about the authors

Dr. Keith Armstrong earned his MSc in 1978 and PhD in 1990 in Adhesion Science
and Technology from City University in London, England. His career began in 1948
at Vickers-Armstrongs (Aircraft) Ltd. Weybridge as an aviation apprentice and then
as a design draftsperson. He subsequently served as a technical officer in the Royal
Air Force and later as an experimental officer at the National Physical Laboratory in
Teddington, UK.
He spent the next 24 years of his career with British Airways (BA). Along with his
work on carbon fiber/Nomex honeycomb floor panels, he developed many new methods
in the infancy of the industry. He later served as a consultant to DuPont on composite
repairs using honeycomb and Kevlar, and then as a quality audit engineer for Aerobond
in the United Kingdom. After retiring from BA, he worked on a call-out basis advising
on composite repairs for Monarch Airlines.
From 1988 to 1991, Dr. Armstrong chaired the IATA Composite Repair Task Force.
He is also a Fellow of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Royal Aeronautical
Society, and the Institute of Materials, Minerals, and Mining. He retired from BA when
they transferred their composites repair work to Bristol, UK and he was close to BA’s
normal retirement age. Dr. Armstrong has written more than 30 technical papers and
compiled the Composite Metal Bonding Glossary published by SAE. He was a part-time
lecturer at Brunel and Plymouth Universities, the University of Bristol, Brooklands
College, and East Surrey College. He held a private pilot’s license for 28 years, is keen on
family history, and has been a member of the Methodist Church for more than 50 years.

Eric Chesmar graduated from the University of Pennsylvania with a degree in Chemical
Engineering. He started his career working at Hercