By Registration
 Idea of the constitution – M N Roy.  4. By Naturalisation
 Head of Interim Government – Nehru. 5. By Incorporation of Territory
 Completed and Adopted on – 26 Nov. 1949.
 Father of Constitution – BR Ambedkar. Part – 2 – Citizenship (Article 5-11)
 Republic Day – 26 January 1950.  There are 3 ways to lose citizenship of India.
 Total time – 2 years , 11 months , 18 days.  By Renunciation
 Parts –22 (total-25)  By Termination
 Schedule – 12 ( Originally 8)  By Deprivation
 Articles – 395  Citizenship Amendment Act-1955
Constituent Assembly Part -3 – Fundamental rights

• Formed by Cabinet Mission Plan -1946.  Magna Carta of India.
• Total Member – 389.  6 Fundamental rights.
• First meeting – 09-12-1946 (Temporary President-  Taken from USA constitution.
Sachidanand Sinha ) 1. Right to Equality
• President – Rajendra Prasad  14 – Right to Equality before law
• Vice – President – HC Mukherjee, V T  15 – Prohibition of discrimination on grounds
Krishnamachari. of caste, religion, sex or place of birth
• Drafting committee chairman – BR Ambedkar
 16 -- Equality of Opportunity
 17 -- Abolition of Untouchability
Features of the constitution
 18 -- Abolition of Titles
 Largest written constitution.
2. Right to Freedom –
 Parliamentary Government.
 Article-19 – Right to freedom (6 freedoms )
 Secular state.
 20 – Protection in respect of conviction for
 Fundamental rights .
offences
 Independent Judiciary.
 21 – Protection of Life
 Single citizenship.
 21 A – Right to Education (6-14 years children)
 Universal Adult Franchise.
 22 – Protection against arrest and detention.
3. Right Against Exploitation –
Sources of the Constitution
 Article – 23 – Prohibition of Human Trafficking
 Britain – Parliamentary govt. ,Bicameralism, Rule of
and forced labour
Law.
 Article – 24 – Prohibition of Child labour below
 USA – Fundamental rights, Supreme Court, Vice
the age of 14 .
President.
4. right to Freedom of Religion –
 Canada – Federal system.
 Article 25 – Right to Freedom of Religion
 USSR – Fundamental Duties.
 Article 26 – Freedom to manage religious
 Ireland – Election of the President. affairs like property, institutions etc.
 Australia – Concurrent List  Article – 27 -- Freedom from taxation .
 Article –28 -- No religious instruction in state
The Preamble
maintained institutions .
 Introduction to the constitution or its identity card. 5. Cultural and Educational Rights
 Based on Objective Resolution passed by Nehru.  Article –29 – Protection of Interest of Minorities
 Contains Justice, Liberty, Fraternity, Secular,  Article –30 -- Right of Minorities to establish
Integrity. educational institutions
Note – 7th Fundamental right ( Right to property-
Part – 1 – Union and Its Territories (1-4) Article --31 ) was deleted by the 44th Amendment Act
❖ States -28 , UTs – 8 1978 ..
❖ First state to be formed on linguistic basis – Andhra 6. Right of Constitutional Remedies
Pradesh  Article –32 – Right to constitutional Remedies..
11
 Also called the Heart and Soul of the  Only parliament can amend the constitution
constitution by BR Ambedkar. and make laws , it fixes the salaries of the
members.
Part -4 – Directive Principles of State Policy (36-51)
Rajya Sabha
 Article 40 – Panchayat  Rajya Sabha -- Upper House (1952)
 Article 44 -- Uniform Civil Code  Maximum –250
 Article 45 – Early Childhood care  Miniumum age –30 years
Fundamental Duties –  Tenure – 6 years.
 Total – 11  Elected by MLAs of states.
 Originally added by 42nd amendment Act  Nominated by President – 12 members .
1976 – Swaran Singh Committee.  Chairman -- Vice – President .
 Article 51A Lok Sabha (1952)
 Education for 6-14 years child is both  Lower house .
fundamental duty and right.  Maximum strength – 552
 Elected members – 543.
The President  Maximum seats – Uttar Pradesh ( 80 )
 Executive Head of the State .  Head – Speaker
 First citizen of the country.  Money Bill introduced only in – Lok Sabha
 Article 52 for the President post..
 Minimum Age – 35 years. Speaker of Lok Sabha
 Tenure – 5 Years  Head of Lok Sabha .
 Elected by MPs and MLAs.  First Speaker – GV Mavlankar
 Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces.  Pro-tem speaker – temporary speaker at the
 Oath – By the Chief Justice of India. beginning of a new Lok Sabha.
 Impeachment – removal of the President .  He Presides over the joint sitting.
 Powers – Facts about Parliament.
 Emergency Powers.  3 session – Budget, Monsoon and Winter.
 Grant Pardon .  Maximum time between two sessions – 6 months
 All the constitutional posts are appointed by him.  Current Lok Sabha – 17th
 All executive action are taken in his name.  Budget is presented on February 1st every year.
 Make regulation for UTs ..  Anti-defection law – 10th Schedule .
 Veto Power. Emergency Provisions
• Article – 352 – National Emergency
Vice President • Article –356 – State Emergency
 Ex – Officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. • Article –360 – Finance Emergency ..
 Minimum Age – 35 Years .
 Elected by the MPs only. Supreme Court (Art-124)
 Oath – By the President of India.  Highest Court . 28 Jan. 1950.
 Guardian of the Constitution .
Prime Minister  Total Judges –34 .( Appointed by President)
 Head of the Government -- Prime Minister  First Chief Justice of India – Hira Lal J Kania.
 Head of Council of Ministers .  Current 50th CJI – DY Chandrchud .
 Must be a member of either house.  Retirement Age – 65.
 Minimum Age for the Prime Minister – 25 years  Judicial review powers.
 Tenure – Till Lok Sabha .  First woman judge – Fatima Beevi
 Oath – By the President . High Court (Art-214)
 Chairman of NITI Ayog  First High Court – Calcutta
 Total high Courts – 25
 Judges appointed by the President.
The Parliament  Retirement age – 62.
 Rajya Sabha -- Upper house  PIL – Public Interest Litigation started in 1980s
 Lok Sabha – Lower House by PN Bhagwati.
 The President
12
Attorney General (Article-76)  Zila Panchayat of Parishad

 Highest/ First Law officer of Government of India. Municipalities
 Can participate in parliament meeting, can’t vote.  Urban areas.
 Advocate General is for states appointed by the  74th Amendment Act.
Governor .  Nagar Panchayat or Palika ( Committee)
CAG – Comptroller and Auditor General (148)  Nagar Parishad ( Municipal Council )
 Guardian of the Public Purse.  Nagar Nigam ( Municipal Corporation )
 Accountant of the Government.  Head of Corporation – Mayor
 Retirement age – 65 or 6 years.
 Current CAG – Girish Chandra Murmu. Elections in India
 By President Of India .( Article -324)
Governor  Election commissioners – 2+1 .
 Head of the state.  First chief election commissioner – Sukumar Sen.
 First person of the state.  Panchayat Elections are held by state election
 Age – 35 years. commission.
 Appointed by – President.  EVM – first used in 1982 ( Kerala)
 Tenure – During pleasure of the President.  Current ECI – Rajiv Kumar
 Oath – By chief Justice of High Court.  Election commission is the highest body for
 Official Residence – Raj Bhawan elections and Party politics in India. Total national
Parties --8
Chief Minister Language
• Head of the state government . • Total languages –22
• Appointed by – Governor. • Schedule 8 contains languages.
• Oath – By Governor. • Hindi is the official language ..
• Tenure – Till Assembly. • Article 343 deals with language .
• Hindi adopted on 14 September 1949.
Legislative Assembly
 State Legislature or assembly. Finance Commission
 Maximum strength – 500 , Minimum –60 • Article -280
 Largest Assembly – UP ( 403) • 15th Finance Commission headed by NK Singh.
 Delhi, Jammu and Kashmir, Puducherry are • 1st Finance Commission – KC Neogi
UTs with Assembly.
 Age of members – 25. Union Public Service Commission
 Participate in elections of Rajya Sabha and the • Established on 1 Dec. 1926.
President. • Members are appointed by the president.
Legislative Council NITI Ayog

• Upper house of state ..  Earlier known as Planning Commission .
• Only in 6 states have Legislative council.  National Institution for Transforming India.
• Maximum strength – 1/3 of total Assembly.  Think tank of India .
 Established on 15 March 1950.
Panchayati Raj  First Head – Jawaharlal Nehru.
 Self-Governance ..  NITI Ayog started on 1st January 2015.
 First Introduced on – 2 Oct. 1959 , Nagaur (Raj).  Vice Chairman – Suman Berry.
 Three tier system – Balwant Rai Mehta
Committee (1957). GST Council
 73rd Amendment Act, 1992 – 24 April 1993, • Goods and service Tax – 101st Amendment Act –
Panchayati Raj became constitutional . 2017.
 No Panchayats in – Nagaland, Mizoram and • Head of Council – Finance Minister.
Meghalaya. Parliamentary Terms
 Schedule 11 deals with Panchayati Raj.  Question hour – First hour of parliament .
 Three tier system--  Zero Hour – One Hour after Question hour.
 Gram Panchayat  Quorum – Minimum members to be present
 Block Panchayat or Panchayat Samiti (10%)
13
 Some famous constellations – Ursa major,

GEOGRAPHY Orion, Cassiopeia, Leo major.
 Ursa Major is also called Saptarishi (seven
Universe stars). Also called Big Dipper and Great Bear.
 All the heavenly bodies – galaxies, stars,  Orion is in the shape of a ‘Hunter’.
planets, satellites, comets, meteors, dust ,  Leo Major is in the shape of a ‘Lion’.
gases together form Universe. Solar System
 Cosmology – The study of Universe.  The Solar system comprises the Sun and its 8
BIG BANG THEORY planets .
 Big bang was an explosion that forms The Sun
galaxies, stars .  Hydrogen and Helium are the main gases present
 Big bang occurred about 15 billion years ago. in the Sun.
 Big bang theory was proposed by George  Age of the sun 5 billion years.
Lemaitre.  Photosphere – The glowing surface of the sun.
 Black hole – Collapse of the star to form black  Corona – The outermost layer of the sun visible
hole . during solar eclipse.
Galaxy  Surface temperature of the Sun - 6000° C.
 A large group of stars.  Temperature of Sun by – Pyrometer.
 There are more than 100 billion galaxies each  One revolution around milky way – 224 million
having over 100 billion stars. years
 Milky Way (Akash Ganga ) – Name of the  Distance between Earth and Sun – 14.96 crore km
galaxy to which our Earth and Sun belong.  Time taken by sunlight to reach earth – 8 minutes
 Edwin Hubble in 1924, first demonstrated and 20 seconds.
about the galaxies.
 Andromeda is our nearest galaxy.
Planets
Measurement Units
 Inner Planets – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
 Light year – Distance travelled by light in 1
 Inner planets are made of rocks. They have
year.
very few satellite.
 1 light year – 9.46 X 10¹² km.
 Outer Planets- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus,
 Speed of light – 300000 km / sec Neptune.
 1 Parsec – 3.26 light years.  Outer Planets are made of gases and dust
 1 Astronomical unit (AU) – 14960000 km ( also called Jovian planets.
Earth- Sun Distance )  Planets rotates from west to east except
Stars Venus and Uranus.
 Heavenly bodies made up of hot burning Mercury
gases like Hydrogen and Helium.  Smallest and nearest planet to the Sun.
 Closest star to our solar system – Proxima  Fastest Revolution ( 88 days)
Centauri (4.2 light years).  No satellite
 Brightest star outside solar system-- Sirius ( Venus
Dog Star )  Brightest Planet.
 Supernova – Explosive death of a star.
 Hottest Planet.
 Pole star is located in North direction.
 Morning Star, Evening Star.
 Slowest Rotation Speed (243 days) . Its one
Constellation
year smaller than its one day.
 It is a group of stars, which form a
 Rotates from east to west.
recognizable pattern in the sky.
 Earth’s Twin. No satellite.
 There are 88 constellations.
14
Earth  Sea of tranquillity is on Moon.

 Only Planet where life exist.
 Densest Planet. Comets-
 ‘Blue Planet’ due to the presence of water.  They revolve around sun. It has a tail which
 Moon is the only satellite. always points way from the sun.
Mars  Halley’s comet appears after every 76 years.
 Red Planet ( due to the presence of iron Last appeared in 1986.
oxide). Meteors and Meteorites
 Mount Olympus on Mars is the highest  Shooting stars . Meteors enter the Earth’s
mountain in Solar system. atmosphere and start burning due to friction.
 Two satellites – Phobos and Deimos.  The burnt part which falls on Earth is called
 Rotation speed – 24 Hours . meteorite.
 Most similar planet of earth is Mars .
 Asteroid Belt is between Mars and Jupiter .. Asteroids
 Numerous tiny heavenly bodies between the
Jupiter orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
 The largest planet . The Earth
 Fastest Rotation speed – 10 hours.  Age of the Earth – 4.6 billion years.
 79 satellites. ( Ganymede is largest in solar  Inclination on its axis – 23.5°
system) Europa is famous satellite  Radius of Earth -- 6400 km.
 Maximum gravity ..  Rotation Speed -- 23 hours, 56 minutes, 4
Saturn seconds. (Day/Night)
 Second largest planet.  Revolution Speed – 365 days, 5 hours, 48
 Surrounded by rings made up of gas and dust. minutes. (Year/Season)
 Least Density ( can float on water).  Water – 71% , Land – 29%
 Most satellites- 82  Perihelion – Nearest distance between Earth
 Titan is satellite of Saturn and the Sun . (14.70 crore km)
Uranus  Aphelion – Farthest Distance between Earth
 It is inclined at 98°. and Sun. (15.20 crore km)
 It actually rolls from north to south.  Apogee – farthest Distance Earth and Moon.
 27 satellites.  Perigee – Nearest distance – Earth and Moon.
 Green planet. Eclipse
Neptune  Solar Eclipse – When Moon comes between
 The farthest planet from the sun. Earth and the Sun.
 Slowest revolution speed – 164 years.  It occurred on Amawasya (New Moon) only.
 14 satellites.  Lunar Eclipse – When Earth comes between
Note- Pluto is not a planet now (Omitted from Sun and Moon.
the list in 2006), it is actually a dwarf planet.  It occurred on Purnima ( Full Moon) only.
The Moon Equinox – When duration of day and night is
 Distance from Earth – 384000 km. equal. (21 March and 23 September).
Solstice – 21 June ( Longest day), 22 December
 Time taken by moon light to reach Earth – 1.3
(Shortest day).
second.
 Rotation and Revolution speed are same – 27
days. Latitudes
 Part of moon visible from earth – 59%  Equator – The line which divide Earth in two
 Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin were the first equal parts – Northern Hemisphere and
to reach Moon in 1969. Southern Hemisphere.
15
 Latitudes are the lines parallel to the equator.

 Equator is 0° latitude. Layers of the Atmosphere –
 Tropic of Cancer – 23.5° North. Troposphere – The
 Tropic of Capricorn – 23.5° South.  Nearest layer to Earth surface. Life exist in
 Arctic Circle – 66.5 North . Troposphere.
 Antarctic Circle – 66.5 South .  Thickness of the layer – 0-15 km.
 1° latitude – 111 km.  Weather phenomena like clouds, rains
 Total latitudes – 181(Including equator) occurred in this layer.
 Latitudes decide climate and temperature . (Heat zones) Stratosphere - Snow
 Sun shines on equator throughout the year.
 15-50 km thickness.
(Because it is at center and Sun direct rays reach it easily)
 Airplanes fly in stratosphere.
Longitudes  Ozone layer is situated in stratosphere.
 Lines between the poles which cut equator.
 Total Longitudes - 360(Including Prime meridian) Mesosphere – Makes
 0° Longitude is called Prime Meridian
(Greenwich mean time-GMT) - London When you  Coldest layer of atmosphere.
 15° longitude = 1 hour ( 1° = 4 minutes) cross the date  50-80 km thickness.
line traveling  Meteoroids burn in this layer.
 International Date line -- 180° longitude.
east, you
 Day changes at International date line . subtract a day,  Ionosphere or Thermosphere Things
 Africa is the only continent through which and if you cross 80-600 km thick.
Equator , tropic of cancer, Capricorn and the line  It contains electrically charged ions so Radio
Prime meridian passes through .. traveling west, communication occurs in Ionosphere.
 Indian Standard Time -- +5:30 hours from you add a day.  Also known as thermosphere .
GMT. ( 82.5° East).  Exosphere— Exciting
 Russia has 11 time zones.  Outermost layer about 10000 km thick.
 Gravity and Atmosphere end here . Hydrogen ,
Earth’s Interior helium gases are found here .
 The Crust –
Hydrosphere –
 Outermost layer of Earth.
 10-50 km thin. ( More in continents and less in  71% of Earth’s surface contains water.
oceans) silicate+aluminium silica+magnesium  There are 4 oceans – Pacific, Atlantic, Indian
 Upper part is made of SiAl lower part of SiMa. and Arctic.
 Most abundant element in the Crust – Oxygen.  Pacific ocean is the largest and deepest
 The Mantle – Ocean.
 Intermediate layer.  Mariana Trench is located (11000 meters) is
 Thickness- 2900 km. the deepest point.
 Astheosphere – Upper Mantle ..  Atlantic is the 2nd largest and the busiest
 Magma is filled here . among the oceans.
 84% of Earth is mantle  Arctic is the smallest ocean and almost frozen.
 The Core –  97% of total water is in Oceans .
 Innermost layer.
 About 3500 km radius. Lithosphere
also called "NiFe"
 Mainly contains – Nickel and Iron.
 There are 7 continents – Asia, Africa, North
 Temperature – 600 -5000 C
America, south America,
 Atmosphere-
 Antarctica, Europe and Australia.
 Nitrogen – 78.08% , Oxygen – 20.95%, Argon
– 0.93% , Carbon dioxide – 0.036%
16
 Asia is the largest continent by area and Famous Mountain Range –

Australia is the smallest. 1. Andes South America
 Antarctica has no population. 2. Himalaya Asia
 Africa is known as ‘Dark continent’. 3. Rockies USA, Canada
4. Alps Europe
 Lowest Point on Earth – Dead Sea (-396 m)
5. Atlas North-West Africa
6. Caucasus Central Asia
 Some Important Landforms 7. Ural Russia
 Longest Mountain range – Andes (7200 km) – 8. Great Dividing Range Australia
South America.
 Highest Mountain range – Himalayas Earthquake
 Highest Peak – Mount Everest (8848 m) –  Due to Tectonic plates and Volcanic eruptions.
Nepal/China  Intensity of earthquake is measured in Richter scale
 Highest peak of Africa - Mt. Kilimanjaro  Earthquake more than 7 can cause destruction.
(Tanzania)  Mercalli Scale – Destruction by earthquake.
 Highest Peak of North America—Mt. Mckinley  Seismology – Study of earthquake.
(USA)  Seismograph – Device used to measure
 Highest Peak of South America – Mt. Earthquake
Aconcagua (Argentina)  Focus – Point in earth where earthquake originates
 Highest peak of Europe – Mt. Elbrus (Russia )  Epicentre – Point on earth surface from where
 Highest peak of Australia – Mt. Kosciusko earthquake spreads
 Highest peak of Antarctica – Mt. Vinson  Tsunami – earthquake under water causes
 Most Saline water lake – Lake Assel ( Djibouti) Tsunami means Harbour waves (high waves) .
 Longest River – Nile ( Originates from Lake
Victoria). Cyclones --
 Longest river of Asia – Yangtze ( China) Typhoon South China sea
Cyclone Indian Ocean
Major Volcanoes –
Hurricane Caribbean
1. Ojas Del Salado Argentina-Chile Tornado USA
2. Cotopaxi Ecuador Willy Willies Australia
3. Mauna Loa Hawaii
4. Etna, Vesuvius, Italy
Winds
Stromboli
5. Krakatoa, Meropi Indonesia Chinook North America
6. Kilimanjaro Tanzania Sirocco North Africa
7. Fujiyama Japan Harmattan Sahara
Blizzard Siberia, poles
Loo India
Rocks –
 Igneous Rocks – Original Rocks
Famous Deserts --
 Example -- Granite, Basalt, Gabbro.. Sahara North Africa
 Sedimentary Rocks – Gobi China , Mongolia
 Fossils are found. Kalahari Botswana
 Example – Limestone , Shale , Coal. Dast-i-Lut Iran
 Metamorphic Rocks – Atacama Chile / Argentiga
 When igneous or sedimentary changes due to Taklamakan China
Patagonia Argentina
high heat or pressure ..
Sandy, Gibson, Victoria Australia
 Marble , Diamond. Gneiss, Quartzite, Slate
17
Sunda Indian Ocean/ Java

Famous Grassland Bab al Mandeb Red Sea/ Arabian Sea
Pampaz Argentina Bering America / Russia
Pustaz Hungary Dover England / Europe
Stepe Eurasia Magellan Pacific and Atlantic
Downs Australia
Prairies USA
Llanos, Campos South America
Veld South Africa Islands
Savanah Africa
Greenland Atlantic Ocean
Lakes New Guinea Pacific Ocean
Caspian sea Asia Borneo Indonesia
Superior lake USA , Canada Madagascar Indian Ocean
Baikal Lake Russia Sumatra , Java Indonesia
Michigan USA Tasmania Australia
Tangankiya, Victoria Africa Baffin Canada
Kariba, Volta New Foundland Canada
Titicaca Bolivia Hawaii USA
Aral sea Kazakhstan Waterfalls --
Dead Sea Israel
Lake van Turkey Angel Venezuela
Eyre Australia Victoria Zambia, Zimbabwe
Niagara USA , Canada
Tugela South Africa
Rivers International Boundaries

Nile Africa Radcliffe line (1947) India-Pakistan
Amazon South America MacMohan (1914) India - China
Yangtze China 38th Parallel North-South Korea
Irrawaddy , Mekong Myanmar 49th parallel USA - Canada
Congo , Limpopo Africa Durand Line Pakistan – Afghanistan
Mississippi USA 8 degree Channel India – Maldives
Rhine, Volga, Denube Europe Maginot Line France – Germany
Murray, Darling Australia
 Suez Canal – Constructed by Britain in 1869.
 Suez is in Egypt .
 Suez canal separates Red sea and Mediterranean sea.
 Panam Canal – Atlantic and Pacific (1914).
Famous Peaks –  Kiel Canal – North Sea and Baltic sea.
Everest Nepal/ China 
Godwin Austin K-2 India (POK)
Aconcagua Argentina
McKinley Alaska , USa
Elburas Russia
Kilimanjaro Africa , Tanzania
Vinson Antarctica
Fujiyama Japan
Straits --
Palk strait India – Sri Lanka
Gibraltar Europe / Africa
Malacca Andaman sea/ china sea
18
• It passes through 8 states – Gujarat,

INDIAN GEOGRAPHY Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram
India Introduction --
 Latitudinal extent - 8°4’ N to 37°6’ n Physical Division of India
 Longitudinal extent - 68°7’ E to 97°25’ E  The Himalayas
 North – South Extent - 3214 km  The Great Plains
 East – West extent - 2933 km  Peninsular or Deccan Plateau
 Coastal Plains
 Land Boundary - 15200 km
 Indian Desert
 Total Coastline - 7516 km ( Longest –
 The Islands
Gujarat) The Himalayas
 States - 28 • The highest mountain range, located between
 Union Territories -8 Ladakh and North-Eastern states.
 Southern most point – Indira point ( Great • The greater Himalayas or the highest
Nicobar ) mountains are known as Himadri.
• The lesser or middle Himalaya is called
Area – Himachal.
 [32.87 Lakh sq. km (2.44% of the World) – • The outer Himalaya or lower part is known as
7th largest] Shiwalik.
 Population - [ 121 crore (17.44% of the World Major Himalayan Peaks in India
) – 2nd largest ]  Godwin Austin (K-2) – 8611 meter (PoK)
 Largest state (area) – Rajasthan  Kanchenjunga - 8598 meter ( Sikkim)
 Largest State ( Population ) – Uttar Pradesh  Nanga Parbat - 8126 meter (J&K )
 Smallest state (area) - Goa  Nanda Devi - 7817 meter ( Uttarkhand)
 Smallest state (population) – Sikkim  Highest peak of North –East – Saramati (
Nagaland )
Indian Standard Time (IST) Major passes of India
 82.5 Degree East . Naini ( Allahabad)  Jammu & Kashmir - Pir Panjal, Banihal, Burzil
 IST = + 5:30 hrs from GMT.  Ladakh - Zozila, Karakoram
 Sri Lanka also have the IST.  Himachal Pradesh - Shipki La, Rohtang, Bara
Neighbours lacha
 Land Neighbours – 7 (Bangladesh, China,  Uttarakhand - Lipulekh, mana
Pakistan, Nepal, Myanmar, Bhutan and  Sikkim - Nathu la, Jelep La
Afghanistan )  Arunachal Pradesh – Bomdila
 Longest Boundary -- Bangladesh (4096
km) , The Great Plains
 India – China - McMohan Line (1914)  The Indus, Ganga and Brahamputra plains
 India – Pakistan – Radcliffe Line (1947) comprise the most fertile land in world.
 Pakistan – Afghanistan – Durand Line  The plain contains alluvial soil which is taken
(1893) by the river .
 India – Sri Lanka - Pak Strait and Gulf  Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West
of Mannar Bengal etc are part of the Indian plains.
 Wagah , Atari and Longewala Borders are
between India Pakistan . Peninsular India or Deccan Plateau
 Teen Bigha Corridor – India – Bangladesh • The area between Arabian sea and Bay of
 Naga Hills – India – Myanmar . Bengal and south of Vindhya comprise the
 Indian state having three side border with great Deccan plateau.
Bangladesh – Tripura
Western Ghats
Tropic of Cancer  It ranges from Gujarat to Kerala on west
• Passes through middle of India (23.5 º North) coast of India. It is also known as Sahyadri.
• Capital on Tropic of Cancer -- Ranchi  Anaimudi (2695m) in Kerala is the highest
peak of South India and Western Ghats.
19
 It is a coral island .
Eastern Ghats  8 Degree channel separates Lakshadweep
 It is the eastern edge of the Plateau. and Maldives.
 Mahaendragiri is the highest peak of eastern Climate of India –
ghat.  Tropical Monsoon.
 Western and eastern ghats are enjoined by  Monsoon starts in June from Kerala.
Nilgiri mountains.
 End of the Monsoon known as retreating
 Highest Peak of Nilgiri is Dodabeta (TN).
monsoon.
 Southernmost Hill of India – Cardamom.
 Western Disturbance – Winter rain.
Drainage Sysytem of India

Other important ranges and mountains of Indus River system
Peninsula  Indus originates from Mansarovar. Indus water
 Aravali – World’s Oldest mountain. Delhi to treaty Ind-Pak (1960)
Gujarat.  State where Indus flow in India – Ladakh.
 Highest peak – Gurusikhar, Mount Abu  Sutlej – From Mansarovar
 Vindhyan – Divide India in North and South.  Bhakra Nagal dam and Govind Sagar lake are
 Satpura – Series of seven mountains. built on Sutlaj.
 Highest peak of Satpura – Dhoopgarh  Ravi and Beas originate from Rohtang Pass.
 Meghalaya plateau – Khasi, Garo and Jaintia  Jhelum – From Verinag ( Wular lake)
hills.  Highest Railway Bridge is on – Chenab river.
 Chhotanagpur Plataeu – Jharkhand and  Punjab is the land of five rivers.
Chhattisgarh, rich in minerals.  Other rivers – Zanskar , Nubra, Shyok ..
The Coastal Plains The Ganga System

 Western Coast – Area between Arabian Sea  The Ganga (2525 km)
and Western Ghats.  Originally known as Bhagirathi, originates from
 Konkan – Area between Gujarat and Goa. Gomukh glacier ( Gangotri).
 Malabar – Area between Goa and  Tehri dam is situated on Bhagirathi.
Kanyakumari.  Ganga is formed by Bhagirathi and Alaknanda
 Eastern Coast – The area between Bay of at Devprayag ( Uttarakhand)
Bengal and eastern Ghats.  Ganga is known as Padma and Meghna in
 Eastern Coast is more fertile . Bangladesh.
 Eastern coast known as Coromandal coast .  Ganga falls into Bay of Bengal .
 Chilka Lake ( Odisha ) – The largest lake of  Yamuna joins Ganga at Prayagraj .
India.  Yamuna originates from Yamunotri.
 Kosi is known as Sorrow of Bihar.
The Indian desert  Damodar is known as sorrow of Bengal.
• It extends over Rajasthan and Sindh in  Part of Ganga System – Ken, Son, Betwa ,
Pakistan Gomti, Hooghly, Chambal rivers .
• Lake Sambhar – Most Saline water lake of  Chambal is famous for Gharial , it joins
India . Yamuna.
The Island Group

The Brahmaputra System
• The Andaman and Nicobar – Located in Bay
of Bengal. Over 206 islands.  Brahmaputra – From Mansarovar.
• India’s active Volcano – Barren is found in  Known as Tsangpo in Tibet.
Nicobar.  Enters India near Namcha Barwa.
• Andaman and Nicobar are separated by 10  It is known as Dihang in Arunachal.
degree channel.  Known as Brahamaputra in Assam
• Highest peak of Andaman – Saddle Peak.  Largest river island is on Brahmaputra river
 Lakshadweep – Located in Arabian sea. Over named – Majuli in Assam .
35 islands. Including Minicoy.
20
 Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna in Green revolution

Bangladesh.  It started in 1960s and related to increase in
 Ganga and Brahmaputra form Sunderban production of wheat and rice.
Delta, the largest in the World.  Father of Green Revolution – MS
 Other rivers of Brahmaputra system – Lohit , Swaminathan.
Teesta, Barak rivers .
 Brahmaputra falls into Bay of Bengal. White Revolution or Operation Flood
 Related to milk production.
The Penisular River System  Father of white revolution Verghese Kurien.
• Godavari – Largest river of South India.  Kurien founded AMUL in Gujarat.
• Godavari originates from Nashik.
• Known as Dakshin Ganga and Old Ganga. Some other revolutions in Agriculture
• Krishna is the second largest river of South  Yellow Revolution - Oil seed
India . From Mahabaleshwar.  Blue revolution - Fish
• Narmada originates from – Amarkantak.  Red Revolution - Meat
• Narmada and Tapi are west flowing rivers, do  Silver Revolution – Eggs/Poultery
not form delta.
 Golden revolution – Horticulture
• Narmada and Tapi flow through rift valley.
 Black Revolution – Petroleum
• They fall into Arabian Sea.
• Cauvery – Ganga of South .  Round Revolution -- Potato
• Originates from Kodagu , Karnataka .  Note – Cotton and soyabean are only GM (
• Sivasanudram fall is on Cauvery . Genetically modified) crops in India.
• Hirakud dam is situated on Mahanadi.
• Godavari, Krishna, Cauvery, Mahanadi are all Soils of India
east flowing river make delta and fall into Bay Alluvial soil –
of Bengal .  Most fertile .
• Sabarmati river fall into Gulf of Khambat .  Generally taken by rivers .
• Luni river flows in desert of Rajasthan.
 Suitable for Wheat and Rice .
Agriculture in India  Bhabhar (away) and Khadar (near) are type of
Alluvial.
Mainly three crop seasons –  Found in Gangetic and coastal plains.
 1. Rabi – Between October and March.
 Wheat, Barley, Pulses, mustard, peas, gram. Black soil –
 2. Kharif – Between June and October .  Regur Soil .
 Rice, jowar, bajra, ragi, maize, jute, cotton etc.
 Suitable for cotton.
 3. Zaid - Between March and June .
Watermelon, cucumber and vegetables.  Basalt ( Volcanic) soil.
 Note – Jhum or shifting cultivation is done in  Found in Maharashtra and Deccan Plateau.
Meghalaya, Assam, Mizoram etc
Red soil---
Major Crops and Producing states.  Red color due to iron oxide .
1. Wheat – Uttar Pradesh
 Found in Chhotanagpur plateau area.
2. Rice - West Bengal
3. Cotton – Maharashtra
4. Tea - Assam, Laterite soil –
5. Coffee - Karnataka  Formed due to rock ..
6. Sugarcane – Uttar Pradesh  Found in heavy rainfall areas..
7. Jute (Golden fibre of India) - West Bengal  Suitable for tea and Coffee .
8. Rubber - Kerala Mountain soil
9. Silk – Karnataka Arid or Desert soil
10. Tobacco -- Gujarat
21
Transport  Indian Population – 121 crore (2011)

 Largest State – Uttar Pradesh ( 20 crore).
Railways-  Population density – 382 per sq. km.
 Fourth largest Railway network in the World.  Highest Density – Bihar (1106)
 First train – Bombay to Thane ( 16 April 1853)  Least density - Arunachal Pradesh (17)
 First electric train was Deccan Queen ( 1925).  Sex Ratio - 940 females per 1000 male.
 Longest train route in India – Vivek Express (  State with Highest Sex ratio – Kerala ( 1084)
Dibrugarh to Kanyakumari –4200km - 82 hrs)  State with least sex ratio - Haryana
 First Engineless and fastest train – Vande  Literacy rate - 74%
Bharat ( Train 18).  Highest Literacy rate – Kerala ( 93%)
 First Private Train - Tejas Express.  Least Literacy rate – Bihar (63%)
 Indian Railways has 17 zones  Highest Litercy Rate (UT) - Lakshdweep
 Metro Train
• First Metro rail in India – Kolkata ( 1984) Major Atomic Energy Stations in India
• Delhi Metro – December 2002. 1. Tarapur – Maharashtra
• Note – First Bullet train in India would connect 2. Rawatbhata – Kota ( Rajasthan)
Mumbai and Ahmedabad. 3. Kalpakkam - Tamilnadu
4. Narora - Uttar Pradesh
Road Transport 5. Kaiga - Karnataka
• Third largest road network in the world. 6. Kakrapara – Gujarat ( Tapi river)
• State with largest road network – Maharashtra 7. Kundakulam -- Tamilnadu
• Longest National Highway – NH-44
• Golden Quadrilateral National Parks in India
It connects Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and  Biosphere Reserve – Large Area where
Kolkata. About 6000 kms. animals , plants are protected but in several
• Bharat Mala Project is related to National zones and no human activity is allowed in core
highways development. area ..
• Bhupen Hazarika Setu is the largest bridge of  India’s first Biosphere – Nilgiri -1986
India, on Lohit river in Assam  Largest – Kutch
 Total – 18
 National Park – Large Area protected for
Airways vegetation and wildlife
• Airways in India started in India 1911.  only . Limited human activity allowed ..
Major Airports in India  India’s first National Park – Hailey National
1. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus – Mumbai Park ( 1936) now Jim Corbett .. Ram ganga
2. Indira Gandhi International – Delhi  India’s largest – Hemis national Park( Ladakh)
3. Subhash Chandra Bose International – 12 biosphere
 Jim Corbett National Park (UK)
Kolkata reserves are
 Kaziranga (Assam) – One Horn Rhino
4. Meenabakkam Airport - Chennai recognised by
 Marine National Park (Kutch)
5. Kampagowda Airport – Bengaluru UNSECO
6. Birsa Munda Airport - Ranchi  Keibul Lamjao National Park –First floating
7. Guru Ramdas Airport – Amritsar national park
8. Gopinath Bardoloi Airport – Guwahati.  Sanctuary and Tiger Reserve –Protection to
the endangered and specific species only
WATERWAYS
• There are 12 major ports in India. Biosphere Reserves in India
• Largest Port – Jawaharlal Nehru port (
Nehavaseva) Mumbai. Great Rann of Kutch Gujarat
• Sagarmala project is related to development of Gulf of Mannar Tamilnadu
Ports. Sunderbans West Bengal
Cold Desert Himachal Pradesh
Nanda Devi Uttarakhand
Demography ( Census) Nilgiri Tamilnadu
 First census in India – 1872 Dehang-Dibang Arunachal Pradesh
 First regular census – 1881. Panchmarhi Madhya Pradesh
22
Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh Panaji Mandvi

Simlipal Odisha
Achankamar Amarkantak MP, Chhattisgarh Ujjain Kshipra
Manas Assam Sri Nagar Jhelum
Kanchendzonga Sikkim Ludhiana Sutlej
Agasthamalai Kerala, Tamilnadu
Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Guwahati Brahmaputra
Nokrek Meghalaya Patna Ganga
Dibru -Shaikowa Assam
Badrinath Alaknanda
Panna Madhya Pradesh
Kota Chambal
Ahmedabad Sabarmati
 Bandhavgarh National Park --Madhya Pradesh
 Bandipur National Park-- Karnataka Cuttack Mahanadi
 Banerghatta National Park --Karnataka Nasik Godavari
 Bhadra Sanctuary --Karnataka
 Chandraprabha Sanctuary -- Uttar Pradesh
Waterfalls in India
 Dechigam Sanctuary -- Jammu and Kashmir
 Dandeli Sanctuary -- Karnataka Jog ( Karnataka) Shravati river
 Dudhwa National Park -- Uttar Pradesh Sivasamudram Cauvery (Karnataka)
 Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary -- Madhya Pradesh Dhuandhar Narmada (MP)
 Ghana Bird Sanctuary -- Rajasthan
Doodhsagar Goa
 Gir Forest -- Gujarat
 Gautam Buddha Sanctuary -- Bihar
Important Lakes
 Jaldapara Sanctuary --West Bengal
 Kanchenjunga National Park-- Sikkim
 Largest Lake — Chilika (Odisha)
 Nagarhole National Park-- Karnataka  Chilika is a lagoon lake.
 Narndapha Sanctuary --Arunachal Pradesh  Largest saline water lake — Chilika.
 Pachmarhi Sanctuary-- Madhya Pradesh  Most saline water lake — Sambhar
 Simlipal Sanctuary --Odisha (Rajasthan).
 Sundraban Tiger Reserve --West Bengal  Largest freshwater lake — Wular (Kashmir).
 Largest lake of North East India — Loktak .
 Sonai Rupa Sanctuary --Assam
 Lonar lake was created by an asteroid.
 Tungabhadra Sanctuary –Karnataka  Largest artificial lake — Govind Pant sagar
 Wild Ass ( Volvadore national park ) – Gujarat (UP)
 Achanakamar – Chhattisgarh  Satish Dhawan Space centre is in Pulicat lake
 Sariska national park – Rajasthan  Highest lake of India — Cholemu (Sikkim)
 Dudhwa National park – Uttar Pradesh
 Pench and Kanha National park – MP Other lakes —
 Lagoon lakes — Vembanad , Ashtamudi

Riverside Cities — (Kerala)
Prayagraj Ganga , Yamuna  Freshwater lake — Kolleru (Andhra)
 Pangong , Tsomarari lake — Ladakh
Delhi Yamuna
 Dal lake — Srinagar
Lucknow Gomti
Kanpur Ganga
Hyderabad Musi
Kolkata Hooghly
23
Major Tribes of India — Methods of Agriculture

Largest Tribe — Bhil Pomo culture Fruits
Lepcha Sikkim Olericulture Vegetable
Meena Rajasthan Viticulture Grapes
Moplah Kerala Horticulture Gardening
Munda Jharkhand Pisciculture Fish
Oraons Odisha Seri culture Silk
Onges, Sentinel Andaman Apiculture Bees
Santhals WB, Jharkhand Floriculture Flower
Abhor Assam Vermiculture Earthworms
Apatani Arunachal Hydroponic Soil free agriculture
Bhil MP
Bakarwal Jammu & Kashmir Climate and Forest
Bhotia Uttarakhand
 Lowest rainfall— Leh
Gaddi , Khasi HP  Forest type of India — Tropical Deciduous.
Gonds , Warli Maharashtra  Evergreen Forest found in Kerala, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh and Andaman .
Kol MP  Mangrove Forest found in Odisha and Bengal .
Toda Tamil Nadu  Total Forest cover of India — 24.62%.
Major Valley  Highest Forest area — Madhya Pradesh
 Lowest Forest area — Haryana
Kullu HP  Highest area in percentage— Mizoram (84%).
Nelang Uttarakhand
Markha Ladakh Economy of India
Nubra Ladakh  India is a mixed Economy.

Dzoukou Nagaland  Population depend on Agriculture—50%.
 Highest sector of GDP — Service sector
 First Bank — Bank of Hindustan
River Project ( Dams ) in India  Oldest Bank — Allahabad Bank .
 Highest Bank — Reserve Bank of India .
Bhakra Nangal Sutlej  RBI founded in 1935.
 RBI nationalised in — 1949.
Hirakud Mahanadi  RBI is known as Banker’s Bank.
Tehri Bhagirathi  Indian Currency Notes printed in Nasik
Nagarjuna Sagar Krishna  Largest Bank of India — State Bank of India
(1955)
Ukai Tapi  SBI – Banker to every Indian .
Idukki Periyar  Nationalisation of Banks —1969 .
 NABARD — Agricultural bank -1982.
Farakka Ganga
 Globalisation Policy came in — 1991.
Indira Gandhi Canal Sutlej, Beas, Ravi  First Cotton Mill in India — 1853 (Bombay)
Sardar Sarovar Narmada  First Jute Milo — Rishra (Kolkata) -1855
 First steel plant — TISCO(1907)
Mettur Cauvery  TISCO is in Jamshedpur.
 BSE( Bombay Stock Exchange) and National
Stock Exchange (NSE) are in — Mumbai.
24
 Sensex is related to BSE. ENVIRONMENT –

 Nifty related to NSE.
 Bulls and Bears terms related to stock market.  Ecology – Study of relation between organism
 Leading Iron producer — Odisha. and their environment .
 Uranium Producer — Jharkhand  The term Ecology was termed by Earnst
 Coal Capital of India — Dhanbad (Jharkhand) Hackel.
 Oldest Oil refinery— Digboi (Assam)-1903  Ecosystem – Particular category of organism
 Oldest Hydropower project— SivaSaduram in a particular area . Eg- Pond, Tree, Field etc.
(Karnataka)
 The term was coined by – Tansley
 First Newspaper— Bengal Gazette (Hickey)
 First Hindi Newspaper— Udant Martand  Most stable ecosystem – Ocean.
 Oldest running paper — Mumbai Samachar.  Biome – A large ecosystem or group of
ecosystems .. Eg- desert, Forest etc.
 Biosphere – Part of earth where life exists .. It
is group of Biomes.
 Biotic Component – Living – Plants , Animals ,
Microorganisms.
Important Points —
 Abiotic Components – Non – Living – Water,
Smallest Country Vatican city
Soil, Rock, Air etc.
Second smallest Monaco  Producers – Who makes own food.
Maximum coastline Canada  Consumers –Who depend on others for food.
Maximum Boundary line China  Decomposers – Who decompose dead
organisms.
Largest landlocked country Kazakhstan
 Halophyte plants – Plants in salty soil.
Tundra Climate Poles,  Xerophyte Plants – dry condition plants .
Greenland
 Hydrophyte plants – Aquatic Plants .
Taiga Climate Siberia  Succulent – Plants found in desert ..
Second largest country (area wise ) Canada  Ozone Layer
Second largest country (Population) India  Discovered by Charles Fabry and Henri
Buission in 1913.
Third largest country (Population) USA
 Ozone hole was discovered by British scientist
Most spoken language Mandarin over Antarctica.
(China)
 Ozone layer protects us from UV rays.
Second language Spanish  Depletion of Ozone is measured in Dobson
Second largest island New Guinea unit .
Second largest continent Africa  Greenhouse Effect
 Concept given by – Joseph Fourier
Third largest continent North America
 List of Greenhouse Gases –
Most water (country) Canada  CO₂, CFCs, CH₄, N₂O, O₃, Water vapours
Country without river Saudi Arabia  Water Pollution – fertilizers, Chemical waste,
Second largest state of India (Area) Madhya waste from industries ..
Pradesh  Air Pollution – gases like – carbon dioxide,
Second largest state of India ( Maharashtra CO, CFCs, Ozone, Sulphur dioxide, Nitrogen
Population) dioxide
 Noise Pollution – Sound of more than 75 db
is considered noise and more than 90 db
causes pollution .
 Soil Erosion – Air, Water and fertilizers ..
 Fauna – Animals of a region.
25
 Flora—Plants of a region ..  IUCN ( International Union for Conservation

 Endemic Species—Animal or plant found in a of Nature )–
particular place only ..  HQ -- Gland
 Endangered Species – whose habitat is in  Established in – 1948
danger ..  Red Data Book
 Extinct Species – Animals which are not
found now and had disappeared ..  WWF ( World Wildlife Fund )
 Biodiversity – Variety in living organisms and  HQ -- Gland
their species. By Dasmann.  Established in – 1961
 Biodiversity Hotspot – Idea given by –  Giant Panda
Norman Myres ..
 India has 4 hotspots – western Ghats, Eastern  CITES ( Convention on International trade
Himalayas, Indo – Burma and Sundaland . of endangered species )
 International Solar Alliance – Gurugram
Government of India Programmes related  Ramsar Wetland Sites –
to Environment  February 2, 1971 signed in Ramsar ( Iran ).
 Project Tiger – 1973
 Wildlife Protection Act – 1972 UN Conferences on Environment
 Environment Protection Act – 1986  First UN summit – 1972 – Stockholm
 Project Elephant -1992  Montreal Protocol – 1987(Depletion of Ozone )
 National Green Tribunal ( NGT) – New Delhi  Basel Convention – 1989 ( Hazardous waste )
– 2010 ( Apex Environment court in India )  Rio Earth Summit – 1992 – agenda 21
 Ganga Action Plan – 1985  Kyoto Protocol – 1997 ( Climate Change )
 National water Policy -2002
 National action Plan for climate change --  Sustainable Development Goals –
2008  Total 17 SDGs
 Bishnoi Movement – 18th century against
cutting of trees in Rajasthan.  Gir National Park is famous for Asiatic Lions
 Narmada Bachao Andolan – Against Sardar  The first national park of USA – Yellow stone
sarovar dam by Medha Patkar national park
 Chipko Movement – Chamoli District  Bruntdland Report ( Our Common Future ) is
 (Uttarkhand) – Tree cutting by Gaura Devi, related to -- Sustainable Development
Sunderlal Bahuguna, Chandi Prasad bhatt.  Natural Indicator of pollution -- Lichen
 Silent Valley Movement (1978)– Palakkad
 Lungs of earth
district Kerala . By - Sugathkumari ..  Amazon Forest
 Appiko Movement (1983)– Karnataka ..
 Decrease in temperature with increase of
Cutting of tree by Pndurang Hegde.
altitude -- Lapse rate ( 6.5 °)
 JungleBachao Andolan–Birbhum(Jharkhand)
 . Green Army Programme -- Australia
 Waterman of India – Rajendra Singh
 India’s first marine national Park -- Gulf of
 Birdman of India – Salim Ali
Kutch
 Forest man of India – Jadav Payeng  Valley of Flowers – chamoli
 Treeman of India – Marimuthu Yoganathan  Coral reefs in India –
 Gulf of Kutch, Lakshadweep, Gulf of Mannar
UN Environment Programme –
 Which animal is known as sea cow – Dugong
 HQ - Nairobi
 State with largest number of tigers -- Madhya
 Established in – 1972
Pradesh.
26
Important Days – June 08 – Ocean’s day

June 21 : International Yoga Day
JANUARY June 23 — Olympic Day
Jan 04 — Louis Braille Day JULY
Jan 09 — NRI Day July 1 — Doctors Day
Jan 10 — World Hindi Day. July 4 : American Independence Day
Jan 12 — : National Youth Day (Birth day July 11 : World Population Day
of Swami Vivekanand) July 18 — Nelson Mandela Day
Jan 15 : Army Day July 26: Kargil Victory Day
Jan 23 — Parakram Diwas (Netaji Subhash Chandra July 29 : Tiger’s Day
Bose's birth anniversary) AUGUST
Jan 24 — National Girl Child Day August 6: Hiroshima Day
Jan 25 — National Voters Day. August 9 : Quit India Movement Day
Jan 26 —: Republic Day August 12: International Youth Day
Jan 30 — Martyr’s Day ( Mahatma Gandhi) August 14: Pakistan's Independence Day
FEBRUARY August 15: India's Independence Day
Feb 02 — World Wetlands Day August 29: Sports Day
Feb 04 — World Cancer Day
Feb 13 : Sarojini Naidu's Birth Anniversary ( National SEPTEMBER
Women’s Day) Sept 5 — Teacher's Day
Feb 21 — Mother Tongue Day Sept 8 — International Literacy Day
Feb 28 — National Science Day Sept 14 —Hindi Day
MARCH Sept 15 — Engineers Day
March 4; National Security Day Sept 16 — World Ozone Day
March 8 : International Women Day Sept 21 : International Day of Peace
March 21: World Forestry Day OCTOBER
March 22: World Day for Water Oct 2 —International Day of Non-violence
March 23: World Meteorological Day Oct 5 — World Habitat Day, World Teachers Day
March 24: World TB Day Oct 6 — World Wildlife Day
March 26: Bangladesh Liberation Day Oct 8 — Indian Air force Day
APRIL Oct 11 – International Girl Child day
April 7 : World Health Day Oct 15 — Student’s day
April 13 : Jallianwallah Bagh Massacre Day (1919) Oct 16 — World Food Day
April 14 : BR. Ambedkar Remembrance Day, Oct 24 — United Nations Day
April 18 : World Heritage Day Oct 31 - : National Integration Day ( Ekta Diwas)
April 21 : The Civil Service Day NOVEMBER
April 22 : World Earth Day Nov 11 — Education day (Birthday of Abul Kalam
April 23: World Books Day Azad)
April 24 : Panchayat Day Nov 14 — Children's Day/World Diabetes Day
MAY Nov 23 — National Cadet Corps Day
May 1 — International Labour Day Nov 26 : National Constitution day
May 04 — World Press Freedom Day
May 8 — International Red Cross Day DECEMBER
May 11 : National Technology Day Dec 1 — World Aids Day
May 21 — Anti Terrorism Day Dec 4 — Navy Day
May 22 — World Biodiversity Day Dec 7 — Armed Forces Flag Day
May 31 — World No Tobacco Day Dec 10: Human Rights Day
JUNE Dec 11 — UNICEF Day
June 05 : World Environment Day Dec 16 : 1971 war Vijay Diwas
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Dec 22 — National Mathematics day  2023 Asian Games — Hangzhou, China

Dec 23 — Farmer’s day  2026 Asian Games — Nagoya, Japan
Dec 25 — Good Governance day  First woman to win Asiad Gold— Kamaljeet
Sandhu
Sports and Games — Football —
Olympics —  First Football World Cup —1930 , Uruguay (

Winner - Uruguay)
 Ancient Olympics — 776 BC  Most World Cups — Brazil (5)
 Modern Olympics — 1896 AD ( Athens)  Football Highest Authority — FIFA
 Father of Olympics— Pierre Da Coubertin  FIFA HQ— Zurich
 Olympic Day —23 June  2022 Football World Cup — Qatar
 Headquarters— Lausanne (IOC)  2026 FIFA World Cup – US, Mexico, Canada
 Olympic Symbol— Five Rings - Black (Africa),
Red ( America), Yellow ( Asia), Green Cricket—
(Australia), Blue (Europe)
 Olympic motto — Citius, Altus , Fortius (  First Test Match — Australia vs England
Faster, Higher and Stronger ) (1877, Melbourne)
 2024 Olympic Games — Paris  First One day Match — Australia vs England
 2028 Olympic Games— Los Angels (1971)
 2032 Olympic Games— Brisbane  First T-20 Match — New Zealand vs Australia
(2005)
India @ Olympics —  Highest run scorer— Sachin Tendulkar
 Highest Wicket taker — Muthiah Muralitharan
 Norman Pritchard — First Participant and  Highest Test score — Brian Lara (400)
medallist-1900 Paris  Highest One day Score — Rohit Sharma (264)
 First Hockey Gold - 1928  First World Cup — 1975, England ( winner -
 First Individual medal — KD Jadhav West Indies)
(Wrestling)-1952  2023 World Cup — India
 First woman medalist— Karnam Malleshwari  First T20 World Cup - 2007 (winner- India)
 First individual Gold — Abhinav Bindra  India won World Cup in 1983 (Kapil Dev),
(Shooting) 2011 ( Dhoni )
 First to win two medals — Sushil Kumar  First Indian Captain — CK Nayudu (1932)
 First woman to win two medals — PV Sindhu  First Indian One day captain— Ajit Wadekar
 ICC HQ- Dubai
 First Winter Olympics — 1924 ( Chamonix)  BCCI HQ— Mumbai
 Most Olympic medals — Michael Phelps
Hockey—
Commonwealth Games —
 India won 8 Gold medals in Hockey at
 First Commonwealth Games — 1930 , Olympics.
Hamilton , Canada  First Hockey World Cup — 1971
 2022 Commonwealth Games — Birmingham  India won Hockey World Cup - 1975
 2026 CWG — Victoria ( Australia)  2023 Hockey World Cup — Rourkela, Odisha
 2010 CWG - Delhi
 First Indian to win Medal — Tennis —
 First Indian to win CWG Gold medal —
 Oldest Grand slam — Wimbledon (1877)
Asian Games —
 Australian Open - January- Melbourne- Hard
court
 First Asian Games — 1951 , Delhi
28
 French Open ( Roland Garros) - May - Paris-  Football — Santosh Trophy, Subroto Cup ,
Clay court FIFA World Cup, Mardeka Trophy, I- League,
 Wimbledon open — July - London - Grass ISL, Durand Cup, Rovers Cup,
Court  Hockey — Agha Khan Cup, Azlan Shah Cup,
 US open — September- New York - Hard Beighton Cup, Rangaswami cup,
Court  Badminton— Syed Modi Cup, Thomas Cup,
 Most Grand slam — Rafael Nadal (22) Uber Cup, Sudiraman Cup, All England Open
 First Indian to win grand slam - Mahesh  Tennis — Davis Cup, Hopman Cup,
Bhupathi Federation Cup
 Most Grand slam by an Indian — Leander  Golf — PGA Tours, Ryder Cup, Walker Cup
Paes (16)  Bridge — Ruia Trophy
 ATP - Association for Men  Polo — Ezra Cup, Radhamohan cup
 WTA — Association for Women
 FIDE is related to Chess. Sports Terms—

 Polo was originated in Manipur.  Badminton – Love ,
 Official distance for Marathon is — 42 .195
 Boxing – Knockout , Punch, upper cut .
KM. It is also known as cross country race.
 Baseball – Homerun .
 Tour de France is related to Cycling.
 Cricket – Yo Yo Test, Duck , Googly, Doosra.
 First Indian Chess Grandmaster was
 Chess – Gambit, Grandmaster .
Vishwanathan Anand .
 Football – Banana Kick , offside
 Name of the FIFA World Cup — Jules Rimet
Trophy..  Golf – Berdie , Bogie , caddy , Tee
 Hockey – penalty corner , Astroturf .
 Prudential , Benson & Hedges cup related to
cricket..  Swimming – Backstroke, butterfly .
 Shooting – Bull’s Eye .
 Tennis – Deuce
Playing Areas —
 Weightlifting – Snatch , Jerk ..
Pitch - Cricket Cricket
Court Badminton, Tennis Other name for sportsperson
Diamond Baseball  Boxer – Pugilist
Ring Boxing  Table Tennis – Paddler .
 Badminton – shuttler
Rink Ice skating
Course Golf National Sports of Countries—
Board Table Tennis
 Canada — Ice Hockey
 China — Table Tennis
Number of Players —  Japan — Sumo
 India — Hockey
 Cricket, Football, Hockey — 11  Bangladesh — Kabaddi
 Volleyball— 6  Spain — Bull Fighting
 Baseball— 9  USA — Baseball
 Basketball— 5  Bhutan — Archery
 Kabaddi— 7  Australia, England— Cricket
 Rugby — 15
Nicknames of Players
Important Cups and Trophies —
 Wizard of Hockey — Dhyan Chand
 Payyolli Express, Udanpari — PT Usha
 Cricket — Irani , Duleep, Ranji, Cooch Behar,
Ashes, Gandhi - Mandela, Deodhar Trophy,  Flying Sikh — Milkha Singh
Syed Mushtaq Ali, Vijay Hazare Trophy  Black Pearl — Pele
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 Indian Express — Mahesh Bhupathi, Leander  Billiards and Snooker — Pankaj Advani, Geet
Paes Sethi
 Rawalpindi Express — Shoaib Akhtar
 Dhing Express — Hima Das
 Wall — Rahul Dravid Awards and Prizes
 Master Blaster — Sachin Tendulkar
 Haryana Hurricane — Kapil Dev Noble Prize —
Famous Stadiums  Started in 1901 , in memory of Alfred Nobel

(inventor of Dynamite)
Lord’s (Cricket) London  Given in Stockholm (Sweden)
 Given in 6 fields - Physics, Chemistry,
MCG ( Cricket) Melbourne
Medicine, Peace, Literature, Economics.
Dhyan Chand stadium Delhi ( Hockey)  Peace prize is given in Oslo (Norway)
Wembley stadium London ( Football)  First woman to get Noble Prize — Madam
Curie
Salt lake ( Football) Kolkata  First Indian and Asian to get Noble Prize —
Eden Gardens Kolkata ( Kolkata) Rabindranath Tagore
 First Indian Woman — Mother Teresa
Wankhede stadium Mumbai ( cricket)
 First Indian scientist— CV Raman
Green Park Kanpur ( Cricket )  First Economist— Amartya Sen
Oscar Award —
Sportspersons of Various
Sports  Also known as Academy Award
 Highest cinema award.
 Started in 1929.
 Cricket— Don Bradman, Shane Warne, Vivian  First Indian movie nominated for Oscar—
Richards, Mithali Raj Mother India
 Football — Pele, Maradona, Ronaldo, Lionel  First Indian to win Oscar Award — Bhanu
Messi, Neymar, Sunil Chhetri, Baichung Bhutia Athaiya .
 Tennis — Rafael Nadal, Federar, Djokovic,  Indian to get two Oscar awards — AR Rahman
Serena Williams, Leander Paes, Mahesh
Bhupathi
 Golf — Tiger Woods , Anirban Lahiri, Aditi
Grammy Award —
Ashok, Jeev Milkha Singh
Highest Music award.
 Badminton — Saina Nehwal, PV Sindhu,
First Indian to win Grammy — Pandit Ravi Shankar
Prakash Padukone, P. Gopichand, Lakshya
Sen, Kidambi Shrikanth Pulitzer Prize — Highest Journalism award.
 Basketball— Michael Jordan, Satnam Singh
 Hockey — Roop Singh, Balbir Singh, Sardar Man Booker Prize — Highest Literature Award.
Singh, Dhanraj Pillay, Manpreet Singh First Indian to win Man Booker — Salman Rushdie (
 Boxing — Mohammad Ali, Mike Tyson, Midnight’s Children)
Marykom, Vijender Singh
 Athletics — Usain Bolt, Asafa Powell, Milkha Ramon Magsaysay award —
Singh, PT Usha, Hima Das Asia’s Noble prize.
 Table Tennis — Achanta Sharath Kamal Given by Philippines government in social and Public
 Shooting— Abhinav Bindra, Gagan Narang, service.
Manu Bhakar First Indian to win Ramon Magsaysay — Vinoba
 Formula One — Michael Schumacher, Lewis Bhave.
Hamilton
 Squash— Deepika Pallikal, Saurav Ghoshal Kalinga Award — Science by UNESCO
 Chess — Koneru Hampi, Vishwanathan Anand
30
Gallantry Awards — Film Awards —

 Highest film award in India — Dada Saheb
 Highest Gallantry Award — Paramvir Chakra Phalke award.
 First to get Paramvir Chakra — Major  First recipient of Dada Saheb Phalke Award —
Somnath Sharma Devika Rani.
 Highest gallantry award (Peacetime) —
Ashoka Chakra Other awards —
 First woman to get Ashoka Chakra — Neerja
Bhanot  Dhanwantari Award — Medical Science.
 Other Awards (wartime) — Mahavir Chakra,  BC Roy Award — Medical Science.
Vir Chakra  Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar award — Science
 Other Peacetime awards — Kirti Chakra,  Golden Globe award — Film.
Shaurya Chakra  Barlaug Prize — Agriculture
 Pritzker prize — Architecture
Bharat Ratna —  Sushila Devi Award — Literature
 Kalidas Samman — Music
 Highest award of India .  Abel Prize – Mathematics
 Started in 1954.  Laureus Award – Sports
 First recipient— C Rajgopalachari, S  Templeton prize – Science
Radhakrishnan, CV Raman
 First woman to get Bharat Ratna — Indira Books and Authors—
Gandhi.
 First to get posthumously— Lal Bahadur
Shastri Indica Magasthenese
 First Foreigner to get Bharat Ratna — Khan Abhigyan shakuntlam Kalidas
Abdul Ghaffar Khan
 Other civilian awards— Padma Vibhushan, Harsh Charit Banabhatta
Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri. Kitab Ul Hind Al Beruni
 Padma Awards are declared on Republic Day.
Fo Kwo Ki Fahien
Sports Awards — Si Yu Ki Hiuen Tsang
Prithviraj Raso Chander Bardai
 Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna —
My Experiments with truth, Mahatma Gandhi
 Highest sports award in India .
Hind Swaraj
 Started in 1992, first recipient— Vishwanathan
Anand. Poverty and Unbritish rule in Dadabhai Naoroji
 Prize money — 7,50,000 ₹ India
Anandmath Bankim Chandra
 Arjuna Award — Started in 1961. Geetanjali Rabindranath Tagore
 Dronacharya Award — started in 1985 , given
to coaches. Unhappy India Lala Lajpat Rai
Discovery of India Jawahar Lal Nehru
Literature Awards —
Guide, Malgudi Days RK Narayan
 Highest literature award in India — Jnanpith Golden Threshold Sarojini Naidu

award. Godan Munshi Premchand
 First to get Jnanpith — G. Shankar Kurup.
Jungle Book Rudyard Kipling
 First woman to get Jnanpith— Ashapurna Devi
 Sahitya Academy award — 24 languages ( War and Peace Leo Tolstoy
English and Rajasthani ) Wealth of Nations Adam Smith
 Other literature awards — Saraswati Samman,
Vyas Samman, Das capital Karl Marx
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India Wins Freedom Abul Kalam Azad Indian Defence –

Life Divine Aurobindo Ghosh
 Indian Army command – 7
Hindu view of Life S. Radha Krishnan  Indian Navy Command – 3
Satyarth Prakash Dayanand Saraswati  Indian Airforce Command – 7
Asthadhyayi Panini  Indian Military Academy –Dehradun
Panchatantra Vishnu Sharma  National Defence Academy –Khadakwasla (Pune
 Officer’s Training Academy(OTA) – Chennai
Midnight’s Children Salman Rushdie
 Army Cadet College – Dehradun
The God of small things Arundhati Roy  Indian Naval Academy – Ezhimala ( Kochi)
The Republic Plato  Indian Air force Academy –Dandigul(Hyderabad )
Gulliver’s Travel Jonathan Swift  First Commander Chief of Indian Army –Gen. KM
Kariappa
Sunny Days Sunil Gavaskar
 First Chief of Naval Staff – Admiral RD Katari
Playing it my way Sachin Tendulkar
 First Chief of Air Staff – Suboroto Mukherjee
Mother Maxim Gorky  First Field Marshal – Sam Manekshaw
Great Expectations Charles Dickens  Oldest Paramilitary Force –Assam Rifles ( 1835)
Romeo Juliet, Macbeth, Othello William Shakespeare  Highest Gallantry Award – Paramvir Chakra
 First to get Paramvir Chakra –Major Somanth
Origin of Species Charles Darwin
Sharma
Harry Potter JK Rowling  Highest Peacetime Gallantry Award –Ashoka
Time Machine HG Wells Chakra
Brief History of Time Stephen Hawking  Commander-in-chief of Armed Forces – The
President of India
Long Walk to Freedom Nelson Mandela
 Indo-Tibet Border Police – 1962
Wings of Fire, Ignited Minds APJ Abdul Kalam
 Indian Army commando-- Para SF
Mein Kamf Hitler  Indian Navy Commando – Marcos
India after Gandhi Ramachandra Guha  Indian air Force Commando -- Garuda
White Tiger Arvind Adiga  Highest Decorated Regiment --- Sikh
 First Indegenous submarine – INS Shakti.
Gita Rahasya Lokmanya Tilak
 First Nuclear submarine – INS Arihant
India Divided Rajendra Prasad  First Aircraft Carrier – INS Vikrant
Ghulamgiri Jyotiba Phule
Ain-I-Akbari Abul Fazl India’s Nuclear Program —
Train to Pakistan Khushwant Singh  Father of Nuclear program in India — Homi
Arthasatra Chanakya ( Kautilya) Jahangir Bhabha.
 Bhabha Atomic Research center — 1954 (
Padmavat Malik Mohammad
Trombay).
Jayesi
 First Atomic reactor — Apsara (1956).
Rajatarangini Kalhan  First Atomic Power station— Tarapur (
Mudrarakshas Vishakhdutta Maharashtra).
 Heavy water Limited is in — Trombay..
Natural History Pliny  India’s first Nuclear Test — 1974 - Smiling
Buddha( Pokharan ).
 India became a nuclear power on — 11 May
1998 ( Operation Shakti).
 First country to have atomic deal with India —
France .
32
Indian Defence Reasearch Program—  First woman cosmonaut— Valentina

Tereshkova (1963).
 Defence Research and Development  First Human on Moon — Neil Armstrong (20
Organisation (DRDO) - 01-01-1958. July 1969) .
 Father of Indian missile technology— APJ  Neil Armstrong and Buzz Eldrin’s space ship
Abdul Kalam. name — Apollo-11.
 Agni —surface to surface medium range  First Mars mission — Viking -1 (1976).
ballistic missile.  Space agency of USA — NASA.
 Prithvi — First missile of India .  Space agency of Russia — Cosmoros.
 Tejas — First India made combat aircraft.  Space agency of Japan — JAXA.
 BrahMos — Joint venture of Russia and India.  First space shuttle — Columbia..
 T-90 Bhishma is a Tank.  Kalpana Chawla died in 2003 in Columbia -13
 Arjuna was the first battle tank of India.  Cryogenic engines are used in Satellite
 Dhruv is a helicopter. launch..
 Cassini mission was launched to Saturn’s
satellite- Titan.
Indian Space Program—
 Father of Indian Space Program— Vikram

Sarabhai. Countries and Capitals —
 Space program started in -1962. Afghanistan Kabul
 Indian Space Research Organisation ( ISRO ) Algeria Algiers
- Bengaluru
 ISRO founded on 15 August 1969. Argentina Buenos Aires
 Current ISRO chairman — S. Somnath Australia Canberra
 First satellite of India — Aryabhatta, 1975 (with
Austria Vienna
USSR).
 First satellite launched from India — Rohini Bangladesh Dhaka
 First communication satellite — APPLE Belgium Brussels
 First moon mission - Chandrayaan -1 (2008).
Found water. Bhutan Thimphu
 First Mars mission— Mangalyaan (MOM) - Canada Ottawa
2013.
Chile Santiago
 Chandrayaan -2 launched in 2019.
 First Indian in space — Rakesh Sharma China Beijing
(1984). Congo Republic Kinshasa
 First woman — Kalpana Chawla (1997).
 First human space mission — Gaganyan Cyprus Nicosia
(2023). Denmark Copenhagen
 Humanoid robot in Gaganyan — Vyomitra.
Egypt Cairo
 India’s solar Mission — Aditya.
 Satish Dhawan center , Shriharikota (AP) on Ethiopia Addis Ababa
Pulicat lake. France Paris
 Vikram Sarabhai space center , Thumba ,
Kerala. Germany Berlin
 PSLV — Polar satellite launching vehicle.. Ghana Accra
 GSLV — Geo-synchronous launching vehicle.
Greece Athens
Indonesia Jakarta
International Space Programs— Iran Tehran
Iraq Baghdad
 First satellite— Sputnik (1957) -Russia.
 First animal in space — Lyca-1959 ; Russia. Japan Tokyo
 First Human in space — Yuri Gagarin (1961)
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Jordon Amman Vietnam Hanoi

Israel Jerusalem Venezuela Caracas
Kazakhstan Nur Sultan Zimbabwe Harare
Kenya Nairobi Fiji Suva
Libya Tripoli Columbia Bogota
Malaysia Kuala lumpur Peru Lima
Mongolia Ulaanbataar Cuba Havana
Mexico Mexico City Azerbaijan Baku
Myanmar Naypyidaw Maldives Male
Nepal Kathmandu Turkey Ankara
New Zealand Wellington Yemen Sanaa
North Korea Pyongyang Belarus Minsk
Norway Oslo Hungary Budapest
Pakistan Islamabad Sweden Stockholm
Finland Helsinki Iceland Reykjavik
Philippines Manila Ireland Dublin
Poland Warsaw Spain Madrid
Portugal Lisbon Serbia Belgrade
Qatar Doha Morocco Rabat
Russia Moscow Sierra Leone Freetown
Nigeria Abuja Tanzania Dodoma
Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Country and Currency—
South Korea Seoul
Bangladesh Taka
South Africa Pretoria
China Yuan
Brazil Brasilia
Indonesia Rupiah
Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardene kotte,
Colombo Japan Yen
Sudan Khartoum Korea Won
Italy Rome Kuwait Dinar
Switzerland Bern Nepal Rupee
Netherlands Amsterdam Bhutan Nglutrum
Thailand Bangkok Pakistan Rupee
Syria Damascus Sri Lanka Rupee
Lebanon Beirut Myanmar Kyat
Uganda Kampala Saudi Arabia Rial
United Kingdom London Thailand Baht
Ukraine Kiev UAE Dirham
USA Washington DC Canada Dollar
United Arab Emirates (UAE) Abu Dhabi USA Dollar
34
Argentina Peso Largest Archipelago Indonesia

Brazil Real Wettest / Rainiest Mawsynram
place
Denmark , Norway Krone
Largest Peninsula Arabian
Russia Rouble
Largest lake Caspian Sea
Poland Zloty
Largest fresh lake Superior lake
UK Pound
Deepest lake Baikal (Russia)
Sweden Kroner
Saltiest lake Van ( Turkey)
Australia Dollar
New Zealand Dollar Largest Gorge Grand Canyon
Egypt Pound
South Africa Rand Intelligence Agency
Zimbabwe Dollar
 India — RAW and IB
 USA— FBI and CIA
Cities on River banks —
 Israel — Mossad
London Thames  Russia — KGB /GRU
New York Hudson  Britain— Military Intelligence (MI -6)
 Pakistan — ISI
Budapest Danube
 Egypt — Al - Mukhabarat
Rome Tiber  Iran - SAVAK
Baghdad Tigris  China— Central External Liaison Department
Washington Potomac
Official Residence—
Paris Seine
Cairo Nile  White House — US President
 Rashtrapati Bhawan - Indian President
Lahore Ravi
 7, Lok Kalyan Marg — Prime Minister of India
 10, Downing Street — Prime Minister of Britain
 Buckingham Palace — Queen Elizabeth
Geographical superlatives—
Highest volcano Ojas Del Salado (Chile) Surnames —
Most Active Volcano Kilau (Hawaii)
Largest volcano Mauna Loa ( Hawaii)  Grand old man of India— Dadabhai Nauroji
 Rajaji — Chakrabarty Rajgopalachari
Largest Bay Bay of Bengal  Mahamana— Madan Mohan Malviya
Longest River Nile  Nightingale of India , Bharat Kokila— Sarojini
Naidu
Largest River Amazon
 Gurudev — Rabindranath Tagore
Largest Gulf Gulf of Mexico  Fuehrer — Hitler
Largest Sea Philippines Sea  Lady with the lamp — Florence Nightingale
 Sparrow — General Rajender Singh
Largest Desert Sahara  Flying Sikh — Milkha Singh
Largest Delta Sunderbans  Udanpari — PT Usha
 Deshbandhu — CR Das
Highest Waterfalls Angel ( Venezuela)
 Lok Nayak — Jayaprakash Narayan
Driest place Atacama Desert ( South  Lokmanya — Bal Gangadhar
America)  Punjab Kesari — Lala Lajpat Rai
Largest Island Greenland  Man of Iron and Blood — Bismarck
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 Bismarck of India , Iron Man — Sardar Patel National Emblems of Countries

 Little Corporal — Napoleon Bonaparte
 Banga Bandhu — Mujibur Rahman
Australia— Kangaroo
 Sher - e- Kashmir — Sheikh Abdulla Italy — White Lily
 Quaid-e-Azam — Mohammad Ali Jinnah Japan — Chrysanthemum
 Frontier Gandhi— Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Turkey, Pakistan — Crescent and Star
New Zealand — Kiwi
Beauty Pageant— USA — Bald Eagle , Golden Rod
Miss Universe— First Indian — Sushmita Sen (1994)
Miss World — First Indian — Reita Faria (1966)
Miss India — First woman— Pramila Abbreviations –
 AIDS – Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Old Names  ATM -- Automated Teller Machine
 APEC – Asia pacific Economic Cooperation
 Ghana — Gold Coast  BBC -- British Broadcasting Corporation
 Iran — Persia  BCG -- Bacillus Calmette Guerin
 Iraq — Mesopotamia  BHIM -- Bharat Interface for Money
 Istanbul— Constantinople  BRO - Border Road Organisation
 Myanmar — Burma  CBI -- Central Bureau of Investigation
 Sri Lanka — Ceylon
 CNG -- Compressed Natural Gas
 Thailand — Siam
 DPT -- Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus
 Zimbabwe — Rhodesia
 DRDO – Defence Research and Development
 Zaire — Congo
Organisation
 ECG -- Electro Cardiogram
Institutes and Research Centres  EVM -- Electronic Voting Machine
 FDI - Foreign Direct Investment
 National Institute of Oceanography— Panaji  GPS -- Global Positioning System
 National Defence Academy — Khadakvasla ,  GSLV – Geosynchronous Satellite launching
Pune vehicle
 National Institute of Virology— Pune  HAL – Hindustan Aeronautical Limited
 National Police Academy — Hyderabad  HIV – Human immune deficiency virus
 National Archives of India — New Delhi  ICMR – Indian Council for Medical Reasearch
 National Museum — New Delhi  INSAT – Indian National satellite
 Indian Space Research Organisation—  LAC – Line of Actual Control
Bengaluru  PTI – Press Trust of India
 Indian Institute of Science — Bengaluru  PSLV – Polar satellite launching vehicle
 Indian Military Academy — Dehradun  PWD – Public Works Department
 Tata Institute of fundamental Research —  SEBI – Securities and Exchange Board of India
Mumbai  NPT – Non Proliferation Treaty
 Geological Survey of India — Kolkata  VAT – Value Added Tax
 Central Leather Research Institute — Chennai  WWF – World Wild life Fund.
 Film and Television Institute of India — Pune
 Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute of
India — Kolkata
 Central Rice Research Institute — Cuttack
 Central Institute of Mines — Dhanbad
 National Dairy Research Institute — Karnal
 Sugar Research Institute — Kanpur
 Survey of India— Dehradun
 National Petroleum Institute — Dehradun
 Forest Research Institute — Dehradun
 Netaji Subhash Sports Institute – Patiala
36
National Symbols —
Major Religions of the World
 National Emblem — Lion Capital of Ashoka
 Lion capital was taken from Sarnath iron pillar, it
has 4 lions, Elephant, bull , horse and a wheel. Hinduism
 National Motto — Satyamev Jayate
 Satyamev Jayate is taken from  Four Vedas — Rigveda, Yajurveda ,
Mundakupanishad. Samaveda and Atharvaveda.
 National Anthem — Jana Gana Mana  Rigveda is the oldest.
 It was composed by Rabindranath Tagore (in  Hindu Purana — 18.
Bengali)  Epics — Ramayana and Mahabharata.
 It was first sung in 1911, Calcutta.  Upanishad— 108.
 It takes 52 seconds to sing.  Incarnations of Lord Vishnu — 10 ( First —
 National song — Vande Mataram Matsya, Last — Kalki)
 Vande Mataram was written by Bankim Chandra  Manu smriti is the ancient law book.
Chatterjee.  Hindu New Year – Vikram samvat , Chaitra.
 It was first sung in 1896.
 It is taken from Anand Math.. Buddhism
 Vande Mataram was the main song during
independence struggle.
 Founded by Gautama Buddha .
 Jana Gana Mana and Vande Mataram was
adopted on 24 January 1950.  Gautam Buddha’s original name was Siddharth.
 National Flag — Tricolour ( Tiranga)  He was born in Lumbini in 563 BC.
 It was designed by Pingali Venkaiya.  He was the prince of Kapilvastu.
 Saffron Color is for strength, courage and  He left home at 29.
sacrifice.  He got enlightened at Bodhgaya under a peepal
 White indicates peace. tree.
 Green for growth, prosperity.  First sermon — Sarnath.
 Blue wheel ( Ashoka Chakra or Dharma chakra)  He died in Kushinagar in 483 BC
has 24 spokes, shows progress. (Mahaparinirvana).
 Tricolour was adopted on 22 July 1947.  Three sects of Buddhism — Hinayana,
 Ratio of width to length is 2:3 Mahayana, Vajrayan.
 National Animal — Royal Bengal Tiger.  Three books ( Tripitaka ) — Sutta, Vinaya,
Abhidhamma
 Tiger was adopted in 1973 .
 Buddhist literature language— Pali.
 National Bird — Peacock.
 Buddha Charit written by Ashvagosh.
 National Calendar— Shaka Era .
 Dhamma — teachings of Buddha..
 Shaka Era was started by Kanishka in 78 AD .
 Sanchi Stupa is a Buddhist monument
 It was adopted on 22 March 1957.
constructed by Ashoka.
 Chaitra is the first month of Shaka calendar.
 Largest Buddhist temple — Indonesia
 National River — Ganga
 National Aquatic animal — Gangetic Dolphin.
 National Fruit — Mango Jainism —
 National Flower — Lotus
 National Tree — Banyan  Founder — Rishabdeb ( 1st Tirthankara )
 National Heritage animal — Elephant.  Total Tirthankaras — 24.
 National Festival— 26 January, 15 August, 2  24th and last — Vardhaman Mahavira.
October  Mahavir was born in Kundagram ( Vaishali) in
540 BC
37
 Died in Pavapuri in 468 BC.  Largest church — St. Peter’s basilica, Vatican
 Jainism has two sects — Digambar (no cloth) City
and Swetanbar ( white cloth ).  Largest church in India — Goa
 Dilawara Jain temple is in Mount Abu.  Holy book — Bible.
 Original language of Bible — Hebrew .
Sikhism —  Cross is the religious symbol of Christianity.
 Highest religious leader - Pope.
 Founder - Guru Nanak Dev.
 First Guru Nanak Dev born in Talwandi in Zoroastrian
1469 AD.
 Nanak Dev started Langar ( free kitchen ).  Also known as Parsi.
 Total Gurus — 10.  Founder — Zoroaster .
 Guru Ramdas founded the city of Amritsar.  Holy Book — Zend Avesta.
 Golden temple ( Harmandir Sahib was  Parsi worships Fire god .
constructed by Arjun Dev.  Parsi lives mostly in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
 Arjun Dev compiled Guru Granth Sahib , Sikh’s  Festival— Navroj ( New Year )
sacred book.  God — Ahur
 Guru Hargobind turns Sikhs in a warrior clan.
 Ninth Guru — Tegh Bahadur , executed by Judaism
Aurangzeb.
 Sheeshganj Gurudwara is a memorial of Tegh
 Also known as Jewish.
Bahadur.
 Palestine is known as land of Jewish.
 Last Guru - Gobind Singh.
 Holy Book — Tanakh.
 Gobind Singh was born in Patna sahib.
 Language— Hebrew .
 He introduced Khalsa Panth and five K .
 Hitler killed thousands of Jewish during World
 Gobind Singh declared Guru Granth Sahib as
war -2.
the future guru.
 Punjabi script — Gurmukhi.
 Note — Jerusalem is a holy place for Islam,
Christianity and Judaism.
Islam —  Lotus temple of Delhi is related to Baha’i
religion.
 Founded by Prophet Mohammad.
 He was born in Mecca .
 Islamic calendar — Hijri calendar.
Classical Dances of India
 Sacred book — Quran.
 Largest mosque — Masjid al Haram , Mecca.  There are 8 classical dances in India.
 Islamic sects — Shia, Sunni, Ahmediya.
 Bharatnatyam
 Related to Tamilnadu.
Christianity  Solo dance.
 National classical dance of India.
 Most popular religion of the world.  Dance themes are taken from Ramayana and
 Founded by Jesus Christ.. Mahabharata.
 Jesus Christ was born in  Kathakali ( Kerala )
Bethlehem,Jerusalem .  Based on Indian Epics.
 Jesus Christ birthday — 25 December -  Kuchipuri — ( Andhra Pradesh )
Christmas Day.
 Got name from a village.
 Christianity sects — Roman Catholic and
 Themes — Bhagwat purana.
Protestant.
 Kathak - Uttar Pradesh
38
 Kathak is story telling dance. Teejan Bai Folk dancer

 It is influenced by God Krishna’s Raslila.
MF Hussain Painter
 Wajid Ali Shah , nawab of Awadh was the patron of
Kathak. Raja Ravi Verma Painter
 Birju Maharaj was a famous Kathak dancer.
 Odishi
 Manipuri Musical Instruments and their
 Sattriya , Assam players
 Mohiniattam , Kerala
 Mohiniattam is performed only by women . Sitar Ravi shankar
Sarod Amjad Ali Khan
Folk Dances of India — Violin TN Krishnan, Zubin Mehta
Santoor Shiv Kumar Sharma
Assam Bihu
Flute Hariprasad Chaurasia
Gujarat Garba, Dandiya
Shehnai Bismillah Khan
Haryana Dhamal
Tabla Zakir Hussain
Himachal Jhora
Jammu & Kashmir Rauf Famous Festivals of India
Karnataka Yaksha gana
Kerala Ottam Thullal Baisakhi, Lohri Punjab
Punjab Bhangra, Gidda Hornbill Nagaland
Rajasthan Ghumar, Durga Puja West Bengal
Andhra, Tamilnadu Kollatam Ganesh Chaturthi Maharashtra
Uttar Pradesh Nautanki, kajri Bihu Assam
Uttarakhand Gharwali, Kumaon Pongal Tamilnadu
Nagaland Bamboo dance Onam Kerala
Jharkhand Chhou Rath Yatra Odisha
Hemis, Losar Ladakh
Famous classical dance and Music Ugadi Andhra
and Culture Personalities Thaisoopam Tamilnadu
Thissur Pooram Kerala
Birju Maharaj Kathak
Famous Food of Indian states
Mrinalini Sarabhai Bharatnatyam
Litti Chokha Bihar
Sonal Mansingh Bharatnatyam
Dhokla Gujarat
MS Subbalaxmi Music
Dal Churma Rajasthan
Girija Devi Music
Vada Pav Mumbai
Pandit Jasraj Hindustani music
Idli, Dosa, Utpam , Sambhar Tamil Nadu
Bhimsen Joshi Music
Rasgulla West Bengal
Malini Avasthi Music
39
Famous Dress Around World --  Land of White Elephant — Thailand

 Pearl of the Antilles — Cuba
 Shemagh or Ghutrah -- Middle East  Roof of the World — The Pamir
 Coiffe -- France  Spice Garden of India — Kerala
 Kimono -- Japan  Sugar Bowl of the World — Cuba
 Kilts -- Scotland  Playground of Europe — Switzerland
 Land of Kangaroo — Australia
 Maasai -- kenya
 Lungs of Earth — Amazon Forest
 Gho -- Bhutan  Sick men of Europe— Turkey
 Conical hat -- Vietnam
Famous dance around the world – Famous Geographical Surnames of India —
 Ballet - Russia
 Flamenco – Spain  Queen of Arabian Sea — Kochi
 Break Dance – USA  Manchester of India — Ahmedabad
 Belly Dance -- Middle east  Science city, Garden city — Bengaluru
 Pink city — Jaipur
 Tango -- Argentina
 City of lakes — Udaipur
 Kabuki -- Japan
 Blue city — Jodhpur
 Salsa -- Cuba  Golden city — Jaisalmer
 Samba -- Brazil  City of Palaces — Kolkata
 Deccan Queen – Pune
Geographical Epithet  Queen of Mountain – Massourie
 God’s own country – Kerala
 Venice of the east – Kochi
Blue Mountains — Niligiri  Diamond Harbour – Kolkata
City Beautiful — Chandigarh
City of Golden Gate — San Francisco
Geographical Discoveries—
City of Magnificent Buildings — Washington Australia James Cook
City of Seven Hills — Rome America — Christopher Columbus
Cockpit of Europe — Belgium Hawaii Island James Cook
Sea route to India Vasco Da Gama
 Dark Continent — Africa North Pole Robert Peary
 Forbidden City — Lhasa
 Windy City — Chicago South Pole Roald Amundsen
 Land of Golden Pagoda — Myanmar Sailed around the World Ferdinand Magellan
 Gift of the Nile — Egypt Planets Kepler
 Hermit Kingdom — North Korea
 Island Continent — Australia Solar system Copernicus
 Island of Cloves— Zanzibar
 Key to the Mediterranean — Gibraltar
 Land of Golden Fleece — Australia
 Land of Maple— Canada
 Land of Morning Calm — South Korea
 Land of the Midnight Sun — Norway
 Land of the Rising Sun — Japan
 Land of the Thunderbolt — Bhutan
 Land of Thousand Lakes — Finland
40
Legislatures of various Countries

Fathers of Various Fields
Afghanistan Shora
Atom Bomb Robert Oppenheimer
Bangladesh Jatia Sansad
Railways George Stephenson
Bhutan Tasongadu
Modern Chemistry Lavoisier
Denmark Folketing
Economics Adam Smith
Germany Bundestag
Geography Eratosthenes
India Sansad
Immunology Edward Jenner
Iran Majilis
Genetics Mendel
Ireland Orieachtas
Biology Aristotle
Israel Knesset
Sanskrit Grammar Panini
Japan Diet
Geometry Euclid
Nepal Rashtriya Panchayat
Mathematics Archimedes
Norway Storting
Internet Vintage Cerf
Russia Duma
Computer Charles Babbage
Spain Cortes Generales
Artificial intelligence John Mccarthy
USA Congress
Famous International Monuments Crematoriums

Statue of Liberty New York
Kremlin Moscow Rajghat Mahatma Gandhi
Emperial Palace Tokyo Vijay Ghat Lal Bahadur Shastri
Opera House Sydney Kisan Ghat Charan Singh
Kinder Dijk Netherlands Veer Bhumi Rajiv Gandhi
Christ Redeemer Brazil Shanti Van Nehru
Machu Picchu Peru Shakti Sthal Indira Gandhi
Petra Jordan Abhay Ghat Morarji Desai
Tugu Negara Kuala Lumpur

Great Sphinx Egypt
Chichen Itza Mexico
Big Ben London
Hagia Sophia Turkey
Grand Canyon Arizona , USA
Mount Fuji Japan
Angkor Wat temple Cambodia
Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco
collessium Rome
41
General Superlatives
First Secretary-General of United Nations Trigve Lie

First President of United States of America George Washington
First President of the Republic of China Sun Yat Sen
Pakistan's first Governor-General Mohammad Ali Jinnah
First European invader of Indian soil Alexander
First man to go into space Yuri Gagarin
First man to walk in space Alexy Leonov
First space tourist Deniss Tito
First man to set foot on the Moon Neil Armstrong
First man to fly an aeroplane Wright Brothers
First man to reach North pole Robert Peary
First man to reach South pole Roald Amundsen
First man to climb Mount Everest Edmund Hillary, Tenzing Norway (1953)
First person to sail around the world Ferdinand Magellan
First European to visit China Marco Polo
First woman President of UN General Assembly Vijay Laxmi Pandit

First woman President of a country Estela Peron (Argentina)
First woman Prime Minister of a country S. Bhandarnayke
First woman Prime Minister of England Margret Thatcher
First woman cosmonaut in space Valentina Tereshkova
First woman to reach Antarctica
First woman to climb Mount Everest Junko Tabei (1963)
First female Amputee to climb Mount Everest Arunima Sinha
First country to make a Constitution USA

First country to appoint Lokpai Sweden
First country to ban capital punishment Venezuela
First country to give voting right to woman New Zealand
First country to impose carbon tax New Zealand
First country to issue plastic currency China
First country to issue paper currency China
country to give constitutional status to animal rights Australia
country to implement family planning India
42
Fist country to start Civil Services Competition China

country to make education compulsory Prussia
First country to print books China
First country to sign nuclear agreement with India France
First country to send human to Moon USA
First space ship landed on Mars Viking
First space shuttle launched Columbia
First country to launch satellite into space USSR
First country to launch radio telescope satellite into space Japan
First city to be attacked with Atom Borb Hiroshima
First country to win the Football World Cup Uruguay
First country to host the Modern Olympic Games Greece
First cloned animal Dolly sheep
First cloned human baby Eve
First university of the world Taxila
43
Tourist And Historical Places in India —

Adhai Din Ka Jhopra Ajmer Qutub-ud-din Aibak
Ajanta Caves Aurangabad Gupta rulers
Akbar Tomb Sikandara Jahangir
Bibi ka Maqbara Aurangabad Aurangzeb
Bada Imambada Lucknow
Belur Math Kolkata Swami Vivekananda
Diwan -I-Khas Agra Shahjahan
Dilawar Jain Temple Mount Abu
Ellora Caves Aurangabad Rashtrakuta ruler
Elephanta Caves Mumbai
Fatehpur Sikri Akbar
Fort William Kolkata
Fateh Sagar Udaipur
Gateway of India Mumbai
Humayun Tomb Delhi Hameeda Bano
Har mandir sahib Amritsar Arjun Dev
Jantar Mantar Jaipur Jai Singh
Jagannath Temple Puri
Konark temple Odisha ( Black Pagoda)
Khajuraho sun temple Madhya Pradesh
Brihadeshwar temple Tanjore
Qutub Minar Delhi Iltutmish
Hawa Mahal Jaipur
Char Minar Hyderabad
Gol Gumbaz Bijapur
Sanchi Stupa Madhya Pradesh Ashoka
Victoria Memorial Kolkata
Chariot temple Hampi
Lotus temple Delhi
Mahabodhi temple Gaya
Somnath temple Gujarat
Vaishno Devi Jammu
MeenakshiTemple Madurai
44
United Nations International Organisations
 Foundation— 24 October 1945 INTERPOL Lyon

 Former name — League of Nations (1920) Red Cross Geneva
 Father of UN — Franklin D Roosevelt
NATO (1949) Brussels
 Total members — 193
 Latest member — South Sudan OPEC Vienna
 Parts or Organs- 6 World Wildlife Fund Gland
 Headquarters— New York
 Secretary General— Antonio Guttarez Amnesty International London
European Union Brussels
1. General Assembly (HQ- New York ) — SAARC Kathmandu
Parliament of the World
2. Security Council — Members- 15 (Permanent- Asian Development Bank ( ADB) Manila
5 ( Russia, USA, Britain, China, France) ASEAN Jakarta
BIMSTEC Dhaka
 Non Permanent member - 10 ( 2 years
term )
 Permanent members have veto power. Other Organisation —
3. Economic and Social Council — 54 members.  QUAD — India , Japan, Australia, USA.
4. International Court of Justice ( The Hague ,
Netherlands) Total Judges — 15 ( 9 Year
 G-7 — Developed Countries — USA, Canada,
Term )
Britain, Germany, Italy, Japan, France
5. The Secretariat— HQ - New York
6. Trusteeship council — Not working  G-20 — Developing Countries
 Non Alignment Movement— 1961 ( Belgrade)
 Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN ) — 1967, Members— 10 .
 South Asian Association for Regional
UN agencies Cooperation (SAARC) - 1985, Members -8
 BRICS ( Brazil , Russia, India, China, South
Africa) — 2009
World Health Organisation (WHO Geneva
UN International Children New York  International Solar Alliance — Gurugram
Emergency Fund (UNICEF)  BRICS new Development Bank — Shanghai
International Labour Organisation Geneva
(ILO )
UN Educational, Scientific and Paris
Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)
Food and Agricultural Organisation Rome
(FAO )
UN Atomic Energy Agency Vienna
UN Environmental Programme Nairobi
World Trade Organisation ( WTO) Geneva
World Bank , IMF Washington
UN Development Program ( UNDP ) New York
World Meteorological Organisation Geneva
45
India Superlatives
First Home Minister of Independent India Sardar Patel
First Education Minister of Independent India Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
First large-scale Atomic Reactor of India Apsara
First Governor of Bengal Robert Clive
First Governor General of Bengal Warren Hastings
First Governor General of India William Bentinck
Last Governor General and First Viceroy of India Canning
First Commander-in-Chief of Free India General karippa
First Indian Nobel Laureate Rabindrnath Tagore
First Indian Judge of the International Court of Justice Nagendra Singh
First Indian to get Bharat Ratna Award S. Radhakrishanan, CV Raman,
Rajagopalachari
First Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw
The President of Constituent Assembly Rajendra Prasad
first Indian to swim across the English Channel Mihir sen
first Indian to get Jnanpeeth Award G. Shankar Kurup
First Muslim President of Indian Republic Zakir Hussain
First Speaker of Lok Sabha GV Mavlankar
First President of Indian National Congress WC Banerjee
First Indian Governor General of Independent India C . Rajgopalachari
First Indian to pass ICS Satyendra Nath Tagore
First Governor General of India (After Independence) Mountbatton
first Indian Cosmonaut (to go into space) Rakesh Sharma
First temporary President of the Constitutent Assembly Sachidanand Sinha
First Person to get Paramvir Chakra Major Somnath sharma
First Atomic Submarine of India INS Arihant
First Indian Scientist to get Nobel Prize CV Raman
First Indian made Submarine INS Shalki
First Asian Games organised 1951 Delhi
India's first Election Commissioner Sukumar sen
First Muslim President of Indian National Congress Badruddin Tayyebji
First Chief Justice of India Hiralal J Kania
First Person to submit the proposal of Indian Independence in a Congress Hasrat Mohani
Session
India's first organised University Nalanda University
46
First Indian to climb Mt. Everest without Oxygen cylinder Phou Dorji
First foreign recipient of Bharat Ratna Abdul Gaffar Khan
First Aircraft Carrier Indian Ship INS Vikrant
First Chinese pilgrim to visit India Fahian
First Medium Range Missile Agni
First Indian Missile Prithvi
First Indian to win Magsaysay Award Vinoba Bhave
India's first minister to resign from Union Cabinet Shyama Prasad Mukherjee
First Deputy Prime Minister of India Sardar Patel
First President of India to die in office Zakir Hussain
First Man to climb Mt. Everest twice Nawang gombu
First Indian recipient of Oscar Award' Bhanu Athaiya
first Test Tube Baby of India Harsha
first Indian Pilot JRD Tata
first Indian to reach Antarctica Ram Charan
First Post-Office opened in India Kolkata -1727
India's first Woman President Pratibha Patil

India's first Woman Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
India's first Woman Governor Sarojini Naidu
First Indian Woman President of I. N. Congress Sarojini Naidu
First Indian Woman to win the Booker Prize Arundhati Roy
First Woman Musician to get 'Bharat Ratna' MS Subbalaxmi
First Indian Woman to go into space Kalpana Chawla
First Woman Chief Minister of a state Sucheta Kriplani –UP
First Woman Union Minister/First Union Health Minister Rajkumari Amrit kaur
First Woman President of INC Annie Besant
First Woman Judge of the Supreme Court Fatima Beevi
First Woman to get Ashok Chakra Neerja Bhanot
First Indian Woman Ambassador at United Nations Vijay Laxmi pandit
India's first Woman ruler (on Delhi's throne) Razia Sultan
India's first Woman I.P.S. officer Kiran Bedi
First Indian Woman to swim across English Channel Aarti Shah
First Indian Woman to become 'Miss Universe' Sushmita Sen
First Indian Woman to get Bharat Ratna Indira Gandhi
First Woman to get Jnanpith Award Ashapurna Devi
First Indian Woman to win WTA Title Sania Mirza
47
First Indian Woman Airline Pilot Sarla Thakar

First Indian Woman to win a Gold in Asian Games Kamaljeet Sandhu
First Indian Woman to get the Noble Prize Mother Teresa
First Indian Woman to climb the Mt. Everest Bachendri Pal
First Woman to climb the Mt. Everest' twice Santosh Yadav
The longest National Highway NH-44

The state with longest Coast line Gujarat
The highest Lake Cholamu, Sikkim
The largest saline water Lake Chilika , Odisha
The largest fresh water Lake Wular , Kashmir
The longest river of southern India Godavari
The longest Dam Hirakud
The highest Gallantry Award Paramvir Chakra
The highest Award Bharat Ratna
The largest Gurudwara Harmandir sahib , Amritsar
The longest Sea Beach Marina Beach, Chennai
The Highest Road Umling La , Ladakh
The longest River Ganga
The largest Museum Kolkata
The largest Dome Gol Gumbaz, Bijapur
The tallest Statue Statue of Unity , Gujarat
The largest Public Sector Bank State Bank of India
The biggest canti lever Bridge Howrah Bridge
The Fastest Train of India Train 18, Vande Bharat
The Longest Train in India Vasuki
The Longest Railway Routes of India Vivek Express
The longest Canal Indira Gandhi canal , Rajasthan
The longest Railway platform Gorakhpur
The longest Railway tunnel Pir Panjal tunnel
The biggest Stadium Salt lake Yuva bharati , Kolkata
The most populous City Mumbai
The largest Artificial Lake Govind Vallabh Pant sagar, rihand , UP
The deepest River Valley Bhagirathi and Alaknanda
The largest River without delta Narmada
The highest battle field and the longest Glacier Siachen
48
The biggest river Island Majuli, Brahamaputra , Assam

The Highest Airport Leh
The longest river Bridge Bhupen hazarika Setu,
The largest animal Fair Sonpur , Bihar
The highest Dam Tehri dam
The largest Desert Thar
The largest cave Temple Kailash temple , Ellora
The largest Mosque Jama masjid
The highest Peak Mount K-2
The longest Tunnel Zozila tunnel
The largest Delta Sunderbans
The state with maximum forest area Madhya pradesh
The longest Corridor Rameshwaram Temple
The highest Waterfall Nohkalikai Falls , Meghalaya
49
World Superlatives --
Largest City (in population) Tokyo

Largest Continent Asia
Smallest Continent Australia
Largest Country (in population) China
Largest Country (in area) Russia
Largest Coral Formation Great Barrier reef , Australia
Largest Dam Grand coulee, USA
Longest Day 21 June
Largest Bird Ostrich
Smallest Bird Humming Bird
Tallest Building Burj Khalifa , Dubai
Shortest Day 22 December
Deepest Lake Baikal
Highest Lake Titicaca (Bolivia )
Largest Delta Sunderbans
Largest Desert (world) Sahara , Africa
Largest Diamond Cullinan, South Africa
Longest Epic Mahabharata
Largest Island Greenland
Largest Lake (Artificial) Lake Volta , Ghana
Largest Lake (Fresh water) Superior ( North America )
Largest Lake (Salt water) Caspian sea , Asia
Largest Mosque Masjid Al Haram , Mecca
Highest Mountain Peak (world) Mount Everest
Highest Mountain Range Himalaya
Longest Mountain Range Andes , South America
Biggest Museum British Museum , London
Tallest Animal (on land) Girrafe
Biggest Bell Tsar Bell, Moscow
Fastest Bird Falcon
Busiest Port Shanghai, China
Longest Railway Trans-siberian , Russia
Longest River Nile
Longest River Dam Hirakud
Largest Sea-bird Albatross
50
Largest Sea (inland) Caspian sea

Brightest Star Dog star
Tallest Statue Statue of Unity , India
Largest Volcano Mauna Loa , Hawaii
longest Wall Great Wall of china
Highest Waterfall Angel falls , Venezuela
Deepest And Biggest Ocean Pacific Ocean
Largest Park National park , Greenland
Largest Peninsula Arabian
Coldest Dlace or Region Vostok , Antarctica
Driest Place Atacama Desert, South America
Largest Planet Jupiter
Brightest and Hottest Planet (also nearest to Earth) Venus
Farthest Planet (from the sun) Neptune
Nearest Planet (to the sun) Mercury
Smallest Planet Mercury
Highest Plateau Pamir, Tibet Plateau
Longest Platform (Railway) Gorakhpur
Largest Gulf Mexico
Largest Archipelago Indonesia
Largest Church St. Peter Basilica, Vatican city
Largest Temple Angkorvat , Cambodia
Largest Diamond Mine Kimberley , South Africa
Largest River in Volume Amazon, South America
Longest Corridor Rameshwaram
Highest Capital City La Paz , Bolivia
Largest Asian desert Gobi, China, Mongolia
Largest Democracy India
Largest Animal of the Cat Family Lion
Most Intelligent Animal Chimpanzee
Bird, that never makes its nest Cuckoo
Wingless Bird Kiwi
Reptile which changes its colours Chameleon
Largest Mammal Whale
Largest River Basin Amazon
World's Rainiest spot Mawsynram , India
51
Largest Gorge Grand Canyon

Lightest Gas Hydrogen
Lightest Metal Lithium
Highest Melting Point Tungston
Hardest Natural Substance Diamond
Longest Animal Whale
Longest Life-span of an Animal Tortoise
Largest Land Animal Elephant
Fastest Animal Cheetah
Longest jump Animal Kangaroo
Longest wing spread bird Albatross
Slowest Animal Snail
Fastest Dog Persian grey Hound
Longest Poisonous Snake King Cobra
Biggest Flower Refflesia (Java)
52
SCIENCE
Famous Inventions –  Cell -- Robert Hooke

 Air conditioning – Carrier  Nucleus – Robert Brown
 Aeroplane – Orville and Wilbur Wright  Bacteria – Leuwenhoek
 Atom Bomb --- Robert Oppenheimer  Oxygen – Joseph Priestley
 Electric lamp -- Thomas Edison  Hydrogen -- Cavandish
 Bicycle -- Macmillan  Nitrogen – Daniel Rutherford
 Petrol Car -- Karl Benz  Vitamin – Funk
 Cement -- Joseph Aspidin  Vaccination -- Edward Jenner
 Diesel Engine -- Rudolf Diesel  Stethoscope – Rene laennec
 Electric Lamp – Thomas Alva Edison  DNA structure – watson and Crick
 Electron -- JJ Thomson  Blood Circulation – William Harvey
 Proton -- E. Goldstein  Heart Transplant – Christian Bernard
 Neutron -- James Chadwick  Insulin -- Banting and Best
 Nucleus – Earnest Rutherford  Rabies Vaccine -- Louis Pasteur
 Hydrogen Bomb – Edward Teller  Polio Vaccine -- Jonas salk
 Machine Gun – Richard Gatling  Penicillin – Alexander Fleming
 Electric motor – Nikola Tesla  Virus – Ivanovsky
 Transformer – Faraday  Blood Group-- Landsteiner
 Microphone -- Alexander Graham Bell  Homeopathy – Hanneman
 Revolver / Pistol -- Samuel Colt  TB Bacteria – Robert Koch
 Radio -- Marconi  5 Kingdom classification – Whittaker
 Fibre Optics – Narinder Kapany
 Safety Razor -- Gillette
 Rubber -- Charles Goodyear
 Steam Engine -- James Watt
 Rail Engine -- Stephenson
 X Ray – Roentgen
 Fountain Pen – Louis Waterman
 Internet -- Vint cerf
 World Wide web –Tim Berns Lee
 E-mail -- Ray Tomlinson
 Television – J L Baird
 Mouse – Douglas Engelbert
 Mobile Phone -- Martin Cooper
 Computer chip -- Kilby
 Artificial Intelligence – John Mccarthy
Biology – Science of Life
Zoology – Science of Animals 53
Physics – Study of Physical phenomena
Botany – Science of plants
Anatomy – Internal structure of Human Body
Astronomy -- Study of Celestial bodies
Astrophysics – Methods and principles of physics and chemistry in outer space or
astronomical objects
Geology – Study of Earth’s Interior.
Agrostology: The study of grasses.
Anthropology: The study of human
Archaeology: The study of past cultures
Cardiology -- The study of the heart.
Cryology: The study of very low temperatures and related phenomena
Cytology: The study of cells
Dendrochronology The study of the age of trees and the records in their rings
Dermatology The study of the skin
Ecology The study of the relationships between living organisms and their
environment.
Entomology-- The study of insects.
Exobiology-- The study of life in outer space
Gastrology (gastroenterology): The study of the stomach and intestines.
Geomorphology The study of present-day landforms.
Gerontology The study of old age
Gynecology The study of medicine relating to women.
Hepatology The study of the liver
Hematology The study of blood.
Histology The study of living tissues.
Ichthyology: The study of fish
Meteorology: The study of weather.
Microbiology: The study of micro-organisms
Mycology:. The study of fungi
Nephrology: The study of the kidneys
Neurology: The study of nerves.
Odontology The study of the teeth
Oncology The study of cancer.
Ophthalmology The study of the eyes.
Ornithology The study of birds.
Osteology The study of bones.
Pathology The study of illness
Petrology: The study of rocks and conditions by which they form.
Phycology: The study of algae.
Physiology The study of the functions of living organisms
Pomology The study of fruits.
Pulmonology The study of diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract.
Pedology Study of soil
Seismology The study of earthquakes
Virology The study of viruses.
Acoustics science of sound.
Biometrics study of biological measurement for security purposes
Cartography science of making maps and globes.
Demography study of population.
Ethnology study of races, cultures
Herpetology study of reptiles and amphibians.
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Metallurgy study of alloying and treating metal.

Optics study of light.
Otology study of the ear.
Paedology study of children.
Taxonomy study of plant, animals and microorganisms classification.
Topography study of the shape and features of land surfaces
BIOLOGY
Digestive system of Human —
 Digestion start from Mouth .

 Saliva digests starch.
 Food pipe is known as — Oesophagus.
 Stomach releases gastric juice.
 Acid found in stomach is HCL.
 Bacteria helps in digestion.
 Digestion of Protein starts from Stomach.
 Liver is the largest gland in Human Body.
 Liver stores fat in form of Glycogen.
 Liver contains Bile juice stored in Gall Blader.
 Liver is the most important part of digestion.
 Iron is secreted by Liver.
 Pancreas is second largest gland.
 Pancreas secrets Insulin which control Sugar.
 Deficiency of Insulin causes Diabetes.
 Small Intestine is larger than large intestine.
 Digestion completed in small intestine..
 Large intestine takes the waste out of our body.
 Appendix attached to large intestine.
 Human Teeth — made of calcium, phosphorus
 Incisors— Cut food.
 Canines — Tear food.
 Premolars and Molars — Grinding food.
 Hardest part of human body — Tooth enamel
Respiration—
 Respiration in different animals —
 Fish - Gills, Frog - Skin, Human — Lungs, insect — Trachea
 Gaseous exchange in lungs at — Alveoli..
 Diaphragm is below the lungs.
 Human voice box — Larynx or Adam apple.
 Inspiration— Fresh air enters lungs .
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Expiration— CO2 releases..

 Thyroid releases Thyroxine.
Excretory System—  Goitre disease is related to Thyroid gland.
 Thymus gland disappears in old age.
 Kidney is the main excretory part of Human.  Male sex hormone — Testosterone.
 Basic unit of Kidney — Nephron.  Female sex hormone — Estrogen.
 Kidney purifies blood ..
 Outer part of Kidney- Cortex, inner - Medulla.
 Urine contains 95% water and 5% other waste
like Urea. Skeletal system—
 Skin — Excretion by sweat glands. Not found
in Lips.
Study of bones — Osteology .
 Lungs — Excretion of CO2..
 Liver — Excretion of Urea through blood.
 Specialist of bones and joints — Orthopaedic.
 Bone is the hardest tissue.
Nervous System—  Total bones — 206
 Bones at time of birth — 270-300.
 Largest bone — Femur ( Thigh).
 Brain — Controls all the activities..
 Smallest bone — Steppe (Ear).
 Study of Nervous system— Neurology.
 Tibia, Fibula — foot bone.
 Brain weight — 1300 gm.
 Brain has 3 parts.
 Forebrain — Cerebrum, Thalamus and  Patella — Knee bone
Hypothalamus.  Bones in human skull —29.
 Mid Brain —  Bones in cranium (forehead) — 8.
 Hind Brain —Cerebellum, Medulla ..  Bones in face —14
 Largest part of the brain — Cerebrum.  Bones in ear — 6
 Cerebrum controls — intelligence , Memory,  Total ribs —24
Speech.  Ligament connects — Bone to bone.
 Thalamus — Heat , Pain , Touch, emotion.  Tendon connects — muscle to bone.
 Hypothalamus— Love , Hunger, Thirst, Anger,
Happiness. Muscular system —
 Cerebellum— Muscle control.
 Medulla Oblongata — Heart beat, digestion,  Muscle helps in locomotion and Movement.
sneezing,taste.  Study of muscles — Myology.
 Spinal Cord — reflex action.  Total muscles —639.
 Lactic acid is responsible for muscle fatigue.
 Largest muscle — Gluteus Maximus (hips) .
 Strongest muscle — Jaw
Endocrine system—
 Reproductive system —
 Hormone system.  Male reproductive hormone — Testosterone..
 Hormones help in growth.  Male Reproductive egg — Sperm
 Master Gland — Pituitary gland.  Female reproductive hormones— Estrogen
 Pituitary Gland — smallest gland found in  Female egg — Ovum.
Brain.  Sperm and ovum form Zygote.
 Pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine  Test tube baby technology— IVF.
gland
 Adrenaline is emergency hormone.
 Thyroid gland is largest endocrine gland .
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Cell --  DNA (Deoxyribo nucleic acid) –Watson and

Crick gave the double helical structure of DNA in
Study of cell is called cytology. Cell was first coined by 1953. Phosphorous is an essential constituent.
Robert Hooke in 1665.  Mutation – Any change in the base sequence
within gene is called mutation.
 The biggest cell is Ostrich egg, smallest is  Genetics – Transmission of character from one
Mycoplasma gallisepticum ( Bacteria ). generation to next generation is called heredity.
 Largest Human Cell – Ovum , Longest – Nerve cell  Gregar Johan Mendal is known as father of
and smallest cell – Sperm cells. genetics. He chooses pea plant for genetics
 Cells are of two kind – experiment.
 Prokaryotic Cell – The cell which lacks nuclear  In Human male sex chromosome is ‘XY’ and
membrane. female is ‘XX’.
 Eukaryotic cell- These are complete cell having  Fertilization is done in test tube in laboratory but
nucleus further development takes place inside mother
 Structure of cell womb in test tube baby.
 Cell Wall – Found only in plant cell.  Sheep Dolly was the first cloned animal.
 Cell membrane – Found in Plant and Animals
 Protoplasm – The whole fluid present inside
plasma membrane is protoplasm. Botany—
 Cytoplasm – The fluid found outside the nucleus.
 80% of protoplasm is water.  Algae – The study of algae is called Phycology.
 Mitochondria –It is the respiratory site of cellular Algae is used as food, and in making iodine, as a
respiration. It synthesis energy rich compound manure, in making medicines. Algae is also used
ATP. Also known as the powerhouse of the cell. as a protein food for astronauts in spacecraft.
 Golgi Bodies –. It works as storage, processing
and packaging of material.  Fungi – Study of fungi is called Mycology. It is
 Ribosome –Take part in protein synthesis. without chlorophyll. Fungi may create serious
 Lysosome –It helps in intracellular digestion. It is diseases in plants.
known as ‘suicidal bags of the cell’.  Lichens are the association of algae and fungi.
 Plastid – Only found in plant cell. It is of three type  Lichens are the first organism which colonize on
bare rock.
 Chloroplasts – These are green pigment found in
green plant involve in photosynthesis. Known as  Virus - Study of virus is called virology. Virus was
‘Kitchen of the cell’. Chloroplast provides green discovered by Russian scientist Ivanovsky (1892)
colour to the plant during photosynthesis. during the tests of mosaic disease in tobacco.
 It has characters of both living and non-living. They
 Chromoplast – It provides various colours to become active inside a living cells or host cell.
flowers and fruits. Lycopene gives red colour to
tomato. Carotene provides yellow or orange colour  Bacteria – Discovered by Von Leeuwenhook in
to carrot. Betanin found in sugar beet. 1683. Ehrenberg named it Bacteria.
 Leucoplast – It is colourless.  There are two types of bacteria, one is harmful and
 Vacuole –It stores toxic metabolic waste. the other is useful. Some cause disease like
 Nucleus – It controls all the activity of cells. DNA Typhoid, TB, Cholera but bacteria like lactobacillus
is found in Mitochondria & chloroplast and nucleus. is used to obtain curd from milk.
 Chromosome – It is made up of DNA and protein.  In leather industry separation of hair and fat from
Genes are the careers of the genetic information leather is done by bacteria. Penicillin is also
from generation to generation. obtained from bacteria and Fungus ..
 Pasteurization of milk was done by Louis Pasteur
 Number of chromosomes –Human (46), by boiling milk at around 70°C, the milk can be
preserved for some days.
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 Honey has high concentration of sugar does not  Fruit – Fruit is a ripened ovary developed after
decay because bacteria can’t survive in a solution fertilization.
in which water is drawn out .  The medicinal plant used in the preparation of skin
care is aloe Vera. Seed of neem has pesticide
property and mosquito repeler.
 The alkaloid naturally found in Coffee, Cocoa and
 Fermentation – The slow decomposition of
Cola nut is Caffeine.
organic matter into simpler substances in the
presence of enzymes, is known as fermentation.
 Xylem – It help in the transportation of water and
Fermentation discovered by Louis Pasteur.
minerals from soil to the stem and leaves. It
 It is used to get alcoholic beverages from grape
provides mechanical strength to the plant.
juice in the presence of yeast.
 Ethanol is obtained after fermentation by bacteria.
 Phloem – It conducts soluble organic compound
from leaves to different part of plant. This kind of
 Among Fungi, Virus, Protozoa, Bacteria, only transport process is known as translocation. It is
bacteria has phototropic nutrition. the innermost layer of the bark.
 Transpiration – It is a process of loss of water

 Morphology - The study of forms and features of aerial part of plant in the form of water vapor.
different parts of the plant like roots, stems, leaves,  It keeps the plant and its surrounding cool.
flowers, fruits etc. is called Morphology.
 Gymnosperm (Naked seed), Angiosperm (covered  Photosynthesis – It is a process in which green
seed). plant synthesis their food like glucose from
 Plant from which cocoa and chocolate is obtained carbondioxide and water in the presence of
is a shrub. sunlight with the help of chlorophyll.
 Banana is a shrub.  Terrestrial plants take CO₂ from the atmosphere
 From the bark of cinchona, a drug quinine is and aquatic plants use CO₂ dissolve in water.
obtained which is used in malaria fever.  Water necessary for photosynthesis is absorbed
 Golden rice contains β-carotene gene which by the roots.
comes from carrot.  Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is due to
photolysis of water.
 Root – Root generally grows in the soil away from  The green color is due to chlorophyll.
the light.  Photosynthesis convert light energy into chemical
 Stem – Potato, Saffron, Onion, Garlic, Turmeric, energy.
Ginger are some underground stem plants.  The photosynthesis is maximum in red light and
 Leaf – It is green. Its main function is synthesis of minimum in violet light. Green light is least
food through photosynthesis. Food factory of effective.
Plant. Leaves are the lungs of the plant.
 Nitrogen Fixation – It is a process in which free
atmospheric nitrogen is converted by living
 Flower – Flower is the reproductive part of a plant organism (Rhizobium) into nitrogenous compound
.Transfer of pollen grains to stigma is called that can be used by the plant.
pollination
 Pollination in maze takes place by air. Male part of  When ammonia is converted into nitrites and
flower is stamen whereas female is called pistil. nitrates by Nitrobacteria the process is called
 Node is the part of stem where leaf arises. nitrification

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Zoology  The smallest muscle of the human body is

Stapedius (ear).
 Pisces – Aquatic life. All are cold blooded animals.  Strongest muscle is found in jaw.
Respiration takes place through gills. Fishes etc.  Muscle contains contractile protein .
 Amphibia – Found both on land and water.  Nervous Tissue- Also called sensory tissue.
Respiration through gills, skin, and lungs. Heart  It controls all the voluntary and in voluntary
has three chambers (two in Pisces) two auricles activities of the body.
and in one ventricle. Frog, Necturus, salamandar
etc.
 Reptilia – Crawling animals, Land vertebrates, two  Human Blood – Blood is a fluid connective
pair of limbs, skeleton is completely flexible, tissue. The quantity of blood in human body is 7 to
respiration through lungs. Eggs are covered with 8% of the weight of adult.
CaCO₃ shell.e.g- Lizard, snake , tortoise, crocodile  pH value of blood is 7.4 which means it is of basic
etc. nature.
 Cobra is the only snake that makes nest. It emits  There is an average of 5-6 liters blood in an adult.
its venom through fangs.  Spleen act as the storage organ of the blood.
 Heloderma is the only poisonous lizard.  Blood consist of two parts – Plasma and
 Sea snake called Hydrophis is the most poisonous Corpuscles.
snake of world.  Plasma is the liquid part of the blood. 60% of the
 Aves- Warm blooded tetrapod vertebrates with blood is plasma. Its 90% part is water, 7% protein.
flight adaptation. Its forefeet modified into wings to  Transportation of digested food, hormones,
fly. Respiratory organ is lungs. excretory product from one place to another is its
 Birds have no teeth, Beak help in feeding. functions.
 Flightless birds- Kiwi and Emus.  Serum – When Fibrinogen and protein is extracted
 Largest bird alive – Ostrich, smallest is Humming out of the plasma, remaining plasma is called
bird . serum.
 Mammalia – Sweet glands and oil glands are  Blood Corpuscles – 40% of the blood, divided in
found on skin. RBC, WBC and platelets .
 Warm blooded, breath through lungs.  Red Blood Corpuscles – There is no nucleus.
 External ears, heart divided into four chambers.  New RBC is formed in the Red bone marrow
Skin have hair. (liver).
 Echidna lays eggs .  Its life span is 120 days.
 Smallest man like ape is Orangutam.  Its destruction takes place in liver and spleen.
 In mammal Goat has highest body temperature  Liver is called grave of RBC.
(39°C).  It contains Hemoglobin, haeme is iron (haematin)
due to which color of blood is red, globin is protein.
 Animal Tissue - 1. Epithelial Tissue – It cover  The main function of RBC is to carry oxygen from
the external surface of the body. Skin. lungs to all cells of the body and bring back CO₂.
 2. Connective Tissue – It connects and bind  Anaemia disease caused by the deficiency of iron
different tissue or organs. in haemoglobin.
 Ligament, cartilage, bone , blood are connective  In an adult there are 4-5 million RBC per cubic
tissue. millimeter, measured by hemocytometer.
 Ligaments connect bone to bone, Tendon attach a  White Blood Cells- Its formation takes place in
muscles to bone. bone marrow, lymph node and sometimes in liver,
 Muscular Tissue – All the muscles of the body spleen.
are made up of this tissue. There are over 650  Its life span is 13 days.
skeletal muscles in human body.  Range between 4000-11000 per cubic millimeter.
 Largest muscle of the human body is ‘Gluteus  It protects body from the disease.
Maximus’ (hip muscle).
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 Blood Platelets- It found only in human and  It turns the acidic nature of food into alkaline. Here
mammals. formed in bone marrow. pancreatic juice from pancreas combines with
 Life span – 8-9 days. Range between 1,50,000 to food.
4,50,000 per cubic millimeter.  Absorption- Digested food mixed into blood is
 It helps in clotting of blood. called absorption. Use of absorbed food in body is
 Functions of Blood – It controls the temperature called Assimilation.
of the body.  Large Intestine – Undigested food reaches into
 To establish coordination among different parts. large intestine where bacteria turns it into faeces.
 Clotting of the blood is known as Coagulation.  Digestion of food and fat is completed in small
 Fibrinogen is the main protein for making blood intestine.
clot.  Liver – Largest gland of the human body weighs
 Heparin stops blood clotting .. it is found in liver. 1500 grams. Fibrinogen formed in liver. Also
Heparin is produced in liver which prohibit the
 Blood group of Human – Discovered by clotting of blood.
Landsteiner in 1900.
 Where antigen is absent it will be group – O.  Pancreas – Second largest gland of the human
 Opposite type of protein is called antibody found in body. It secrets out pancreatic juice. It can digest
blood plasma. carbohydrates, fat and protein so called the
 Antigen A and Antibody A can’t live together, if so complete digestive juice.
happen they will spoil the blood.  Insulin is secreted by β-cells of islets of
 Though ‘O’ is known as universal donor because it Langerhans, a part of pancreas.
doesn’t contain any antigen.  Insulin was discovered by Banting and Best in
 AB is called universal receptor because it doesn’t 1921.
contain any antibody.  It controls the making of glycogen from glucose.
 Cockroach has white blood due to lack of pigment  Diabetes is caused due to the deficiency of insulin.
known as hemolymph. Insulin is essential for the uptake of glucose by
 Blue blood in octopus, fish. cells of body.
Circulatory System –
System of the Human Body –
Blood circulation was discovered by William Harvey in
Digestive system – 1628. Heart, veins, arteries and blood are for parts of
the circulation.
 Digestion start from mouth. Saliva is secreted
from salivary gland in mouth in which enzyme  Heart –weighs 300 grams.
amylase or ptyalin is present. 1.5 litres of  Heart of human is made up of four chambers. Two
saliva is secreted in a day. atriums and two ventricles.
 Saliva is acidic in nature.  The blood vessels carrying the blood from the
 No digestion is taken place in food pipe or body towards the heart is called vein.
oesophagus or Alimentary canal.  In vein there is impure blood i.e. CO₂ in blood.
 Stomach – Gastric juice is secreted when food  Exception is pulmonary vein which always carries
reach the stomach. pure blood. It carries blood from lungs to left
 HCl secreted from the stomach kills all the bacteria atrium.
coming.  Arota is the largest artery found in the human. It
 Pepsin breaks down the protein into peptones. carries oxygenated blood from heart towards the
 Renin breaks down Caseinogen into casein found body.
in milk.  Pulmonary artery carries impure blood from right
 Intestine – When food reaches the small intestine ventricle to lungs. Right part of heart has impure
bile juice from liver combines with it. blood.
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 Coronary artery carries blood to the muscle of the  Excretory parts in animals – Flat worms – flame
heart, any type of hindrance cause heart attack. cells
 Heart beat – Systole and diastole of the heart are
collectively called heartbeat. Nervous System – After receiving the information
 Human heart beats for 72 times in a minute, of changes from the sensitive organs, it spreads them
pumps 50-80 ml blood in a single beat. like electrical impulses and establishes coordination
 The blood pressure is 120/80 measured by among different organs.
Sphygmomanometer.
 Thyroxin and Adrenaline are the hormones which Central Nervous system –
controls the heartbeat.
 Lymph Circulatory System –It helps in healing of  It keeps control on the whole body.
wounds and circulating material from tissues to  It is made of two parts Brain and spinal cord.
veins.  Brain is covered by membrane called
 It helps the body to fight against disease by killing meninges situated in a box called Craninum.
the harmful bacteria.  Brain – Outer part of the brain is forebrain weighs
around 1350 grams.
Excretory System –  Cerebrum is the most developed part of the brain.
It is the largest part of the brain.
 Removal of waste product from the body is called  Thalamus is the center of feeling pain, cold and
excretion. heat.
 The main excretory organs are Kidneys, Skin,
Liver and Lungs.  Hypothalamus controls the hormonal secretion of
 Kidneys – The main excretory system in the endocrine gland. This the center of hunger, thirst,
human body. temperature, love, hate, blood pressure,
 Outer part is called Cortex and the inner is metabolism, sweat, anger etc.
medulla.
 Nephron is the structural and the functional unit of
the kidney.  Mid brain (Corpora quadrigemina ) – It controls
 The main function of the kidneys is purification of vision and hearing power.
blood plasma i.e. to excrete unwanted nitrogenous  Hind Brain – Cerebellum is at the back of the
substance through urination. head.
 In kidneys 125 ml blood is filtered in a minute, 180  It is the center of the muscular movement. It is the
litres per day. second largest part the brain.
 The color of the urine is yellow due to the  Medulla connect and communicate the brain with
presence of urochromes in it formed by spinal cord. It controls heart action, respiration,
dissociation of Haemoglobin. coughing, sneezing.
 Kidney—Ureter – Urinary bladder -- Urethra .  EEG (Electroencephalography) is done to know
 pH of urine is 6. function of brain.
 The stone in kidney is made up of calcium oxalate.  Spinal cord – The posterior region of the medulla
 Dialysis is the process of removal of the excess oblongata form spinal cord.
urea from the blood of patient using artificial  It coordinates and controls the reflex action , it
kidney. carries the impulses coming out of the brain.
 Skin- Oil gland and sweat gland found in human
skin secret sebum and sweat. Skeletal system – It is made up of two parts – Axial
 Liver – Excretion by liver cells is done by and Appendicular. Axial consist of skull, chest bones.
converting amino acid and ammonia of blood into
urea.  Skull – There are 29 bones in it. 8 protect the
 Lungs – They excretes CO₂ and water vapour. brain, 14 the face and Ear have 6 bones. 1 hyoid.
 Vertebral column- It consist of 33 vertebra. It
holds the head, base to the neck and body, helps
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in standing and walking, protection to the spinal  Medulla – Adrenaline secreted by medulla , it is an
cord. amino acid, it increase the relaxation and
contraction of the heart muscles.
 Appendicular skeleton – Foot consist of 26  Blood pressure increased due to this. Adrenal
bones and hand 27 bones. hormone is emergency hormone.
 Total numbers of bones – 206-208, during  Thymus is an endocrine gland found in chest
childhood – 270, ribs bones- 24, smallest- Stapes cavity produce thymosin hormone.
(ear). Largest Femur ..  It stimulates the immune system. With aging its
secretion decreases.
 Ear- Stapes, Incus, Maleus. Palm- meta carpals.
Thigh- Femur. Knee- Patella. Arm- Humerus, radio  Gonads – Ovary- Estrogen hormone completes
ulna. the development of reproductive organs in female.
 Oxytocin – It is a hormone which help in release of
Endocrine System- milk from mammary gland.
 Testes – It is a male organ, testosterone is
 Exocrine Glands – Gland which have duct are secreted from it.
exocrine. Enzymes are secreted from these  Eccrine gland produce sweat. When exposed to
glands. sunlight our skin get darker due to presence of
 Digestive, sweat, mucous, salivary glands are melanin.
exocrine glands.
 Endocrine Glands- Ductless glands, hormones Respiratory System – The most important organ of
are secreted. Pituitary gland, thyroid and the respiratory system is lungs.
parathyroid gland
 Pituitary Gland- Also known as master gland. Nasal passage prevents the particles of dust, bacteria.
 It is controlled by hypothalamus, weighs 0.6 gms. Larynx consist of a pair of vocal cord help in producing
 It controls the growth of the body and bones sound. Also known as Adam Apple.
 It keeps water balance in the body, secretion of
testosterone in male and estrogen in female.  Lungs –There is network of blood capillaries, here
 The hormones serotonin is known to be helpful in Oxygen enter into the blood and CO₂ releases out
coping with stress. from blood.
 Breathing – Inspiration is inhalation of air,
 Thyroid Gland- This is situated below the larynx diaphragm is flattened during inspiration .
in throat of human.  Exhalation makes Diaphragm relax. 79% of
 It secrets Thyroxine . Nitrogen and 21% oxygen is inhaled but only 17%
 Thyroxine contains iodine. oxygen and 4% CO₂ exhaled by human .
 It increase the speed of cellular respiration.  Transportation of oxygen takes place by
 It is necessary for the normal growth of the body. haemoglobin and CO₂ from cells to lungs through
 It controls the metabolic rate of the body. circulation.
 Deficiency of Thryoxine cause Cretinism i.e.  Respiration is controlled by medulla oblongata.
mental retardation in children , Goitre, by the  Cyanide cause death in seconds due to breaking
iodine deficiency and Hypothyroidism which cause down the electron transport chain system.
dumb and deafness in human.  Respiratory parts of various animals --
 Fish – Gills,
 Exothalmic Goitre – It is caused by the  Frog, Earthworm – Skin
excessiveness of the thyroxine, eyes get bulging  Insect – Trachea
out of the eye socket with increased metabolic
rate.
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Diseases — • The disease is no more exist today.

Chicken Pox
 Communicable Disease — • Affects skin.
 Disease which spread through Virus, bacteria, • Caused by Variola virus.
air, water, fungus etc.. Rabies
 important communicable diseases — • Infection by a dog bite .
 TB, Typhoid, Cholera, Dengue, Malaria, Flu, • Also known as hydrophobia because of water fear.
Chicken pox, Polio, Rabies etc. • Louis Pasteur invented Rabies vaccine.
• Affects entire nervous system.
 Non- Communicable disease— Polio
 Disease which happens due to deficiency of
• Caused by Polio virus .
minerals or malfunction of any body part .
• Affects Entire nervous system.
 Examples — Cancer , Diabetes, Blindness,
Rickets, Beri Beri , clotting. • Jonas Salk invented OPV vaccine .
Influenza
 Genetic disease — Generally Flu.
 Which comes from parents to children — AIDS
 Examples— Color blindness, Diabetes, • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome .
Haemophilia, Down syndrome. • Caused by HIV ( Human immunodeficiency virus ).
• Affects immune system ( WBC) .
Fungus Disease — • Test of AIDS -- ELISA
Asthama , Athelete Foot and Ring Worm . Measles
• Affects skin.
• Caused by Rubella virus.
Protozoa Disease — Hepatitis or Jaundice
 Malaria caused by female anophelese mosquito . • Affects Liver..
 Mosquito has plasmodium parasite .
• Skin and Eyes become yellow.
 Malaria parasite was dicovred by Ronald Ross .
• Jaundice is a water borne disease.
 Anti Malaria medicine is obtain from Cinchona tree
known as Quinine .. Herps --Affects skin
 Sleeping sickness is by tse tse fly. Chickenguniya --By Mosquitoes.
 Kala azar – sand fly Swine Flu --H1N1 Flu
 Elephantiasis -- mosquito Covid -19 --Corona Virus
 Diarrhoea Bird Flu --H5N1 virus
 Pyorrhoea – bleeding teeth .. Other disease – Ebola, Zika Virus , Common Cold
Meaningitis –Affects brain.
Virus Disease –
Virus –
• Discovered by Ivanovsky in 1891.
Bacteria Disease --
Typhoid
• Becomes active after entering the host body.
• Affects Intestine..
Dengue
• Water and food borne disease..
• Female Aedes mosquito.
• Salmonella Typhii is the causing bacteria ..
• Aedes bites in day time .
Cholera
• Also known as break bone fever.
• Water borne disease .
• Affects whole body .
• Affects intestine ..
Small Pox
Tuberculosis
• One of the earliest viral disease.
• Also known as TB.
• Affects skin .
• TB bacteria was discovered by Robert Koch.
• Edward Jenner invented small pox vaccine .
63
• Affects Lungs. Important points —

• Air borne disease.
• Vaccine – BCG  External ear known as — Pinna.
Pneumonia  Interior part of tongue sensitive to sweet test.
• Affects Lungs.  Back part of tongue — Bitter.
Plague.  Sides of the tongue — Salty and sour.
• Affects armpits.
Trachoma . Nutrition --
• Affects Eyes. Vitamins—
Anthrax .
• In Cattles.  Regulates metabolism rate in human body..
Leprosy  Discovered by Funk.
• Also known as Hensen disease.  Water soluble vitamins — B and C.
• Affects Nerves, skin.  Fat soluble— A, D, E, K
Diphtheria  Vitamin A is also known as Retinol.
• Affects Throat ..  Vitamin A is essential for eyes.
• DPT vaccine.  A is responsible for immunity.
Whooping Cough  Golden Rice is the source of Vitamin A.
• Generally affects children.  Carrot is the best source of vitamin A.
• Respiratory disease ..  Disease due to deficiency of Vitamin A —
Tetanus Night Blindness, Xerophthalmia.
• Lockjaw disease. Vitamin B —
• Affects nervous system.  Also known as Thymine.
• ATS vaccine.  Disease due to deficiency— Beri Beri.
Dysentary  Vitamin B12 contains Cobalt.
• Affects intestine.  Polished rice causes Beri Beri.
 Vitamin C —
Gonorrhea and Syphilis -- Bacterial Disease of male
 Known as Ascorbic acid.
and female reproductive parts.
 Vitamin not found in human body.
 Responsible for healing of wounds.
 Chemotherapy is related to Cancer.
 Vitamin found in urine.
 Excessive growth of cells — Cancer.
 Penicillin was first antibiotic, in 1929 by  Found in citric fruits.
Alexander Fleming.  Removed after washing and chopping
 Ronald Ross discovered Malaria parasite. vegetables.
 Malaria affects both blood and brain .  Best source— Amla.
 Itai Itai disease — Cadmium poisoning.  Deficiency disease by Vitamin C — Scurvy (
 Golden hour is related to heart attack. bleeding of gums)
 Cobalt-60 is used in Radiotherapy, cancer
treatment.  Vitamin D —
 Leukaemia is blood cancer.  Readily manufactured in human body.
 Haemophilia is genetic blood disease.  Also works as a hormone.
 Minamata disease related to Mercury.  Responsible for Bones and joints strength.
 Japanese Encephalitis is a Virus disease by  Best source— Cod liver oil and sunlight.
Pigs.
 Calcium is found in Vitamin D.
 Deficiency of insulin causes— Diabetes.
 Disease— Rickets ( twisting of bones ) , bones
and joints weakness..
64
 Vitamin E— Name of the Young Ones of Animals

 Disease — Infertility.
Donkey, Horse Foal
 Vitamin K — Cat Kitten
 Responsible for blood clotting.. Bull, Cow Calf
 Best sources — green vegetables..
Dog Pup
 Proteins— Deer Fawn
 Responsible for body growth and Repairs Bear, Fox, Lion Cub
muscles.
Sheep Lamb
 Protein in our body —16%.
 Discovered by Berzelius.. Rabbit Bunny
 Best sources of Protein are — Soybean, Kangaroo Joey
Ground nut, egg, meat, pulses, fish.
Frog Tadpole
 Deficiency diseases— Kwashiorkor and
Marasmus. Butterfly Caterpillar
 Keratin protein is present in — Hair, nail, horn. Hen Chicken
 Antibodies are proteins.
 Carbohydrates— HABITAT
 Provides energy to human body.
 An area in which a particular animal naturally
 Carbohydrates are the most essential nutrients
of human body. lives, eats, grows and reproduces is called its
 Best sources of Carbohydrates— Rice, Wheat, Habitat.
 The main habitats for animals are forest
 Fats — deserts, polar regions and high mountains,
 Also known as double carbohydrates means oceans and freshwater bodies like lakes and
gives double energy.. rivers.
 Fat is stored by liver in form of glycogen..  Forest- Lions and tigers live in caves or dens,
 Camel stores fat in its hump. birds and monkeys on trees, snakes in holes
 Fat acts as emergency nutrient.. and rabbits in burrows.
 Best sources — Ghee, Oil, almonds ..  Deserts- Camel stores fat in the humps and
uses it as food when needed. It can live
 Minerals found in Human body— without food and water for a long time. (Camel
 Known as micronutrients. is also known as Ship of Dessert)
 Calcium and Phosphorus make our teeth and  Polar Regions and High Mountains- Polar
bones.. bears, seals and penguins are found in these
 Iron ( haemoglobin ) provides red colour to regions.
blood , deficiency of Iron causes — Anemia.  Oceans- Oceans are the largest habitat on the
 Fluorine causes tooth decay. earth. Blue whale, octopus, shark, etc. are
 Deficiency of Iodine — Goitre disease in
found here.
throat.
 Freshwater-Fishes, frogs and salamanders live
 Important points —
in fresh water.
 Water in Human body — 65%
 Amphibians- Frogs and salamanders can live
 Animal can digest plants cellulose but not
human. both on land and in water. Thus, they are
 Complete food — Soybean.. called amphibians.

65
 FEEDING HABITS
 Different animals have different feeding habits.
Some animals eat plants and some eat flesh of
other animals. On the basis of their feeding SI Units –
habits, we can divide them into three types: -
 Herbivores, Carnivores or Omnivores. Mass Kg
 Herbivores- Animal that eat only plants are
called herbivores or herbivorous animals. Length Meter
 Exp- Cow, goats, giraffes and deer are some
Force Newton
herbivores.
 Carnivores- Animals that eat flesh of other Time Second
animals are called carnivores or carnivorous
animals. Work, Energy, heat Joule
 Exp-Lion, Tigers and wolves are some
carnivores. Some flesh-eating birds like Frequency Hertz
eagles, kites and vultures
 Omnivores-Animals that eat both plants and Pressure Pascal
flesh of other animals are called omnivores or
Power Watt
 Human Beings, Bears, Dog, Cat and crows are
some omnivores. Charge Coulomb
Natural Resources
Current Ampere
 The resources that we get from the nature are
called natural resources. Potential difference Volt
 Natural resources are classified into two Groups-
Resistance Ohm
Renewable Resources and Non-Renewable
Resources Temperature Kelvin
 Renewable resources: - The resources which
either never get within a reasonable time period are Intensity of Sound Decible
called renewable resources.
 Sunlight, water, wind and forests are some Depth of Sea Fathom
examples of renewable resources.
Power of Lens Diopter
 Non- Renewable resources: - The resources
which cannot be replaced within a reasonable time
period, if used up, are called non-renewable
resources.
 These are limited and will be exhausted on day due
to their extensive use. Coal, Petroleum, top fertile
soil and minerals are some examples of non-
renewable resources.
 Fossil Fuel – Fuel made of dead organism over a
long period of time .
 Examples – Coal, Petroleum, Natural Gas .
66
Device and instruments --
Calorimeter Measure heat.

Cardiogram It measures movement of heart.
Anemometer It measures Velocity of air
Altimeter Measure Altitude, height of mountain aeroplane
Cinematography It is an instrument used in cinema making.
Dynamo It converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Barometer Atmospheric pressure
Ammeter Electric current
Endoscope To view Internal body parts
Fathometer To measure depth of sea .
Galvanometer Measure low current.
Hydrometer Gravity of Liquids
Hygrometer It measures humidity in air.
Hydrophone It measures sound under water.
Lactometer It determines the purity of milk.
Microscope It is used to obtain magnified view of small objects.
Odometer It is an instrument by which the distance covered by wheeled vehicles
Phonograph It is an instrument for producing sound.
Periscope It is used to view objects above sea level (used in sub-marines).
Radar It is used for detecting the direction and range of an approaching plane by means of
radio microwaves.
Seismograph To measure Earthquake .
Microphone It converts the sound waves into electrical vibrations.
Speedometer To measure speed of vehicles .
Sphygmomanometer Measure blood pressure
Stethoscope An instrument which is used by the doctors to hear and analyse heart and lung
sounds.
Thermometer Measure temperature.
Mariner's compass It is an instrument used by the sailors to determine the direction.
Telescope To see distant objects like satellites, planets, stars.
67
• Impulse – When a force act on a body for a

PHYSICS very short time.
• Vehicles are provided with shock absorber.
Motion Centripetal force
• Distance – Total length covered . Unit – • The force acting towards the center in a
meter. circular motion.
• Speed – Distance / time - km/h • Cyclist bends his body towards the centre on
• Displacement – Minimum distance between aturn while turning to obtain required
initial and final point. centripetal force.
• Velocity – The rate of change of displacement • Roads are bent at turns.
. Unit – m/s Centrifugal force
• Acceleration – The rate of change of velocity. • The force acting away from the center.
Unit- m/s² • Centrifugal force is zero at poles and
• Decrease in acceleration is called retardation. maximum at equator.
• Washing machine, Cream separator.
Newton’s laws of Motion • Hammer throw .
• First law of Motion – Every object continue in
its state of rest or motion if no net force is
applied.
• First law gives the definition of Inertia.
• Examples – A person sitting in a moving
vehicle falls forward when it stops.
• A person getting down from a moving bus has
to run some distance in direction of bus.
• Dust particles coming out of blanket when it is
beaten with a stick
Work, Energy and Power
Newton’s Second law of Motion
• Work – Whenever a force acting on a body
• The force applied on a body is equal to the
displaces it,work is said to be done.
product of mass of the body and the
• Work = Force ×Distance ( Newton .meter)
acceleration produced in it. F= ma
• Unit – Joule
• Second law gives the definition of force .
• Power – Rate of doing work by a body . Work
• SI unit of Force is Newton .
/time
• A fielder takes his hand backward while
• Unit = watt.
catching a ball.
• 1 horse power = 746 watt.
Newton’s Third law of Motion
Energy
• Every action has equal and opposite reaction
• Capacity of doing work. Unit – joule.
• In a rocket the gases are ejected from
• Potential Energy- Energy possessed by a body
backwards and it is pushed forward.
virtue of its position.
• On firing bullet, the gunner is pushed
• P.E - mgh
backward.
• Water stored in a dam has potential energy.
• When boatman is jumped from the boat the
• Stretched bow and spring.
boat is pushed back.
• Mechanical Energy – Energy due to body’s
• A person pushes the water backward while
motion .
swimming , the water pushes the swimmer
• K.E - ½ mv²
forward.
• Kinetic energy of wind is used to run wind
Impulse and Momentum
mills.
• Momentum – mass × velocity
• Moving aero plane possesses both P.E and
K.E.
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Gravitational Force • Wearing high heels feels more tired.

• Sir Isaac Newton gave the definition of Atmospheric Pressure
universal attractive force – Gravitational force. • The pressure exerted by atmosphere (gases).
• Gravity – the force by which earth attracts a • It is measured by Barometer. 1 bar =76 cm.
body towards center. • Atmospheric pressure decreases with increase
• Acceleration due gravity – g ( 9.8 m/s²) in altitude.
• Earth’s atmosphere is possible due to gravity. • It is difficult to cook on mountains. Fountain
• Value of g on moon – 1.6 m/s² pen leaks in airplanes.
• Value of g is more at poles than equator. • The slow rise in barometer indicates – clear
Maximum on earth’s surface. weather.
• Sudden fall –Indicates storm .
• Slow fall indicates rain.
Buoyant Force
Gravitational Force • The upward force exerted by a fluid on the
• Mass of body remain constant at all place. immersed body.
• Weight of a body changes from place to place • Archimedes’ Principle – When a solid body is
due to gravity. immersed wholly or partially in a liquid then
• When a lift is still or moving uniformly – No there is a weight loss in the body.
change in weight • Floatation – when density of any object is
• It lift goes up with acceleration – Weight equal or lower than that of water it floats on
increases. water.
• If lift goes down with acceleration – weight
loss.
• If a lift is broken or free fall – Zero weight . Surface Tension
• Escape Velocity- Minimum velocity needed to • It is the force acting normally to an unit length
escape Earth’s gravitational field. – 11.2 km/s on the surface of a liquid.
• Escape velocity on moon – 2.38 km/s • Unit – N/m (Newton per meter)
Satellite • Rain drops are spherical due to Surface
• Polar satellite– height – 800 km. tension.
• Time taken to revolve around the earth – 88 • Warm soup is tasty because its surface
minutes. tension is low, it spreads on all par of tongue.
• Use- weather forecasting , mapping etc. • Dancing of camphor on water.
• PSLV – Polar satellite launching vehicle. • Detergent helps in cleaning the clothes.
• Geo-stationary – Time taken – 24 hours. Capillarity
• Height – 36000 km. • Examples of Capillarity—
• Use – Television signals and mobile • Kerosene oil in a lantern.
telephony. • Writing nib.
• GSLV -- Geosynchronous satellite launching • The farmers plough their field after rains so
vehicle . that the capillaries formed in the soil are
broken and the water remains in the lower
GENERAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER layers of the soil.
Viscosity
Pressure • Property of the liquid by virtue of which it
• Force acting on a unit area. Unit – Pascal opposes the relative motion between its layers
(N/m²). .
• Liquids exerts pressure in all directions. • Viscosity of gases is much less than that of
• Force on larger area reduces pressure. liquids.
• School bags have broad straps. • Cohesive force is the reason for viscosity.
• Tip of the niddle is sharp. • Bernoulli’s Theorem – Swing of a cricket ball.
69
TYPES OF WAVES • Centigrade , Fahrenheit, Reaumer are some

• MECHNICAL WAVES – which require material other scales.
medium. • Fahrenheit and celcius are same at -40°
• There are two types of Mechanical waves-
• 1. Transverse 2 Longitudinal waves
• Sound waves are Longitudinal waves.
• Transverse waves – Light waves, earthquake
waves etc,
• ELECTROMAGNATIC WAVES- X rays, Heat
gamma rays, infra red, UV rays, radio waves • thermometer contains mercury. But at very
etc. cold places it may contains alcohol.
Sound • Pyrometer measures high temperature . More
• Infrasonic – less than 20 Hz. Eg- Volcano, than 800 C.
landslide, meteroites, earthquake, ocean • Absolute Zero - -273 C or 0K.
wave. Whale, Elephants can hear. • Specific Heat – Heat needed to increase the
• Sonic waves – 20-20000 Hz – audible waves. temperature of a substance by 1°C.
• Ultrasonic – greater than 20000 Hz . Monkey, • Normal temperature of Human body 37°C or
bat, dog, cat, mosquito can hear these waves. 98.4 F.
Bat can produce ultrasonic waves. • Humidity is measured by Hygrometer.
• Uses of Ultrasonic waves- SONAR, Transmission of Heat
Sonography. • Conduction – Heat transmit without actual
• SI unit of Frequency – Hertz (Hz) movement of particles.
Intensity of sound • Conduction transmit heat in solids.
• Normal conversation – 30-40 db • Convection – Particles moves when heat
• Loud music – more than 80 db transmits. Happens in liquids and gases.
• More than 80 db is called noise. • Atmosphere of earth gets warm due to
• Jet – 150 db convection.
• Leaves of trees – 10-20 db • Radiation – It doesn’t need any medium .
• According to WHO 45 db is suitable for human Earth’s surface gets hot by sun light.
and more than 75 db is dangerous.
Speed of sound in different medium
• Air – 330 m/s (0 C) LIGHT
• Air - 344 m/s at room temperature. ( 27 C) Reflection of Light
• Water – 1483 m/s
• Steel – 5100 m/s
• Hydrogen – 1280 m/s
• Carbon dioxide – 260 m/s
• Echo – repetition of sound due to reflection of
sound .
• Ultrasonic sound waves – 50000 Hz.
• Doppler effect – used by police to detect over
speeding also to guide aircrafts.
• Water vapours in air increases the speed of
sound. Concave mirror – form Real and inverted image.
Heat Used as shaving mirrors. Headlight of vehicles.
• Unit – Joule and calorie. Convex mirror – Virtual and erect image. Used as
• 1 cal- 4.18 joule.
side mirrors in vehicles.
• Temperature - SI unit – Kelvin .
70
Refraction of Light • Charge – Loss or gain of electrons is called

• Twinkling of stars. charge.
• River appears shallow, • SI unit coulomb.
• coin in a glass appears raised. • Benjamin Franklin gave the Charge +ve and –
• Duration of day appears to be increased by 4 ve sign.
minutes. • Conductors – Allow heat and electricity. Metal
Scattering of Light are conductor. Graphite is a non metal
• Blue color of sky. conductor.
• Clouds appears white. • Insulator – Doesn’t allow electricity. Wood,
• Danger signs are indicated by Rubber, Distilled water
red color because it scatters least. • Semiconductor – Silicon , Germanium
• The brilliant red color of rising and setting sun. • Electric current – Ampere and Ammeter.
Dispersion of Light • Electric Potential – Unit – Volt and measured
• When light split into seven colors. by voltmeter.
• VIBGYOR • Resistance – Ability to oppose current . Unit
• Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Ohm.
Yellow, Orange and Red. • Galvanometer – To detect low intensity
• Highest intensity – Red current.
• Lowest – Violet. • Electric fuse – made of Tin + lead alloy (
• Red +Green+ Blue = White sholder).
• Red, Green and Blue are called primary • Transformer – High Ac to low AC and Low AC
colors. to High AC
Total Internal Reflection Chemical Effect of Current –
Examples – • Primary Cells- Non rechargeable battery. Dry
• Mirage cell.
• Optical fibres • Graphite (carbon) rod is used as electrode and
Ammonium chloride as electrolyte.
• Sparkling of Diamond.
• Endoscope. • Secondary cell – Lead battery, rechargeable,
Human Eye car, mobile battery.
• Lead is electrode and H2So4 (Sulphuric Acid)
• Range of vision – 25 cm.
is electrolyte.
• Real image is formed on retina.
• Solar cell or photovoltaic cell consists of
• Cornea is taken when eyes are donated.
Silicon.
• Myopio- Short sightedness , cannot see distant
Heating Effect of Current –
objects. Concave lens is used.
• Hypermetropia- Long sightedness, can’t seen • Bulb – Invented by Edison. Argon gas is filled.
near objects. Convex. Filament is made up of Tungston.
• Presbiopia- Old aged problem, bifocal lens. • Tubelight (CFL) Flourscent tube – Neon gas is
• Cataract – A membrane developed on eyes, filled.
• Heater and Iron Press – Nichrome wires are
surgery needed.
• Astigmatism – Irregular movement of eyeballs, used.
Cynderical lens. • Mica is used to make electric resistance
sockets.
More facts about light –
Magnets–
• Air bubble in water behaves as concave lens.
• Magnets are made up of Iron , Cobalt and
• Simple microscope (magnifier) consists of a
convex lens Nickel.
• Compound microscope consists of two convex • Similar poles repel, opposite attract.
lens. • Our earth behaves like a strong magnet .
• Unit of power of lens – diopter. • A bar magnet always aligns itself in North-
Electricity – South in freely suspended.
71
 Inorganic Compounds– They obtained from non-

CHEMISTRY living sources. EG- Marble, washing soda,
common salt.
 Mixtures – A material obtained by mixing two or
Father of Modern Chemistry – Lavoisier (France) more substances. EG- Milk, Air, Petrol, Paint,
Glass, Cement, Wood, Sea water etc. Two types
 Matter – Anything that occupies space, possesses of mixtures
mass and can be felt by anyone is called Matter.  Homogeneous Mixtures – When the elements
 Solid, Liquid, gas and plasma are types of matter. mixed up completely. EG- Common salt and sugar
 Plasma can occur when matter is heated to a very dissolved in water.
high temperature.  Heterogeneous Mixture – When the mixture
 The presence of plasma makes CFL tube glow. doesn’t have uniform composition means not
 Pure substances can’t be separated into other mixed up completely. EG- Sand and water mixture,
kinds of matter. There are two kind of pure Sulphur and sand.
substance.
Methods of separation of mixtures –
 Element – The simplest form of a pure substance,
which can’t be broken any further. Example- Gold,  Sublimation – Conversion of a solid into vapours
Silver, Hydrogen etc. without passing through the liquid state ,eg-
Sublimes of Naphthalene balls, Iodine, Camphor,
 It can be classified into three – Metals, Non-metals Ammonium chloride etc.
and metalloids.
 Metals- Metals are solids (except- Mercury). They  Hoar Frost – Direct conversion of vapour into solid.
have lustre, high melting point and boiling point
and good conductor of heat and electricity.
Examples- Gold, Silver, Aluminium, Zinc etc.  Filtration – When impurities are removed through
a filter paper. eg- tea from tea leaves, removing
 Non-Metals – They have opposite properties to solid particles from engine oil.
those of metals. (Exception- Iodine is lustre,
graphite is a good conductor). Examples –  Evaporation – Conversion of liquid into
Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen etc. vapours.eg- Preparation of common salt from sea
water, water kept in earthen pots during summer to
become cool etc.
 Metalloids – Elements which have common
properties of both metals and non- metals.
Examples- Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth etc.  Distillation - Conversion of liquid into vapour by
heating and then condensing the vapour into liquid
 Most abundant element in earth crust – Oxygen by cooling. It involves both Vaporisation and
(46.6 %), Silicon (27.7%). Condensation.eg- a mixture of methyl alcohol and
 Most abundant elements in human body – Oxygen water can be separated by distillation.
(65%), Carbon (18%).
 Fractional Distillation – A fractioning column is
 Compounds – Pure substance which composed used to separate mixtures.eg- Separation of petrol,
of two or more elements. Example- Water, sugar, diesel, kerosine from crude petroleum. 2. Oxygen,
salt, chloroform, alcohol etc. nitrogen, CO2 from liquid air.
 Organic Compounds- They obtained from living
sources. EG- Carbohydrates, fat, proteins, oils etc.
 Sedimentation – When one component is liquid
and other is an insoluble solid, when sand is mixed
72
with water it settles at the bottom. The process is metal. The electrons are ejected from the surface
called sedimentation. of the metal.
 Periodic Table – Arrangement of the known
 Melting Point – The temperature at which solid elements in group. At present 118 elements are
becomes liquid. M.P of ice is 0⁰C but when salt is known to us of which 98 occur naturally. Father of
added to it becomes -15⁰C, means impurities periodic table – Mendeleev.
change melting point.  Bromine is a non-metal which is liquid at room
 Boiling Point – The temperature at which liquid temperature.
changes to vapour state. It decreases with  Mercury is the only liquid metal.
decrease in atmospheric pressure. Impurities  Gallium (29.8⁰C), Caesium (28.5⁰C) and
increase boiling point. Francium(27⁰C) are the metals having low M.P.
 Freezing point – At which liquid changes into  Carbon has the highest M.P. (4100⁰C) among
solid by giving heat energy. F.P of water 0⁰C. non-metals.
 Highest density – Osmium (22.59 g/cm³),
 Condensation – Conversion from gas or vapour Lightest Metal – Lithium .
to liquid state. On cooling gas particles kinetic  Least Conductor among metals – Lead (Pb)
energy and came close to one another and  Heaviest naturally occurring Element – Uranium.
liquified.
Acid, Base and Salt –
 Acid – An acid is a substance which is sour in

Atom - It is the smallest particle of an atom. The atom taste, turns blue litmus paper in red.
of Hydrogen is the smallest and lightest.  Uses of acid – As food –
 1. Citric Acid – Lemons or oranges
 Electron – Discovered by JJ Thomson/ Name  2. Lactic Acid – Sour milk
given by Stoney/ -ve charge/ Obtained from  3. Tartaric Acid – Grapes
Cathode rays experiment.  4. Acetic acid – Vinegar
 Proton – Discovered by Euger Goldstein/ Named  5. Maleic acid – Apples
by Rutherford/ +ve charge/ Anode rays.  6. Stearic acid – Fats
 Neutron – By James Chadwick/ Neutral or Zero  7. Oxalic acid - Tomato, wooden sorrel
charge/ Obtained from radioactivity.  8. Carbonic acid – Soda water
 Atomic Number (Z) – The number of proton or
electron in an atom of an element.  Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is used in digestion, as
 Mass Number (A) – The sum of proton and bathroom cleaner, dying etc.
neutron in an atom.  Nitric Acid (HNO₃) is used in the purification of
gold and silver/ making fertilizers/ explosive like
 Isotopes - These are the elements having same TNT (Trinitro Toluene)/ found in rain water.
atomic number but different mass number.  Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) is used in acid lead
batteries as electrolyte/ manufacturing HCl.
 Isotopes of Carbon are C-12,C-13,C-14,  Boric acid is a constituent of eye wash/ also used
Hydrogen H-1(Protium),H-2(Deuterium), H-3 as an antiseptic.
(Tritium). Tritium is radioactive.
 Oxalic acid is used to remove rust spot.
 No. of Neutrons are different in isotopes.  When red ant bites little pain caused due to the
 Isobars – Same mass number but different presence of Formic acid.
atomic number. Ar-18, K-19, Ca-20.  Bee sting – Methanoic Acid
 Citric and Acetic acids are used as flavouring
 Photoelectric Effect- When radiations with agent and food preservatives.
certain minimum frequency strike the surface of a
73
 Acids are always stored in glass container not in  Most Reactive metal – Potassium
metal container because they can react with metal  Least Reactive metal – Gold .
container.
 Antacids are used as a remedy for acidity.eg- milk  Important metals and their ores –
of magnesia(Mg(OH)₂, Baking soda.  1. Sodium - Borax, Common salt,
 2. Aluminium – Bauxite,
Bases – A base is a substance which is bitter in taste/  3. Lead – Galena
turns red litmus paper into blue. Oxides and  4. Iron – Haematite, Magnetite,
hydroxides of metals are bases.  5. Uranium –Pitch blende
 Water soluble bases are called alkalis eg- KOH,  Alloys and their use – Brass (Copper+Zinc) –
NaOH etc.
making utensils
 pH scale – if pH ˂ 7 then solution is acidic / if pH ˃
 Bronze (Copper+Tin)- coins,bells.
7 then solution is basic
 German Silver (Cu+Zn+Ni) – utensils
 pH values of some common liquids – Lemon juice
 Stainless steel (Fe+Cr+Ni+C) – surgical cutlery.
(2.5), Vinegar (3.0), Milk (6.5), Blood- (7.4), Pure
 Steel is made by adding Chromium in Iron .
water (7.0), Sea water (8.5), Milk of Magnesia
 Sholder is made from Lead and Tin .
(10.5).
Salt – When acid reacts with base salt and water are  Some compounds and their uses –
formed.  Galvanisation – Coating Zinc on Iron to make it
rust free.
 Some important salts – 1. Sodium Chloride  Electroplating – Iron and Chromium are
(NaCl)- Common salt. electroplated .
 Sodium Carbonate (Na₂Co₃) – As washing soda,
manufacturing of glass.  Sodium burns with water so kept in Kerosene oil.
 Potassium Nitrate (KNO₃) – In Fertilizers, in gun  Sodium can be cut by a Knife .
powder, in match sticks.
 Iodine – as antiseptic, making tincture of iodine.
 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO₃)- Also known as lime  Ammonia (NH₃) –making artificial silk, making
stone used in construction of building, cement explosive, Refridgeration.
industry, in extraction of metals.  Sulphur – Vulcanisation of rubber, gun powder,
 Chalk Powder is Calcium carbonate. medicine.
 Calcium Sulphate (2CaSO₄.H₂O)- Also known as  Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) – Laughing gas, Surgery
Plaster of Paris, used for moulds and statues, in  Diamond – glass cutting, rock drilling.
cement industry in the form of gypsum. Obtained
by heating gypsum at 120⁰C.  Carbon dioxide – Fire extinguisher, soda water
 Bleaching Powder – As a disinfectant, as a  Mercuric oxide – Ointment, poison
bleaching agent (removing colours).  Bleaching Powder [Ca(OCl)Cl] – insecticides/
 Alum (Potassium aluminium sulphate) – In Sodium Nitrate – Fertilizer.
purification of water, as antiseptic after shave.
 Sodium bicarbonate or Baking soda (NaHCO₃)-
Metals -- Bakery, fire extinguisher.
 Metals are solid , Conductor of heat and Electricity,

metals are Lustrous , Sonorous , Ductile and  Liquid Hydrogen – Rocket fuel
Mallable and Reactive .  Heavy water (D₂O) – Nuclear reactor, batteries.
 Best Conductor – Silver.
 Best Ductile and Mallable metal – Gold
74
 Sodium Carbonate (washing soda- Na₂CO₃)- glass Non-metals – 24 known non-metals,11 are gases, 12
industry, paper industry, removal of permanent are solid and 1 liquid (Bromine).
hardness of water.
 Quick lime (CaO)  They are bad conductor of heat and electricity .
 Slaked lime [Ca(OH)₂]  Graphite is a conductor non metal .
 Hydrogen is the lightest non -metal.
 Some More Facts – Rusting of iron is a chemical
change which increases the weight of iron  Ozone (O₃) – It reduces UV rays. Also used as a
 Nichrome wire is used in electrical heater. disinfectant and germicide.
 Selenium metal is used in photo electric cell.  Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas react
with haemoglobin in blood causes death.
 Silicon is used in Solar Cells.
 Galium and Mercury are liquid at room  Dry ice (Solid CO₂) is used in refrigerators.
temperature.  Phosphorous is present in DNA and bones. It is
 Palladium metal is used in aeroplanes. essential constituent of nucleic acid.
 Cadmium rod is used in nuclear reactor to slow
down the speed of neutron.  Inert Gases (Noble gases) – Helium, neon, Argon,
Krypton, Xenon, Redon (Heaviest gas).
 Sodium peroxide is used in submarines and to  Redon is not present in the atmosphere, Helium
purify closed air in hospitals. used in balloons, weather indicator.
 Onion and Garlic have odour due to potassium.
 Lithium is the lightest .  Carbon lead is used to make artificial parts of body
 In firework, crimson red colour is due to strontium and lead arsenic to make bullets.
(Sr) and green due to Barium.
 Some Common Facts -Krypton is used in
 Osmium is the heaviest metal and Platinum is the airport landing lights and light houses.
hardest.
 Silver iodide is used in artificial rain.  Neon in tubes to glow light.
 Silver Nitrate is used as marker during elections.  Dynamite was discovered by Alfred Noble in 1863.
TNT, TNB, TNP, RDX are some explosives.
 Copper is mixed to the gold to harden it, pure gold
is 24 carat but elastic.  Age of fossils is determined by Carbon -14
 In tube light there is the vapour of mercury and radioactive element.
argon.  To avoid melting of ice gelatine is used.
 Wrought iron is the purest form of iron.  Methyl isocyanate was realised during Bhopal gas
 Gold, Platinum, Silver and mercury are noble tragedy in 1984.
metals.  Urea contains 46% nitrogen.
 Artificial perfumes are prepared from Ethyl acetate.
 The reaction of Ferric oxide with aluminium is used
to fill up the cracks of railway track.  Urea was the first organic compound synthesis in
 Anaemia is caused due deficiency of iron and the laboratory.
Siderosis due to excess amount of Iron.  Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding.
 Silicon and Caesium are used in solar cells.
 Yellow phosphorous is kept in water.

 When cream is separated from milk fat and density
increases and water decreases.
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 For artificial respiration mixture of oxygen and  Glass laminates – It is made by fixing polymer
helium gas cylinder is used. sheets between layers of glass. Used in windows
 In cold places, to decrease freezing point ethyl and screens of cars, aircraft, bulletproof sheets.
glycol is used.
 Sulphuric acid is known as oil of vitriol.  Plastics – Lac is a natural plastic and chemical
 Xenon is also called stranger gas. plastics are of two types-
 Ammonium chloride is used in electroplating of  1. Thermoplastic – Polymers which can be easily
utensils. softened repeatedly when heated and hardened
 Methane is known as Marsh Gas. when cooled.eg- Polyethylene, polystyrene,
polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Teflon etc.
Man-made substances—  Thermosetting plastics – Which undergo
permanent change on heating. Can’t be reused.
 Fertilizers – It must be soluble in water
eg-Bakelite, terylene etc
 Nitrogenous Fertilizers- Plants need nitrogen for
rapid growth. Examples- Ammonium sulphate,
 Rubber – Rubber mostly obtained from natural
calcium cyanamide, ammonium nitrate, urea etc.
 Potash Fertilizers -Potassium gives structural sources but it can be prepared in labs called
synthesis rubber.
length to the plants.eg- Potassium chloride,
 It is obtained from latex rubber from bark of rubber
potassium sulphate, potassium nitrate etc.
tree. Synthetic rubbers are Neoprene, Buna-S,
 NPK Fertilizers – Fertilizers contain nitrogen,
Buna-N and Thiokol.
phosphorous, potassium.
 Because of less friction it is used for making tyres
and tubes.
 Cement- A complex material containing silicates
 Vulcanisation of Rubber – Natural rubber is soft
of calcium and aluminium.
and sticky, in order to give strength, it is
 In 1824, it was discovered by Joseph Aspdin. It is
vulcanised, treating it with sulphur under heat.
also known as Portland cement because of its
hardness like Portland rock.
 Fibres – They are natural and artificial.
 A paste of sand, water and cement called mortar is
 Rayon, nylon, Polyester, Acrylic are synthetic
used for joining bricks and plastering walls.
fibres.
 Concrete with steel wire called reinforced
 Natural fibres are Cotton , Silk , Jute , Hemp ..
concrete.
 Cotton obtain from Wood Cellulose ..
 Lime (CaO) -62%, Silica (SiO₂)-22%, Alumina
 Silk obtained from Silkworm’s cocoon(larva).
(Al₂O₃) -7% etc are the constituent of cement.
 Silkworm found mainly on Mulberry.
 Glass – Supercooled liquid is called glass. SiO₂ is
 Rayon – It is made from wood cellulose by
the main constituent.
chemical treatment.
 Soda Glass – Sodium calcium silicate. It is the
 Rayon Called artificial silk. It is used to make
cheapest glass. Used for making window pane and
dresses, home furnishing, carpets, bandages and
bottles. Can be easily attacked by chemicals.
surgical dressings.
 Potash glass – It contains potassium, high
 Natural silk is obtained from cocoons of silk
resistance to chemicals, used in beakers, flasks.
worms.
 Flint glass – Used for making lenses, prism,
telescope, microscope. Contains lead oxide.
 Nylon –It is made from petroleum products.
 Crown glass – Potash oxide, Barium oxide and
 It is oldest and strongest fibre.
Silica. Used in optical instruments.
 It is strong and lightweight, used as a substitute of
 Crooks glass – To avoid UV rays in spectacles.
cotton for making dress, parachutes, tents, ropes,
Contains Caesium oxide.
tooth brush, car seat-belts.
 Jena glass – Contains Boron oxide and Alumina. It
is strong so used for keeping acids.
76
 Polyester – Obtained from coal and petroleum.  Iodine is a powerful antiseptic mixed with alcohol
 It is blended with cotton to form polycot and with water to form tincture of iodine.
wool to form polywool.  Boric acid is for eyes.
 Terylene is blended with cotton to make terycot.
 It is elastic and traps heat, not wrinkle easily, easy  Disinfectants- They are used only on non-living
to wash. things. Chlorine is used to purify water. Phenol,
 Used to make sails in sail boats, jackets and Potassium permanganate are some common
sleeping bags, bottles, jars, utensils, dress etc. disinfectants.
 Acrylic – It is used as a substitute of wool, can

trap heat and absorb little water. Sweaters,  Pesticides – Pests including insects and fungi are
shawls, gloves, jackets, blankets etc are made of killed by pesticides.
Acrylic.
 Insecticides – DDT, Aluminium phosphate .
 Some Polymers and their uses –

 Polythene – Carry bags, bottles / Polypropene –  Artificial Sweeteners – Natural – Sucrose,
Crates. Artificial – Saccharin, Sucrolose, Alitame etc.
 PVC – Pipes
 Teflon – Non-sticky kitchen ware, waterproof  Saccharin is 550 times sweeter than sugar, boon
clothes .. for diabetics. Alitame.
 Vinyl Rubber – Rubber erasers
 Polystyrene – Foam Thermocole
 Poly Styrene Butadiene – Rubber bubble gum.  Food Preservatives – Table salt, vegetable oil,
 Bakelite – Electric switches, plugs, handles, Sodium benzoate, Vinegar , sugar are some
combs examples.
 Melamine – Crockery, vessels, fire proof clothes .
 Lexan - Bullet proof glass
 Medicines –
 Analgesics – Pain killing drugs (Aspirin,
paracetamol – non narcotic), Morphine, Heroin are
narcotic analgesics.
 Tranquilizers – Used for treatment of stress,

mental disease, anxiety. Also called
psychotherapeutic drugs. Sleeping pills
 Antibiotics – Obtained from micro-organisms and

used to kill other microorganisms. Penicillin was
discovered by Alexander Fleming (1929).
Amoxycillin, ofloxacin, chloramphenicol etc are
some broadly used antibiotics.
 Antiseptics – Prevent the growth of

microorganisms or kill them.
77
Carbon Compounds – • 25000 + died ..

Green House Effect – When sunlight can not reflect
 Carbon Allotropes – back from earth due to greenhouse gases.
 Diamond – Hardest natural substance . Greenhouse effect increase temperature , causing
 It is the purest form of carbon. Global Warming .
 Graphite - Lead pencil. As a moderator in Green House Gases – Methane (CH₄) , Carbon
nuclear reactors . Graphite is good Conductor Dioxide , Nitrous oxide (N₂O), Chlorofluorocarbons
of Electricity . (CFCs), Carbon monoxide (CO) , Sulphur dioxide
 For making carbon electrode in dry cells. (SO₂)
 Carbon dioxide – Fire extinguisher . Solid Water Pollution
CO2 – Dry ice .
 Coal Water Pollution– diseases
 Most impure form of carbon . • Cholera
 Peat – 60% carbon . • Dysentery
 Lignite – 70% carbon. • Diarrhoea
 Anthracite – 90% carbon. Purest form. • Lead Poisoning
 Bituminous – 80% carbon. Most common • Jaundice or Hepatitis –A
variety. • Blue Baby Syndrome ( By Nitrates)
 Coke – Obtained by destructive distillation of • Malaria
coil.
• Polio
• Typhoid
Fuels • Itai-Itai ( By cadmium )
 LPG – Liquid Petroleum gas . Bio-degradable Waste— Substance which dissolve

 Butane gas is found in LPG. in the environment , hardly causes pollution .
 Butane is also found in lighter . e.g --Wood, Food, Paper, animal , plant waste
 CNG – Compressed natural gas . Non- Biodegradable substance – Which can’t
 Methane is the main constituent of CNG . dissolve , plastic waste .
 Methane – Natural gas. CH₄ . Biogas.
 Methane obtained from paddy fields . Acid rain – When pollutant mixed with rain .
 Water gas – CO + H₂ Acid rain has Sulphuric acid, nitric acid , sulphur
 Natural gas is found in Petroleum wells . dioxide and nitrogen oxide .
 Petrol , Diesel , Kerosene , Wax, grease etc Sound Pollution –Sound more than 90 db causes
are petroleum product .
pollution .
Soil Pollution – Non biodegradable substance causes
Pollution--
..
Air Pollution –
Soil Erosion –When water or air carries fertile soil
Air Pollutants- Sulphur dioxide , Nitrogen Oxides,
from on place to other.
Ozone, Carbon monoxide , lead, methane , PM2.5
Radioactive pollution – Release of radioactive
Secondary Pollutants – Ozone, Sulphuric acid etc .
substances in environment .
Diseases caused by Air Pollution –Asthama ,
Example – Fukushima and Chernobyl disaster.
Bronchitis, Lung cancer , Ear, Nose infections , Skin
rashes .
Bhopal gas tragedy
• 2-3 December 1984
• Methyl Isocyanate gas.
• Company – Union Carbide
78
Shortcut Keys
COMPUTER
 Father of computer –Charles Babbage Ctrl + A Select All
 First Mechanical Calculator – Blaise Pascal . Ctrl + C Copy
 World’s first Electronic Computer – ENIAC
(1946)
Ctrl + X Cut
 Electronic Computer by JP Ekart and John Ctrl + V Paste
Moschley . Alt + F4 Close Window
 First Generation Computer based on – Ctrl + Z Undo
Vacuum Tubes . Ctrl + Y Redo
 5th Generation Computer based on Artificial
Intelligence .
Ctrl + S Save
 Computer Literacy day – 2 December .
 First Computer in India – Siddharth (1986) ,
Bengaluru .
 First Super Computer of India – Param
 Param was Developed by CDAC , Pune . Computer Abbreviations
 Speed of Supercomputer is measured in
FLOPS
 Bug – Computer error is known as Bug .
 Speed of Computer is measured in Herts (Hz) HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
RAM Random Access
Operating Systems – Linux, Windows, Mac, DOS etc. ROM MemoryRead Only Memory
Programming Languages – JAVA, Pascal, Fortran, Medulator Demodulator
MODEM
C++
LAN Local area Network
Computer Browsers – Safari, Chrome , Opera ,
Mozilla Firefox, UC Browser. WAN Wide Area Network
Search Engines – Google, Bing , Yahoo, CPU Central Processing Unit
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
Units of Data Inegrated Chips
IC
IBM International Business Machine
4 Bit 1 Nibble Optical Mark Reader
OMR
8 Bit 1 byte Unversal Serial bus
USB
1024 Byte 1 Kilo Byte Uninterrupted Power supply
UPS
1024 KB 1 Mega Byte World Wide web
WWW
1024 MB 1 Giga Byte Uniform Resource Locator
URL
1024 GB 1 Tera Byte Portable Document Format
PDF
1024 TB 1 Peta Byte Internet Protocol
IP
1024 PB 1 Exa Byte Wireless Fidelity
WiFi
GPS Global Positioning System
79
Practice Questions –
1. Which of the following is not included as a Fundamental Right in our Constitution?

(a) right for Life and Personal Liberty (b) Right to Freedom of Religion
(c) Right to Work (d) Right to Constitution Remedies
2. Dr. Varghese Kurien is popularly known as the father of
(a) Green revolution (b) Yellow revolution (c) Blue revolution (d) White revolution
3. Name the river on which Jog falls is situated
(a) Sharavathi (b) Krishna (c) Godavari (d) Cauveri
4. Who invented Zero?
(a) Arabs (b) Indians (c) Chinese (d) Greeks
5. Name the Strait between Indian and Srilanka
(a) Gibrltar strait (b) Palk Strait (c) Godwana Strait (d) Mc Mohan Strait
8. In which year the National Anthem was Adopted by the Constituent Assembly.
(a) 1947 (b) 1952 (c) 1950 (d) 1948
9. Golden Revolution refers to?
(a) Seri cultura (b) Horticulture (c) Milk Production (d) Egg Production
10. Name the Chief Election Commissioner of India?
(a) Mr. N Gopal Swamy (b) Mr. K C Chawla (c) Mr. Veerabhadra Singh (d) Mr. S Y Quereshi
11. The term Crawi is associated with which game?
(a) Swimming (b) Fencing (c) Volley ball (d) Boxing
12. Where were the first Asian games held?
(a) Beijing (b) Colombo (c) New Delhi (d) Tokyo
13. Right to Education Act came into effect from
(a) 1 April2010 (b) 31 March2010 (c) 1 April 2009 (d) 31 March 2009
16. Pankaj Advani is associated with which game?
(a) Archery (b) Shooting (c) Lawn Tennis (d) Billiards
17. Who won FIFA 2010 “Golden Boot” award
(a) Thomas Muller (b) Cameron (c) David White (d) David Thomson
18. Hindi Day is celebrated on
(a) 14 Oct (b) 14 Sep (d) 24 Nov (d) 24 March
19. Who designed the symbol flag ?
(a) D Uday Kumar (b) M D Joshi (c) Md Hidaytullah (d) VK Naidu
20. Who Designed our National Flag?
(a) Smt Sarojini Naidu (b) Pingali Venkaiah (c) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (d) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
21. Who defined democracy as “Government of the people , by the people, for the people?
(a) George Washington (b) J.S Mill (c) Jean Jacques Rousseau (d) Abraham Lincoin
22. when the Earth is nearest to the Sun in its orbit, it is said to be in
(a) Equinox (b) Perihelion (c) Aphelion (d) Solstice
23. The Indian Standard Time is ahead of the GMT by
(a) 4 ½ (b) 5 ½ (c) 5 ¼ (d) 6 ½
24. Which of the following site is declared as World Heritage site by the UNESCO?
(a) Qutub Minar (b) Mysore Place (c) Banneraghatta National Park (d) Jantar Mantra-Jaiput
25. Richter scale is used for measuring the
(a) Velocity of wind (b) Depth of an Ocean
(c) Velocity of Earth’s rotation (d) Intensity of an Earthquake
26. Rashtrapati Bhawan was designed by
(a) Edward Stone (b) Edwin Lutyens (c) Tarun Dutt (d) Le Corbusier
27. Which of the following rivers has the largest besin?
(a) Cauvery (b) Krishna (c) Godavari (d) Mahanadi
28. The source of the Brahmaputra river is the
(a) Pindari glaciar (b) Chemayungdung glacier (c) Ghorabari glacier (d) Mansarovar lake
29. Which state in India Produces the largest quantity of rubber?
(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Kerala (c) Karnataka (d) Andhra Pradesh
30. Which of the following produces the largest quantity of rubber?
(a) Meghalaya (b) Mizoram (c) Tripura (d) Arunachal Pradesh
31. The maximum Percentage of the tribal population in India consists of
(a) Santhals (b) Bhils (c) Mundas (d) Nagas
80
32. World Health Day is observed on

(a) June 05 (b) April07 (c) June 07 (d) July 11
33. Who founded the Indian National Congress?
(a) W C Banerjee (b) Satyendra Nath Bannerjee (c) G K Gokhale (d) A O Hume
34. The Quit India Movement started at
(a) Wardha on August 7.1942 (b) Bombay on August 8,1942
(c) Delhi on August 12,1942 (d) Amritsar on August 14, 1942
35. For a time difference of one hour the longitudinal distance is equal to
(a) 1 degree (b) 5 degree (c) 10 degree (d) 15 degree
36. Who appoints the District Judges?
(a) Chief Justice of the High Court of the concerned state
(b) Governor of the concerned State
(b) Public Service Commission of the concerned State
(d) Chief Justice of the Supreme Court
37. Atmospheric temperature increases at the higher altitudes due to
(a) Conduction (b) Convection (c) Inversion (d) Radiation
38. Which one among the following is a water soluble vitamin?
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin C (c) Vitamin E (d) Vitamin K
39. _______ form a link between in living and the non-living
(a) bacteria (b) Viruses (c) Plankton (d) Vibrios
40. The topic of cancer does not pass through
(a) Gujarat (b) Orissa (c) Tripura (d) West Bengal
41. Which of the following elements is not a major element of the earth’s crust?
(a) Silicon (b) Aluminum (b) Iron (d) Carbon
42. The Jawaharlal Nehru Port is located at
(a) Paradip (b) Cochin (c ) Mumbai (d) Calcutta
43. Which one of the following railway zones and their headquarters is not correctly matched?
(a) North-Eastern (b) South- Central (c) Eastem-Calcutta (d) Western-Mumbai
44. The battle of_____ led to the establishment of British supremacy in India?
(a) Plassey (b) Buxar (c) Wandiwash (d) Panipat
45. The People of the Indus Valley civilization were Not familiar with
(a) Copper (b) Silver (c) Tin (d) Iron
46. The founder of the Chola Empire Was
(a) Vijaylaya (b) Rajendra-I (c) Raja Raja (d) Vijendra
47. The Rowlatt Act was passed in the year
(a) 1913 (b) 1915 (c) 1917 (d) 1919
48. Which one of the following is Not one of the principal organs of the U.N.O?
(a) Security Council (b) International Court of Justice
(c) International Labour Organization (d) Economic & Social Council
49. Where did Vinoba Bhavae launch his Bhoodan Movement?
(a) Bhubaneshwar (b) Telengana (c) Kathmandu (d) Kashmir
50. In which of the following states was the Panchayati Raj first introduced?
(a) Gujarat (b) Rajasthan (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Karnataka
51. The book “Origin of species” is written by____?
(a) Steve Irwin (b) Lord Kelvin (c) Edwin Aldine (d) Charles Darwin
52. Substances rich in ______ are good for our teeth and gum.
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin C (c) Vitamin D (d) Vitamin B
53. A frog’s egg develops into a ______?
(a) Pupa (b) Tadpole (c) Yolk (d) Albumin
54. Barter system means
(a) Exchange of gold to goods (b) Exchange of money to goods
(c) Exchange of goods to goods (d) Exchange of service to goods
55. A score of ‘o’ is called ‘Love’ in tennis , in cricket, it is called
(a) egg (b) duck (c) none (d) Nil
57. Twenty 20 is a new form in cricket that was launched in
(a) 2000 (b) 2003 (c) 2010 (d) 2005
58. 0°Latitude is known as
(a) Tropic of Cancer (b) Tropic of Capicorn (c) Meridian (d) Equator
81
59. Humidity is the among of ____ in the air.

(a) water vapour (b) sun rays (c) heat (d) cold
60. The Gregorian calendar is named after
(a) Pope Benedict (b) John Paul (c) Pope Gregory (d) St. Paul
61. The Scientific name for human beings is
(a) Homo Habits (b) Homo Erectus (c) Homo Sapiens (d) None of these
62. The City which means the ‘mound of the dead is’ is
(a) Mohen-Jo-Daro (b) Harappa (c) Kalibangan (d) Lothal
63. Words that are written on the stone or metal are called----
(a) code (b) Inscription (c) artifacts (d) monuments
64. The Greek Sun God is known as
(a) RA (b) Apollo (c) Zeus (d) Venus
65. The Egyptian Kings are called
(a) Czars (b) Pharaoh (c) Sheik (d) Maharaja
66. Name the person who received the Gyanpeeth Award in the year 2010.
(a) Chandrashekhar Kambhar (b) Sivasankaran Pillai
(c) V Anand Murthy (d) C. Balayogi
68. How many Fundamental Rights are there in the India Constitution?
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 9
69. Upanishads are books on?
(a) Religious (b) Yoga (c) Philosophy (d) Medicine
70. How many Brigades were there in Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose’s Azad Hind Fauj?
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 6
71. What is the total length of the Coast line in India?
(a) 15,200 (b) 7,517 kms (c) 6,100 kms (d) 5,200 Kms
72.Land of the ‘Rising Sun’
(a) England (b) Japan (c) India (d) Srilanka
73. India’s first census was conducted in
(a) 1981 (b) 1881 (c) 1872 (d) 1781
74. What is the cause for Diabetes?
(a) Lack of sugar (b) Lack of calcium (c) Lack of insulin (d) Lack of vitamins
75. Which of the following helps in clotting of blood?
(a) Vitamin A (b) Vitamin C (c) Vitamin B (d) Vitamin K
76. As per 2011 census, what is India’s percentage in World population?
(a) 17.5% (b) 16.5% (c) 18.9% (d) 16%
77. The Headquarters of World Bank is situated at
(a) Manila (b) Washington D.C (c) New York (d) Geneva
78. Dry ice
(a) Solid ice without water (b) Benzoic acid
(c) Glacial acetic acid (d) Solid carbon dioxide
79. A galvanometer detects?
(a) Energy (b) Heat (c) Current (d) Pressure
80. The number of languages in 8th schedule of the constitution of India is
(a) 12 (b) 22 (c) 32 (d) 42
81. A man with colour blindness will see red as
(a) Yellow (b) Blue (c) Green (d) Violet
82. For which of he following disciplines, Noble Prize is not awarded?
(a) Physics and Chemistry (b) Psychology or Medicine
(c) Literature, Peace and Economics (d) None of the above
83. The first recipient of Rajiv Gandhi’s ‘Khel Ratna’ award is
(a) Vishwanathan Anand (b) Leander Peas
(c) Kapil Dev (d) Limba Ram
84. Vande Mataram was first sung at the session of the National Congress in
(a) 1892 (b) 1896 (c) 1904 (d) 1886
85. Percentage of lead in lead pencils
(a) 0% (b) 2% (c) 4% (d) 6%
86. Which day is observed as World No Smoking Day?
(a) 15th July (b) 31st December (c) 1st January (d) 31st May
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87. The propagation of radio signals is greatly influenced by

(a) Troposphere (b) Ionosphere (c) Exosphere (d) Thermosphere
88. The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle which put Chandrayaan-1 into its orbit is
(a) PSLV-C8 (b) PSLV-C9 (c) PSLV-C10 (a) PSLV-C11
89. Which one of the following is the permissible level of noise in a silent zone at daytime?
(a) 50 db (b) 60 dB (c) 70 dB (d) 80 dB
90. “Merdeka Cup” is associated with the game of
(a) Hockey (b) Football (c) Golf (d) Tennis
91. Zojila Pass connects
(a) Kashmir and Tibet (b) Nepal and Tibet
(c) Leh and Kargil (d) Leh and Srinagar
92. Which is the first book that dealt with diseases and their treatment?
(a) Rig Ved (b) Sam Ved (c) Atharva ved (d) Yajur Ved
93. Who wrote our National Anthem?
(a) Mahatma Gandhi(b) Dr Rabindra Nath Tagore (c) Dada bhai Naoroji (d) Sh Bakim Chandra Chatterji
94. United Nations Day is celebrated on
(a) 23 Oct (b) 23 Dec (c) 24 Oct (d) 24 Dec
95. Which revolt is called the first war of independence in India?
(a) Quit India Movement 1942 (b) Non Cooperation Movement 1942
(c) Revolt of 1857 (d) Swadeshi Movement 1905
96. The founder of Mughal Dynasty was
(a) Akbar (b) Humayun (c) Shahajahan (d) Babur
97. The Champaran Satyagraha was associate with
(a) Jute Growers (b) Textile Workers (c) Cotton Growers (d) Indigo Planters
98. The Lok Sabha can have a maximum number of
(a) 552 members (b) 543 members (c) 553 members (d) 542 members
99. Who is the first woman of the world to swim across all the five continents of the world?
(a) Aarti Gupta (b) Shikha Tandon (c) Jenny Thompson (d) Bula Chaudhary
100. Padma Vibhusan was not awarded to
(a) Shri Azim Premji (b) Late Shri LC Jain (c) Shri Vijay Kelkar (d) Shri PK Sen
101. Which of the following rivers does not originate in India Territory?
(a) Mahanadi (b) Brahmaputra (c) Ravi (d) Chenab
102. The gas predominantly responsible for global warming is
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) carbon monoxide (c) Nitrous oxide (d) Nitrogen Peroxide
103. Which of the following uses non-conventional Source of Energy?
(a) Kerosene lamp (b) Wax candle (c) Solar lantern (d) Torch
104. Galvanised Iron sheets have a coating of
(a) Tin (b) Lead (c) Zinc (d) Chromium
105. The hardest substance available on Earth is
(a) Platinum (b) Diamond (c) Quartz (d) Gold
106. Washing soda is the common name for
(a) Calcium carbonate (b) Calcium bicarbonate
(c) Sodium carbonate (d) Sodium bicarbonate
107. With which game is the IPL Cup associated?
(a) Football (b) Badminton (c) Hockey (d) Cricket
108. What is the full form of A.M
(a) Ante Meridian (b) Ante Movement (c) After Meridian (d) Adjacent Meridian
109. Who prepares maps and charts?
(a) Radiographer (b) Cartographer (c) Seismographer (d) None of these
110. Who invented Stethoscope?
(a) Rene Laennec (b) Daniel Fahrenheit (c) Gutenberg (d) Confucious
111. Who did the first heart transplantation?
(a) Alexander Fleming (b) Roentgen (c) Dr Christina Barnard (d) Aristotle
112. Antimalaria Quinine substance is got from ______ tree.
(a) Cinchona (b) Rubber (c) Hibiscus (d) Aloe Vera
113. She is known for Narmade Bachao Andolan.
(a) Parvati devi (b) Medha Patkar (c) Rama Bai (d) Gaura Devi]
114. A story with animal Characters with a moral is called a____ _.
(a) Simile (b) Epic (c) Sonnel (d) Fable
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115 . Bandipur Sanctuary is located in the State of

(a)Tamil Nadu (b) Uttar Pradesh (c) Karnataka (d) Madhya Pradesh
116. There are_____ days in a leap year.
(a) 265 (b) 365 (c) 266 (d) 366
117. The Sun will be in ___ direction at 4 PM.
(a) South (b) North (c) East (d) West
118. Gandhiji started Satyagraha in 1919 to protest against the____.
(a) Rowlatt Act (b) Salt Law (c) Act of 1909 (d) Jallianwala Bagh Messacre
119. In banking ATM stands for
(a) Automated tallying Maching (b) Automatic Teller Machine
(c) Automated Totalling Machine (d) Automated Transaction Machine
120. The disease transmitted through the bite of aedes mosquito
(a) Dengue (b) Ringworm (c) Hepatitis (d) Kala-azar
121. Which river is called Dakshin Ganga?
(a) Cauveri (b) Godavari (c) Penganga (d) Narmada
122. Gautam Gambhir is related to ___
(a) Football (b) Cricket (c) Hockey (d) Badminton
123. It is the highest dam in India.
(a) Rana Pratap Sagar (b) Bhakra Nangal (c) DVC (d) Rihand
124. In which state of India ‘Rural Olympics’ is organised every year?
(a) Himachal Pradesh (b) Punjab (c) Haryana (d) Uttar Pradesh
125. In Karate, the highest degree is Black Belt. What is the beginning level?
(a) Yellow Belt (b) white Belt (c) Green Belt (d) Blue Belt
126. The Term epicenter is associated with
(a) Earthquakes (b) Tornadoes (c) Cyclones (d) Earth’s interior
127. Who invented the telegraph?
(a) Marconi (b) Galileo (c) Samuel Morse (d) Colt
128. He discovered the sea route to India.
(a) Ptolemy (b) Walter Scott (c) Vasco da Game (d) Magellan
129. She went to foreign to win support for India’s struggle against the British and started a paper Vande Matram.
(a) Madam Bhikaji Cama (b) Indira Gandhi (c) Sarojini Naidu (d) Vijay Laxmi Pandit
130. Who is called as ‘Frontier Gandhi’?
(a) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (b) Bhagat Singh (c) C Rajagopalchari (d) Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
131. Vanda Mataram was first sung at the session of the India National Congress in
(a) 1892 (b) 1896 (c) 1904 (d) 1886
132. Who gave the slogan ‘Dilli Chalo’?
(a) Dr. Rajendra Prasad (b) Subhash Chandra Bose
(c) Maulana Abdul Kalam (d) Sardar Patel
133. ‘OS’ computer abbreviation usually means?
(a) Order of Significance (b) Open Software
(c) Operating System (d) Optical Sensor
134. Complete the proverb “Too many cooks spoil The _____”?
(a) Froath (b) Cloth (c) Frog (d) Broth
135. Who is considered as he ‘Father of the Indian Space Programme?
(a) Aryabhatta (b) Dr. Madhavan (c) Vikram Sarabhai (d) None of the above
136. They are the strongest muscles of our body.
(a) Eye muscles (b) Heart muscles (c) Lungs muscles (d) Neck muscles
137. Vaishno Devi Tample is located in____.
(a) J&K (b) HP (c) Punjab (d) UP
138. A Barometer measures_____
(a) Atmospheric Pressure (b) Blood Pressure
(c) Tyre Pressure (d) Blood Sugar
139. What Vitamins can cure weak eye sight?
(a) Vitamin D (b) Vitamin A (c) Vitamin C (d) Vitamin H
140. Polio is caused by____
(a) Tape Worm (b) Round Worm (c) Protozoa (d) Virus
141. What is the bulb filament made of?
(a) Steel (b) Tungsten (c) Mercury (d) Nitrogen
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142. Which gas is the most abundance in the atmosphere?

(a) Oxygen (b) Argon (c) Hydrogen (d) Nitrogen
143. The Southernmost point of peninsular India, Kanyakumari, is located in___.
(a) North of Tropic of Cancer (b) South of the Equator
(c) South of the Capricorn (d) North of the Equator
144. In which mishap did kalpana Chawla died?
(a) Apollo (b) Columbia (c) Eagle (d) Vostok
145. India’s highest annual rainfall is reported at
(a) Namchi, Sikkim (b) Churu, Rajasthan
(c) Mawsynram, Meghalaya (d) Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
146. Teacher’s day is celebrated on ____ in India?
(a) 05 September (b) 08 September (c) 05 May (d) 08 May
147. What is Mushroom?
(a) Fungus (b) Evergreen plants (c) Cactus (d) Root
148. The intersecting lines drawn on maps and globes are
(a) Latitudes (b) Longitude (c) Geographic Grids (d) None of the above
149. ‘Ashok Chakra ‘ is awarded for
(a) Acts of gallantry in the presence of enemy
(b) Gallantry by children
(c) Outstanding contribution to literature
(d) The most conspicuous bravery or self sacrifice on land, air or sea but in the presence of the enemy
150. How many language are recognized by India constitution?
(a) 21 (b) 17 (c) 22 (d) 24
1 . Who wrote our national song?
(a) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (b) Bipin Chand Pal
(c) Swami Vivekanand (d) Rabindranath Tagor
2. Who created the legendary comic character of ‘Chacha Chaudhary’?
(a) Vishnu Sharma (b) Pran Kumar Sharma (c) Harvinder Mankar (d) Anupam Sinha
3. Which country is the largest producer of gold?
(a) Ghana (b) Zimbabwe (c) Argentina (d) China
4. Which is the secret intelligence agency of Israel?
(a) MOSSAD (b) ISI (c) CIA (d) KGB
5. Which is t he longest mountain range of the world?
(a) Himalayas (b) Andes (c) Alps (d) Rockies
6. What is measured by Anemometer?
(a) Rain (b) Wind Speed (c) Atmospheric Pressure (d)Temperature
7. Where is Satish Dhawan Space Centre situated?
(a) Sriharikota (b) Bengaluru (c) Chennai (d) Goa
8. How many Fundamental Rights are there in Indian constitution?
(a) 7 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 8
9. What is parliament of Japan called?
(a) Bundestag (b) Duma (c) Congress (d) Diet
10. How many members are there in Rajya Sabha?
(a) 344 (b) 250 (c) 312 (d) 272
11. What makes our muscles?
(a) Carbohydrates (b) Sugar (c) Fats (d) Protein
12. Where is National Stock Exchange of India situated?
(a) New Delhi (c) Mumbai (c) Bangalore (d) Ahmedabad
13. In which state is the ancient historical city of Lothal situated?
(a) Gujarat (b) Punjab (c) Haryana (d) Orissa
14. To which religion is the word Tirthankara associated?
(a) Sikhism (b) Judaism (c) Jainism (d) Buddism
15. Bajrang Punia is related to which sport?
(a) Boxing (b) Judo (c) Wrestling (d) Weight lifting
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16. How many states and Union Territories are there in India after Article 370?
(a) 26 state and 11 Uts (b) 27 state and 10 Uts
(c) 28 state and 8 Uts (d) 29 state and 8Uts
17. Name the mobile application recently launched by the Ministries of Earth Science to help farmers.
(a) Meghdoot (b) Bheem (c) Prahar (d) Shakti
18. Between which two ocean do Australia lies?
(a) The India Ocean and pacific Ocean (b) The Indian Ocean and Atlantic Ocean
(c) The Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean (d) The Arctic Ocean and Indian Ocean
19. What is the full form of RAM in a computer?
(a) Random Access Memory (b) Read Only Memory
(c) Read Access Memory (b) Readable Access Memory
20. How many bytes are in a kilobyte (KB)?
(a) 1024 bytes (b) 1024 bit (c) 1024 kilobyte (d) 1024 Megabyte
21. Which colour of light scatters most
(a) Blue (b) Red (c) Violet (d) White
22. Where the UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘Elephanta Caves’ is located?
(a) Gharapuri in Mumbai (b) Raj Vila in Puna (c) Pandav Cave Nasilk (d) None of these
23. which metal is the lightest metal in world ?
(a) Lithium (b) Aluminum (c) Copper (d) Lead
24. Why are the leaves green in color?
(a) Due to the presence of Chlorophyll (b) Due to presence of Chlorform
(c) Due to presence of Xylem (d) None of these
25. Which is the highest civilian award of the Republic of India?
(a) Padam Vibhushan (b) Param Vir Chakra (c) Bharat Ratna Award (d) Shaurya Chakra
26. Which is the biggest bone in the human body?
(a) Cerebrum Cortex (b) Femur (c) Tibia (d) Humerus
27. What is a Figure with 9 sides called?
(a) Hexagon (b) Octagon (c) Nonagon (d) Decagon
28. What makes up approximately 70% of the human body?
(a) Bones (b) Water (c) Blood (d) Muscles
29. Olympics games are held after every?
(a) Five year (b) Four year (c) Six year (d) None of these
30. Which is the oldest landmass of India?
(a) The Southern Peninsula (b) Himalayas (c) Northern Plains (d) The Thar Desert
31. Arrange these India states in increasing order of the length of their coastline
(a) Goa, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Kerala (b) Kerala, Goa, Gujarat, Maharashtra
(c) Goa, Kerala, Maharashtra, Gujrat (d) None of these
32. Lord Jagannath is considered to be a form of which of the following God-
(a) Vishnu (b) Indra (c) Shiva (d) Ganesha
33.In Cricket, what does a yo-yo test measure.
(a) Eye Power (b) Six hitting ability (c) Fitness level (d) None of these
34. Where was the ‘Azad Hind Fauj’ established?
(a) Singapore (b) India (c) Canada (d) USA
35. Who is the founder of Google?
(a) Larry Page, Sergey Brin (b) Mark Zuckerberg (c) Paul Buchhiet (d) None of these
36. What is the main ingredient of Glass?
(a) Borax (b) Epsom (c) Silica (d) Soda Ash
37. Which flower is white in colour?
(a) Jasmine (b) Tulip (c) Lily (d) Sunflower
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38. Which organ purify our blood?

(a) Spleen (b) Kidney (c) Liver (d) Heart
39. Kuchipudi is the dance form of which state?
(a) Odisha (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Kerala
40. What is the name of ISRO’s new humanoid robot that will go to space next?
(a) Vyommitra (b) Meghdoot (c) Indira (d) Bheem
41. Which city is known as the Blue City of India?
(a) Amritsar (b) Orissa (c) Jodhpur (d) Bengal
42. Which country shares the shortest border with India?
(a) Afghanistan (b) Bangladesh (c) Tibet (d) Nepal
43. Which award ceremony was hosted live recently?
(a) Grammy awards (b) Oscar awards (c) Emmy awards (d) None of the above
45. Which country is the largest producer of Cocoa used to make chocolates?
(a) Srilanka (b) Peru (c) Ivory Coast (d) Spain
47. Which of the following is the smallest continent?
(a) Australia (b) Asia (c) South America (d) Africa
48. Samba dance is famous in which of the following countries:-
(a) Brazil (b) Peru (c) Argentina (d) Mexico
49. Clove is obtained from which part of the plant:-
(a) Root (b) Stem (c) Fruit (d) Flower bud
50. Professor Amartya Sen received the Nobel Prize in which of the following fields-
(a) Literature (b) Electronics (c) Economics (d) Geology
51. Which of the following is not related with higher education ?
(a) UGC (b) CABE (c) CBSE (d) AICTE
52. Who was the first Governor-General of British India?
(a) Lord Hastings (b) Warren Hastings (c) Lord William Bentinck (d) None of these
53. The energy is stored in a cell in the form of
(a) DNA/RNA (b) DNA (c) ATP (d) ADP and RNa
54. Where is the national library of India located?
(a) New Delhi (b) Mumbai (c) Kolkata (d) Chennai
55. Which is the first country to host the modern Olympic?
(a) Uruguay (b) Greece (c) Italy (d) None of these
56. Amjad Ali Khan is related with which musical instrument?
(a) Bansuri (b) Violin (c) Sarod (d) Sitar
57. The Constitution of India was adopted on
(a) 26th jan,1950 (b) 25th Jan,1950 (c) 26th Nov,1949 (d) 25th Nov, 1949
58 . In which city the famous Sun Temple is located?
(a) Konark (b) Srinagar (c)Bijapur (d) Allahabad
59. The full form of ATM is
(a) Anywhere Marketing (b) Anytime Marketing
(c) Any Time Money (d) Automated Teller Machine
60. Galvanometer is used to measure
(a) Head radiation (b) Electrical power (c) Electric current (d) Electromagnetic waves
61. Rajeev Gandhi international airport is situated at
(a) Delhi (b) Indore (c) Hyderabad (d) Bengaluru
62. For how many days the Battle of Kurukshetra was fought.
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 15 (d) 19
63. Which city is called ‘Manchester of India’?
(a) Bhopal (b) Rourkela (c) Kanpur (d) Ahmedabad
64. ‘Duttee Chand’ is related to which sport?
(a) Athletics (b) Weightlifting (c) Boxing (d) Badminton
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65. What Palk Bay lies between

(a) Gulf of kutch and Gulf of Khambat (b) Gulf of Mannar and Bay of Bengal
(c) Lakshadweep and Maldives Islands (d) Andaman and Nicobar Island
66. What are the main constituents of bio gas?
(a) Methane and Sulphur dioxide (b) Methane and Carbon dioxide
(c) Methane, Hydrogen and Nitric oxide (d) Methane and Nitric oxide
67. Transfer of heat energy from the Sun of the Moon takes place by
(a) Radiation only (b) Radiation and Conduction
(c) Radiation and Convection (d) Radiation, Conduction and Convection
68. Which strait separates Europe and Africa?
(a) Palk Strait (b) Strait of Gibraltar (c) Bering Strait (d) Davis Strait
69. Who wrote down the epic Mahabharata while Vyasa was narrating?
(a) Narada (b) Vishwakarma (c) Ganesh (d) Shiv
70. Name the second largest ocean of the world.
(a) Pacific (b) Atlantic (c) Indian (d) Arctic
71. Which of the following is not a mosquito borne disease?
(a) Dengue fever (b) Malaria (c) Sleeping sickness (d) Filariasis
72. Which one of the following is the oldest Grand Slam of the world?
(a) Wimbledon (b) French Open (c) Australia (d) US Open
73.Measles is disease caused by
(a) Bacteria (b) Virus (c) Protozoan (d) Worm
74. Stainless steel is a/an
(a) Element (b) compound (c) Alloy (d) NOTA
75. Which of the following is not a ‘Public good’?
(a) Electricity (b) National Defence (c) Light House (d) Public Parks
76. What time of the day do malaria mosquitoes bite?
(a) Bites between the hours of 7 pm and 5 am (b) Bites between the hours of 9 pm and 5 am
(c) Bites between the hours of 8 pm and 4 am (d) None of the above
77. Which is the smallest country is the North America?
(a) Cuba (b) Springfield (c) Grenville (d) None of these
78.Who made the first antibiotic?
(a) Hedy Lamarr (b) Benjamin Franklin (c) Alexander Fleming (d) None of these
79. The Central Rice Research Station is situated in
(a) Chennai (b) Cuttack (c) Bengaluru (d) Quilon
80. Who among the following wrote Sanskrit Grammar?
(a) Kalidasa (b) Charak (c) Panini (d) Aryabhatt
81. The hottest planet in the solar system
(a) Mercury (b) Venus (c) Mars (d) Jupiter
82. What does UPS stand for?
(a) Uninterrupted power supply (b) Uninterrupted power Surplus
(c) Uninterrupted power Shortage (d) None of the above
83. Name the first Female Indian Astronaut.
(a) Kamala Nehru (b) Kalpana Chawla (c) Sunitha Williams (d) None of these
84. Who was India’s longest serving Prime Minister?
(a) Atal Behari Vajpayee (b) Narendra Modi (c) Manmohan Singh (d) Jawaharlal Nehru
85. How many states does India have?
(a) 35 (b) 50 (c) 28 (d) 25
86. Who discovered bacteria cause disease?
(a) Louis Pasteur (b) Newton (c) Darwin (d) Thomas Alwa Edison
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87. What is the area code of India?

(a) +100 (b) +80 (c) +90 (d) +91
88. In the Parliament of India Upper House is knows as
(a) Council of states (b) Rajya Sabha (c) Lok Sabha (d) Parliament
89. Which of these mineral can be found in milk teeth and limestone?
(a) Potassium (b) Magnesium (c) Sodium (d) Calcium
90. Which of these is a SI unit of pressure and also the name of a computer language?
(a) Watt (b) Ohm (c) Weber (d) Pascal
91. Which is the first biosphere reserve in India?
(a) Western Ghats (b) Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve (c) Aravali Hills (d) Vindhya Hills
93. Name the place from where Chandrayan-II was launched.
(a) Bengaluru (b) Balasore (c) Shrihrikota (d) Chennai
94. Name the author of the book ‘Matilda’?
(a) Devdutt Patnaik (b) Roald Dahl (c) JK Rowling (d) Vikram Seth
95. What is the title of the seventh and final book in Harry potter series of Rowling?
(a) The Deathly Hallows (b) The Deathly Hedge Hogs
(C) The Deathly Horse Shoes (d) The Deathly Beast
96. Which are the two regions of India which have attained the status of UT after abolition of Article 370 and 35A?
(a) Assam and Jammu (b) Manipur and Andhra Pradesh
(c) Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh (d) Andhra Pradesh and Kashmir
98. Amazon Forest, “ the lungs of the Earth” was recently under fire. Major portion of this forest falls in which country?
(a) Brazil (b) Japan (c) Vatican city (d) Maldives
99. HQ of the Reserve Bank of India is located in
(a) Kolkata (b) Mumbai (c) Chennai (d) Delhi
101. Which of the following train runs between New Delhi and Wagah?
(a) Shatabdi Express (b) Thar Express (c) Maitree (d) Samjhauta Express
102. Blood fails to clot while flowing in the blood vessel because of the presence of
(a) Heparin (b) Prothrombin (c) Haemoglobin (d) Hirudin
103. Who is the first Indian woman to win an Asian games gold medal in 400 m run?
(a) P.T Usha (b) K. Maleshwari (c) Kamaljit Sandhu (d) M. Valasmma
104. Which of the following rulers were contemporary of Buddha?
(a) Bimbisar of Magadha (b) Prasanjit of Kosala
(c) Udayan of Avanti (d) All of the above
105. The canal which links Atlantic ocean with Pacific Ocean
(a) Suez (b) Malacca (c) Panama (d) Gibralter
106. The largest delta of the world is
(a) Sunderbans (b) Amazon Basin (c) Greenland (d) Congo Basin
107. Widal test is used for the diagnosis of
(a) Salmonellosis (b) Malaria (c) Cholera (d) Typhoid
108. Which of the following is the tallest building in the world?
(a) Eiffel Tower (b) Burj Khalifa (c) Statue of Liberty (d) Qutab Minar
109. Which fruit has the maximum protein content?
(a) Mango (b) Apricot (c) Banana (d) Avocado
110. Who proposed “Green House Effect” in 1824?
(a) Arrhenius (b) Joseph fourier (c) Svensmark (d) Hendry
111. In which year did Sir Edmund Hillary reach the summit of Mount Everest?
(a) 1952 (b) 1953 (c) 1954 (d) 1955
112. Fathometer is used to measure
(a) Earthquakes (b) Rainfall (c) Ocean Depth (d) Sound Intensity
113. Who introduced “Subsidiary Alliance” policy in India?
(a) Lord Willliam Bentinck (b) Lord Auckland (c) Lord Wellesley (d) Lord Dalhousie
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114. What is the name of the longest dam in India?

(a) Tehri dam (b) Sardarsarovar dam (c) Hirakund dam (d) Alamatti dam
115. In which city Feroz Shah Kotla Cricket ground is situated?
(a) Mumbai (b) Ranchi (c) New Delhi (d) Ahmedabad
116. What is the correct sequence of the rivers –Godavari, Mahanadi, Narmada, and Tapti in the descending order of their lengths?
(a) Godavari- Mahanadi- Narmada-Tapti (b) Godavari-Narmada-Mahanadi-Tapti
(c) Narmada- Godavari-Tapti-Mahanadi (d) Narmada-Tapti-Godavari-Mahanadi
118. What is the vehicle of God ‘Indra’?
(a) Airavat (b) Garud (c) Nandi (d) OWL
119. Which state is known as the ‘Rice Bowl of India’?
(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Kerala (c) Karnataka (d) Andhra Pradesh
120. Name the author of the book “Godan”.
(a) Har Dev (b) Munshi Prem Chand (c) Jaid (d) Ram Dev
121. Which of the following is the headquarters of World Trade Organisations(WTO)
(a) New York (b) Geneva (c) Madrid (d) Paris
122. Which of the following dance is a solo dance?
(a) Kuchipudi (b) Yakshagan (c) Odissi (d) Ottenthullal
123. In which stadium was the first edition of the Khelo Inidia School Games (KISG)
(a) Sardar Patal, Motera (b) Indira Gandhi Indoor, New Delhi
(c) Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata (d) Kaloor International , Kochi
124. The brain fever which affects young children is _____.
(a) Malaria (b) Typhoid (c) Encephalitis (d) Pneumonia
125. Which is the Highest Mountain Peak of Himalayas in India?
(a) K-2 (b) Kanchenjanga (c) Namcha Barwa (d) Nanda Devi
126. The smallest state of India is
(a) Rajasthan (b) Sikkim (c) Himachal Pradesh (d) Goa
127. What is the minimum age required to become the member of Rajya Sabha?
(a) 25 years (b) 30 years (c) 35 years (d) 40 years
130. The Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sport is located at
(a) Bangaluru (b) Kolkata (c) Darjeeling (d) Patiala
131. Give The equivalent rank of colonel of Army in Indian Navy.
(a) Commander (b) Captain (c) Group Captain (d) Commodore
132. In a human body, the longest bone is in the _____.
(a) Vertebral column (b) Radius Ulna (c) Rib cage (d) Femur
133. Name the largest fresh water lake in the world.
(a) Lake Baikal (b) Lake Chilka (c) Lake Titicaca (d) Caspian Sea
134. Which is the smallest planet of our solar system?
(a) Earth (b) Mercury (c) Venus (d) Saturn
135. Who is the first awardee to get Paramvir Chakra?
(a) Har Jogender Singh (b) Sqn Ldr Rakesh Sharma
(c) Captain Vikram Batra (d) Major Somnath Sharma
136. Who was the compose of our national Anthem?
(a) Rabindranath Tagore (b) Bankim Chandra Chatterjee © Iqbal (d) Deshbandhu
137. The words ‘Satymeva jayate’ in the state emblem of India were taken from
(a) Upanishads (b) Sama veda (c) Rig veda (d) Ramayana
138. What is the highest peacetime gallantry award of India?
(a) Ashok Chakra (b) Vir Chakra (c) Mahavir Chankra (d) Param Vir Chankra
140. Which of the following crops helps in fixing nitrogen fixation?
(a) Rice (b) Wheat (c) Maize (d) Green Peas
141. What is the time taken by the Moonlight to reach Earth?
(a) 1.9 Sec (b) 1.6 Sec (c) 1.3 Sec (d) 1.1 Sec
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142. Polythene is industrially prepared by the polymerization of

(a) Methane (b) Styrene (c) Acetylene (d) Ethylene
143. Which country is the largest producer of rubber in the world?
(a) China (b) India (c) Thailand (d) Italy
144. Which ocean separates North America and Western Europe
(a) Pacific Ocean (b) North Atlantic Ocean (c) Arctic Ocean (d) South Atlantic Ocean
145. Which of the following department of Indian government takes care of education of children with physical disabilities?
(a) Min. of Welfare (b) Min. of Sports (c) Min. of HRD (d) Min. of Defence
146. In the western countries, the constellation Sapta-Rishi is known as
(a) Seven Monks (b) Apha Centuri (c) Big Dipper (d) Small bear
147. Name the third largest continent of the world.
(a) Asia (b) Africa (c) North America (d) South America
148. Which of the following is a cellulose fibre?
(a) Cotton (b) Wool (c) Rayon (d) Polyester
149. Which one among the following is nearest to the tropic of cancer?
(a)Patna (b) Ranchi (c) Rourkela (d) Varanasi
150. With which game is Santosh Trophy associated
(a) Tennis (b) Cricket (c) National Football (d) Golf
1. To which family does Meercat belong?

(a) Rodent (b) Cat (c) Insect (d) Bird
2. In which country are both Lion and Tiger found?
(a) South Africa (b) Iran (c) Turkey (d) India
3. Cricket bat is made from which word?
(a) Teak (b) Willow (c) Yew (d) Cedar
4. Who were half men and half horse living beings according to Greek mythology ?
(a) Sphinx (b) Pegasus (c) Unicorn (d) Centaurs
5. The name ‘Dabbawalas’ is related to which city?
(a) New Delhi (b) Bangalore (c) Nagpur (d) Mumbai
6. Who was the director of the film ‘Gandhi’?
(a) Satyajit Ray (b) Bertolucci (c) Richard Attenborough (d) William Wylar
8. Name the person who goes house to house selling small articles.
(a) Plumber (b) Peddler (c) Glazier (d) Tanner
9.What is the story with animal characters that teaches a moral called?
(a)Comedy (b) Fable (c) Epic (d) Skit
10. Name the oldest existing newspaper of India?
(a) Bengal Gazette (b) Times of India (c) Mumbai Samachar (d) The Hindu
11. Which Revolution is responsible to increase the production of oilseeds in India?

(a) Yellow (b) White (c) French (d) Green
12. Which country’s flag looks like two triangles?
(a) Egypt (b) Nepal (c) Surinam (d) Spain
13. Swimmers go deep below the surface of water and explore sea life .What is called?
(a) Scuba Diving (b) Sky Diving (c) Bungee Jumping (d) Canoeing
14. To which instrument is Ustad Bismillah Khan related?
(a) Sitar (b) Vioin (c) Table (d) Shehnai
15. To what game is ‘China man’ related?
(a) Hockey (b) Squash (c) Badminton (d) Cricket
16. What is the doctor treating skin problems called?
(a) Cardiologist (b) Orthopaedics (c) Dentist (d) Dermatologist
17. What is Potato?
(a) Branch (b) Stem (c) Root (d) None of the above
18. What Kind of crop is Rice?
(a) Rabi (b) Kharif (c) Zaid (d) None of the above
19. Where are olives grown mainly?
(a) Mediterranean region (b) Australia (c) India (d) England
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20. Bone marrow produces_____.

(a) White Blood Cells (b) Red Blood Cells (c) Fat (d) Oxygen
21. Granite is an example of _____ rock.
(a) Sedimentary (b) Metamorphic (c) Igneous (d) Sand stone
22. From where does the Arctic Circle Pass?
1 1 1
(a) 66 2 °𝑁 (b) 66 2 °𝑆 (c) 23 2 °𝑁 (d) 45°𝑆
23. Where are Pygmies people found?
(a) Africa (b) Asia (c) South America (d) Australia
24. Name the longest Highway of the world?
(a) Trans Australian (b) Trans Continental (c) Pan American (d) Pan European
25. Name the Passenger helicopter service in India.
(a) Pawan Hans (b) Gajraj (c) Air India (d) Indian
26. Martin Luther King is known for ____.
(a) Civil Rights Movement (b) Satyagraha (c) Missionaries of Charity (d) Communist Manifesto
27. Who is related with Din-i-IIahi?
(a) Shahjahan (b) Akbar (c) Humayun (d) Sher Shah
28. Which emperor was exiled to Burma (Myanmar)?
(a) Ranjit Singh (b) Chin Clich Khan (c) Bahadur Shah Zafar (d) Behlol Lodi
29. Which child revolutionary was hanged by the British?
(a) Vir Sawarkar (b) Jatin Das (c) Khudirm Bose (d) Chandra Shekhar Azad
30. The Antarctic Ocean is also called
(a) Eastern Ocean (b) Southern Ocean (c) Northern Ocean (d) Western Ocean
31. The Prime Meridian Passes through a place called
(a) Sandwich (b) London (c) Norwich (d) Greenwich
32. A strip of water between two pieces of land is called?
(a) Strait (b) Peninsula (c) Gulf (d) Isthmus
33. The term ‘Banana Kick’ is associated with which game?
(a) Football (b) Volley ball (c) Hand ball (d) Basket ball
34. How many Fundamental Rights are in our Constitution?
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 4
36. When was the Panchayati Raj system introduced in India?
(a) 1947 (b) 1950 (c) 1956 (d) 1959
37. What is ratio of the which to the length of the National Flag of India?
(a) 2:4 (b) 3:5 (c) 4:5 (d) 2:3
38. When the Earth is farthest to the Sun in its orbit it is said to be in
(a) Equinox (b) Solstice (c) Perihelion (d) Aphelion
39. Which river is known as Ganga of south India?
(a) Cauvery (b) Krishna (c) Mahanadi (d) Godavari
40. Which element forms the major element of the core?
(a) Silicon (b) Aluminum (c) Iron (d) Magnesium
42. Which one of the following National Highway and their connection is not correctly matched?
(a) NH-1 Delhi to Amritsar b) NH-2 Delhi to Kolkata
(c) NH-5 Varanasi to Kanya Kumari (d) NH-3 Agra to Mumbai
43. Subhash Chandra Bose Airport is located at
(a) Mumbai (b) New Delhi (c) Kolkata (d) Chennai
44. Name the grass land of North America.
(a) Prairies (b) Pampas (c) Velds (d) Steppes
45. What is the full form of WWW?
(a) World Wide Ways (b) World Wide Web
(c) World Web Wide (d) World water ways
46. Who is the first woman to swim across all the five Oceans of the world?
(a) Aarti Gupra (b) Shikha Tandon (c) Jenny Thompson (d) Bula Chaudhary
47. The decimal system developed in
(a) China (b) Arabia (c) Egypt (d) India
48. Who was responsible for the Jallinwalla Bagh Massacre?
(a) General Simon (b) General Smith (c) General Dyer (d) General Myer
49. The Lok Sabha can have a maximum of
(a) 552 members (b) 543 members (c) 553 members (d) 542 members
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50. Which one of the following is not stated in the preamble of the India Constitution?
(a) Justice (b) Fraternity (c) Adult Franchise (d) Democracy
51. Which animal never stops growing?
(a) Giraffe (b) Snake (c) Crocodile (d) Blue Whale
52. Kelvin is a unit related to _____.
(a) Speed (b) Density (c) Temperature (d) Humidity
53. What is Origami?
(a) Art of paper folding (b) National Anthem (c) An insect (d) Plant
54. In which city did the first metro railway system begin?
(d) Delhi (b) Mumbai (c) Kolkata (d) Chennai
55. Who is known as the father of Homeopathy?
(a) Aristotle (b) Hahnemann (c) Hippocrates (d) Kent
56. Which state does “Tanjore Painting” belong to ?
(a) Karnataka (b) Tamil Nadu (c) Andhra Pradesh (d) Kerala
57. Kimono is the traditional dress of which country?
(a) China (b) Australia (c) Japan (d) England
58. Where is St Peter church located?
(a) Mexico (b) Washington DC (c) Vatican (d) London
59. Who wrote ‘Glimpses of World History’?
(a) Dr S Radhakrishnan (b) Jawaharlal Nehru (c) Kuldip Nayar (d) Bertrand Russell
60.In which year did Indian Postal Service start in India?
(a) 1774 (b) 1837 (c) 1222 (d) 1786
61. Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress?
(a) Annie Besant (b) Bipin Chandra Pal (c) WC Bannerjee (d) Subhasj Chandra Bose
62. How many rocks were used for carving the Sphinx in Egypt?
(a) 14 (b) 20 (c) 1 (d) 5
63. Who won the first ‘Padmashree’ in Athletics?
(a) P T Usha (b) Milkha Singh (c) Bandhu Singh (d) Sakshi
64. When were the first Commonwealth Games held?
(a) 1920 (b) 1890 (c) 1930 (d) 1934
65. World Health day is celebrated on which day?
(a) 05 June (b) 07 April (c) 07 June (d) 11 July
66. Name the tallest man made structure of the world
(a) Taipei101 (b) Burj Khalifa (c) C N Tower (d) Eiffel Tower
67. Which of the following is not a fruit in reality but a herb?
(a) Pineapple (b) Orange (c) Strawberry (d) Banana
69. What is the minimum age to contest the Assembly Election ?
(a) 25 (b) 21 (c) 18 (d) 24
70. whose slogan was Jai Jawan Jai Kisan?
(a) Lal Bahadur Shastri (b) Indira Gandhi (c) Morarji Desai (d) Rajiv Gandhi
71. At which continent are ‘Maitri’ and ‘Dakshin Gangotri’ the research stations of India located?
(a) Australia (b) Africa (c) Antarctica (d) Europe
72. Which part of the brain that controls our emotions like fear, sorrow and happiness?
(a) Cerebrum (b) Cerebellum (c) Medulla Oblongata (d) Pons
73. In which state is the Netravali wildlife sanctuary is located?
(a) Goa (b) Kerala (c) Mizoram (d) Orissa
74. In which of the following states in English of Official Language?
(a) Orissa (b) Nagaland (c) Kerala (d) Tripura
76. The Thaipoosam festival is celebrated by which one of the following religions?
(a) Christians (b) Muslims (c) Hindu (d) Sikhs
77. Hero India Open Tournament is related to which among the following sports ?
(a) Cricket (b) Hockey (c) Golf (d) Football
78. Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma is associated with the instrument?
(a) Sarangi (b) Santoor (c) Sitar (d) Mohan Veena
79. What is the ratio of the width to the length of the National Flag of India?
(a) 2:4 (b) 3:5 (c) 4:5 (d) 2:3
80. Who was the longest serving President of India?
(a) APJ Abdul Kalam (b) Zakir Hussain (c) Rajendra Prasad (d) Giani Zail Singh
93
81. Which of the following is used as a moderator in nuclear reactor?

(a) Thorium (b) Graphite (c) Radium (d) Proton
82. Name the plant that brings sleep.
(a) Opium Poppy (b) Sunflower (c) Radium (d) Proton
83. Where was Guru Nanak Born?
(a) Amritsar (b) Ludhiana (c) Jalandhar (d) Talwandi
84. Which country is known as “home of spice”?
(a) Srilanka (b) India (c) Bangladesh (d) Malaysia
85. Who made the famous painting ‘Mona Lisa’?
(a) Edvard Munch (b) Leonardo da Vinci (c) Claude Monet (d) Vincent Van Gogh
86. Name the only bird that can fly backwards.
(a) Humming Bird (b) Pigeon (c) Crow (d) Sparrow
87. What is an EVM?
(a) Electric Voter Machine (b) Electronic Voting Machine
(c) Electric Voting Machine (d) Electronic Voting Manual
88. ‘Life’s Good is associated with which brand?
(a) Tata (b) LG (c) Sony (d) Videocon
89. Who invented the Television?
(a) Philips (b) Waterman (c) J K Baird (d) Benjamin to
90. What is the meaning of the word ‘Yoga’ that is derived from Sanskrit?
(a) Meditation (b) Union (c) Twist (d) Relax
91. In which city Jama Masjid is located?
(a) Delhi (b) Hyderabad (c) Ahmedabad (d) Jaipur
92. Whose slogan is ‘Freedom from hunger for every human in the world’?
(a) UNESSCO (b) ILO (c) WHO (d) FAO
93. The periodic rise and fall in the water level in the ocean is called
(a) Cyclone (b) Tsunami (c) Hurricane (d) Tide
95. Golden revolution refers to
(a) Seri culture (b) Horticulture (c) Milk Production (d) Egg Production
96. Who was the first India born basketball player to get selected in National Basketball Association(NBA)?
(a) Satnam Singh (b) Balbir Chauhan (c) Balbir Singh (d) Ramesh Rathode
98. Which of the following is a renewable energy source?
(a) Coal (b) Wind (c) Gasoline (d) Oil
99. What is the Capital of Kosovo?
(a) Pristina (b) Nairobi (c) Pyongyang (d) Bishkek
100. What is ‘Param’?
(a) Computer (b) Dance (c) Language (d) Phone
101. Plants the qrow in saline water are called
(a) Halophytes (b) Hydrophytes (c) Mesophytes (d) Thallophytes
102. The Salal Project is on
(a) Chenab (b) Jhelum (c) Ravi (d) Sutlej
103. Philology is the
(a) Study of bones (b) Study of Muscles (c) Study of architecture (d) Science of language
104. When is World Humanitarian Day celebrated?
(a) 19 August (b) 11 May (c) 01 July (d) 11July
105. Who became the first Indian basketball player to play in National Basketball Association ?
(a) Satnam Singh (b) Balbir Chauhan (c) Balbir Singh (d) Ramesh Rathode
106. The International Date Line runs through which of the following two Ocean?
(a) Pacific and Indian Oceans (b) Indian Ocean and Atlantic
(c) Pacific and Arctic Oceans (d) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
107. Which among the following temples of India is known as Black Pagoda?
(a) Sun Temple, Konark (b) Brihadeeswara Temple, Tanjore
(c) Somnath Temple, Gujrat (d) Meenakshi Temple, Madurai
109. Which city is called as the ‘City of Golden Gate’?
(a) Rome (b) Oxford (c) New York (d) San Francisco
110. Who among the following is the exponent of musical instrument Mohan Veena?
(a) Zuben Mehta (b) Alauddin Khan (c) Imram Khan (d) Pt. Vishnu Mohan Bhatt
94
111. Which Indian cricketer is the highest wicket taket taker in Test Matches?
(a) R. Ashwin (b) Kapil Dev (c) Anil Kumble (d) Bishan Singh Bedi
112. Which national highway connects New Delhi –Jaipur –Ahmedabad –Mumbai?
(a) NH-4 (b) NH-7 (c) NH-8 (d) NH-22
113. In which city Choudhary Charan Singh International Airport is situated?
(a) Varanasi (b) Kanpur (c) Allahabad (d) Lucknow
114. Which port of India of a tidal port?
(a) Haldia (b) Kandla (c) Kochi (d) Paradip
117. What is the name of the process of direct change from solid to vapour ?
(a) Vaporisation (b) Sublimation (c) Condensation (d) None of these
118. What is the name of Atmospheric Layer closest of Earth?
(a) Photospher (b) Stratospher (c) Troposphere (d) Atmosphere
119. Which of the following mountain range is situated between Narmada and Tapti rivers?
(a) Vindhya Range (b) Aravalli Range (c) Satpura Range (d) None of these
120. Optical fibres are useful in the field of___
(a) Sports (b) Transport (c) Telecommunications (d) Agriculture
121. BCG vaccine is used for which disease?
(a) Typhoid (b) Tuberculosis (c) Polio (d) None of these
122. What is the Life span of RBC?
(a) 120 days (b) 75 days (c) 50 days (d) 100 days
124. Which country is declared as the polio free by the World Health Organisation?
(a) Somalia (b) Cameroon (c) Kenya (d) Ethiopia
125. Who directed the video on India National Anthem in sign Language?
(a) A R Rahman (b) Govind Nihalani (c) Pritam (d) Karan Johar
126. International Youth Day is celebrated on___
(a) 19 May (b) 11 March (c) 12 August (d) 11 June
128. Who is the author of the book “Unhappy India?
(a) Mahatama Gandhi (b) Lala Lajpat Rai (c) Sukhdev (d) Sardar patel
129. The famous character “Pickwick” was created by___
(a) Steven Spielberg (b) Leo Tolstoy (c) Charles Dickens (d) Walt Disney
130. Who co-founded Hotmail and then sold the company to Microsoft?
(a) Tim Cook (b) Mark Zuckerburg (c) Sunder pichai (d) Sabeer Bhatia
131. Eritrea country is in which continent?
(a) Asia (b) Africa (c) Australia (d) Europe
132. The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded in which city?
(a) Oslo (b) Stockholm (c) Geneva (d) Brussels
133. Which sea has the highest salinity?
(a) Red sea (b) Black sea (c) Dead sea (d) Mediterranean sea
134. BREXIT is associated with_____.
(a) Exit of Great Britain from UN (b) Exit of Great Britain from EN
(c) Exit of Great Britain from Commonwealth (d) Exit of Great Britain from BRICS
135. For which movie Akshay kumar was awarded with 64th National Award in best actor category?
(a) Baby (b) Airlift (c) Rustom (d) Jolly LLB-2
136. In which one of the following animals skin is a respiratory organ?
(a) Frog (b) Shark (c) Whale (d) Cockroach
137. What does ‘MOV’ extension file refers to in the field of computer?
(a) Image file (b) Animation or movie file (c) Audio File (d) MS Word file
138. Which country has the highest production of Barley?
(a) China (b) India (c) Russia (d) France
139. Stethoscope was invented by
(a) Bessemer (b) Rane Laennec (c) Henry Becquarrel (d) None of these
140. Where is ‘The Great Victoria Desert’ located?
(a) Canada (b) Africa (c) Australia (d) America
141. Where is the headquarters of UNESCO?
(a) Rome (b) Geneva (c) New York (d) Paris
142. Who defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in the second battle of Tarain?
(a) Akbar (b) Sahajahan (c) Mohammed Ghori (d) Babar
143. The largest glaciers are ____?
(a) Mountain glaciers (b) Alpine glaciers (c) Continental glaciers (d) Piedmont glaciers
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144. India won its first Olympic hockey gold in

(a) 1928 (b) 1932 (c) 1936 (d) 1948
145. Which city was India’s cleanest city as per the survey of Swachh Bharat Survey 2017?
(a) Bhopal (b) Indore (c) Tiruchirapally (d) Mumbai
146. Who lunched “Vidya- Veerta Abhiyan” to encourage Universities to display portraits of Param Veer Chakra-decorated soldiers?
(a) Prakash Javadekar (b) Harsh Vardhan (c) Smriti Zubin Irani (d) Venkaiah Naidu
147. Oncogene is responsible for ?
(a) Cancer (b) Aids (c) Malaria (d) Typhoid
148. What is the capital of Sierra Leone?
(a) Bridgetown (b) Georgetown (c) Freetown (d) Capetown
149. Reserve Bank of India was nationalized in the year?
(a) 1935 (b) 1945 (c) 1949 (d) 1969
150. The national Anthem was first sung at which place on 27 December 1911?
(a) Bombay (b) Calcutta (c) Kanpur (d) Allahabad
RMS CET 2021

‘Kuchipudi’ is a popular folk dance of which of the following states?
(a) Tamil Nadu (b) Karnataka (c) Odisha (d) Andhra Pradesh
What is the currency of Bhutan?
(a) Ngultrum (b) Kuna (c) Lev (d) Peso
Which is the highest gallantry award in India?
(a) Param VishishtatSeva Medal (b) Kirti Chakra (c) Vir Chkra (d) Param Vir Chakra
Which Is the most fertile soil
(a) Alluvial soil (b) red soil (c) black soil (d) Laterite soil
The book titled ‘Loktantra ke Swar’ is the compilation of speeches of which Indian leader?
(a) Venkaiah Naidu (b) Ram Nath Kovind (c) Narendra Modi (d) Arun Jaitley
Indian Army has built a memorial for its personnel killed during the Galwan Clash at which place?
(a) Ladakh (b) SIliguri (c) Jammu (d) Shillong
What is the name of the fitness campaign launched by the union sport Minister from 15th August to 2nd October?
(a) Run India (b) Fit India Freedom Run (c) Fitness India Run (d) Khelo India Marathon
Which country is to play host to the 2023 International Cricket Council (ICC) World CUP?
(a) England (b) India (c) South Africa (d) Australia
Which scientist disover the radioactive element radium?
(a) lsaac Newton (b) Albert Einstein (c) Benjamin Franklin (d) Marie Curie
Which among the following are commonly known as shooting stars?
(a) Meteor (b) Comet (c) Planet (d) Asteroid
Who among the following is the Supreme Commander of Indian armed forces?
(a) President of India (b) Vice President of India
(c) Prime Minister of India (d) Defence Minister of India
Which of the following is not a primary greenhouse gas found in earth’s atmosphere?
(a) Carbon dioxide (b) Methane (c) Water Vapour (d) Nitrogen Oxide
Hornbill festival celebrated in which state of India?
(a) Manipur (b) Nagaland (c) Meghalaya (d) Mizoram
Which of the following is a book written by Dr A P J Abdul kalam?
(a) Indian Modernity (b) The Transparent Mind (c) A brief History of time (d) Wing of fire
Which is the Capital of Spain?
(a) Toledo (b) Barcelona (c) Madrid (d) Bilbao
What is the name of the Indigenously Developed Anti Radiation Missile, tested DRDO?
(a) Rudram (b) Shiva (c) Shakti (d) Rakshak
The Martyrdom day of which Sikh Guru is observed in the month November, as ‘Shaheed Diwas’?
(a) Guru Tegh Behadur (b) Guru Hargobind (c) Guru Govind Singh (d) Guru Ram Das
Who created the lengendary comic character of ‘Mowgli’?
(a) Vishnu Sharma (b) Rudyard Kipling (c) Ruskin Bond (d) R.K. Narayan
96
In which filed is the Arjun Award given?

(a) Science (b) Sports (c) Music (d) Medical
What is measured by Barometer?
(a) Rain (b) Wind Speed (c) Atmospheric Pressure (d) Temperature
Where is the Head quarter of ISRO situated ?
(a) Sriharikota (b) Bengaluru (c) Chennai (d) Goa
Who is the Agriculture Minister of India?
(a) Narinder Singh Tomar (b) Harsimrat Kaur (c) Arjun Munda (d) Kiren Rijiju
Who is the head of State Bank of India?
(a) Atanu Kumar Das (b) Dinesh kumar Khara (c) Rajnish kumar (d) A.S. Rajeev
What is Dry Ice?
(a) Liquid Sulphur Dioxide (b) Liquid Oxygen (c) Liquid Nitrogen (d) Solid Carbon Dioxide
Which is the longest National Highway of India?
(a) 44/NH44 (b) 48/NH48 (c) 27/NH27 (d) 52/NH52
What did Gandhiji do to break the salt law ?
(a) Dandi march (b) Ahmedabad March (c) Champaran (d) All
Which state has the highest population density of India?
(a) West Bengal (b) Tamilnadu (c) Uttar Pradesh (d) Maharashtra
Who is known as Iron Man of India?
(a) Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel (b) Lala Lajpat Rai (c) Jawahal Lal Nehru (d) Mahatma Gandhi
Who abolished the practice of ‘sati’ during the British period?
(a) Dalhousie (b) Wellesley (c) William Bentinck (d) Mayo
Which one of them is not a good conductor of electricity?
(a) Silver (b) Copper (c) Aluminium (d) Mica
What is the longitude of a place on the prime meridian?
(a) 360° (b) 180° (c) 90° 9d) 0°
Guru Gobind Singh was the son of
(a) Guru Tegh Bahadur (b) Guru Arjan Dev (c) Guru HarGobind (d) Guru Nanak
What is the percentage of Nitrogen in atmosphere of the Earth?
(a) 75.03 (b) 76.03 (c) 78.03 (d) 78.05
Earth’s surface which is located at the height of 8km from poles and 16km from the equator?
(a) Mesosphere (b) Atmosphere (c) troposphere (d) Stratosphere
Which nutrients help our growth?
(a) Proteins (b) Fats and carbohydrates (c) Vitamin and minerals(d) All of these
There are seven continents in the world. In term of area, the largest continent is…..and the smallest continent is
(a) Asia, Antarctica (b) Asia, Australia (c) Africa, Antarctica (d) Africa, Australia
Which is the largest Archipelago country in the world?
(a) Indonesia (b) Malaysia (c) Zealand (d) Malta
Who invented world wild web
(a) Time Berners-Lee (b) Bob Kahn (c) Steve jobs (d) Bill Gates
Who is the founder and current CEO of electric cars manufacturing company “Tesla”?
(a) Bill Gates (b) Larry Page (c) Elon Musk (d) Jeff Bezos
Which of the following river drains into Bay of Bengal.
(a) Krishna (b) Tapi (c) Sutluj (d) Narmada
The Saltiest water body in the world is
(a) Red Sea (b) Pacific Ocean (c) Dead Sea (d) Indian Ocean
Sahyadris is also known as
(a) Aravali (b) Western Ghats (c) Himadri (d) Eastern Ghats
On which date the Constitution of India was adopted?
(a) 26 November 1949 (b) 15 August 1947 (c) 26 January 1950 (d) 15 August 1950
Name the countries which lie on either side of Durand Line
(a) Indian and Pakistan (b) Iran and Iraq (c) Afghanistan and Pakistan (d) India and China

History of India

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History of India

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•Harappan were not aware of iron, gold and horse.

8. Razia Sultan was the first Muslim woman to rule

Islamic Invasion in India SAYYID DYNASTY (1414)

JAHANGIR (1605-27) BAHMANI EMPIRE

LAND REVENUE SYSTEMS Reforms by the English

Indian National Movement (1885-1907) • Dandi March – From Sabarmati to Dandi .

Associations— Revolt and Movements —

Part – 2 – Citizenship (Article 5-11)

Constituent Assembly Part -3 – Fundamental rights

Attorney General (Article-76)  Zila Panchayat of Parishad

Legislative Council NITI Ayog

 Some famous constellations – Ursa major,

Earth  Sea of tranquillity is on Moon.

 Latitudes are the lines parallel to the equator.

 Asia is the largest continent by area and Famous Mountain Range –

Sunda Indian Ocean/ Java

Rivers International Boundaries

• It passes through 8 states – Gujarat,

Drainage Sysytem of India

The Coastal Plains The Ganga System

The Island Group

 Brahmaputra is known as Jamuna in Green revolution

Transport  Indian Population – 121 crore (2011)

Seshachalam Hills Andhra Pradesh Panaji Mandvi

 Lagoon lakes — Vembanad , Ashtamudi

Major Tribes of India — Methods of Agriculture

Nubra Ladakh  India is a mixed Economy.

 Sensex is related to BSE. ENVIRONMENT –

 Flora—Plants of a region ..  IUCN ( International Union for Conservation

Important Days – June 08 – Ocean’s day

Dec 22 — National Mathematics day  2023 Asian Games — Hangzhou, China

Sports and Games — Football —

Olympics —  First Football World Cup —1930 , Uruguay (

 FIDE is related to Chess. Sports Terms—

Famous Stadiums  Started in 1901 , in memory of Alfred Nobel

Gallantry Awards — Film Awards —

 Highest literature award in India — Jnanpith Golden Threshold Sarojini Naidu

India Wins Freedom Abul Kalam Azad Indian Defence –

Indian Defence Reasearch Program—  First woman cosmonaut— Valentina

 Father of Indian Space Program— Vikram

Jordon Amman Vietnam Hanoi

Sudan Khartoum Korea Won

Italy Rome Kuwait Dinar

Switzerland Bern Nepal Rupee

Netherlands Amsterdam Bhutan Nglutrum

Thailand Bangkok Pakistan Rupee

Syria Damascus Sri Lanka Rupee

Lebanon Beirut Myanmar Kyat

Uganda Kampala Saudi Arabia Rial

United Kingdom London Thailand Baht

Ukraine Kiev UAE Dirham

USA Washington DC Canada Dollar

United Arab Emirates (UAE) Abu Dhabi USA Dollar

Argentina Peso Largest Archipelago Indonesia

 Bismarck of India , Iron Man — Sardar Patel National Emblems of Countries

 Kathak is story telling dance. Teejan Bai Folk dancer

Famous Dress Around World --  Land of White Elephant — Thailand

Legislatures of various Countries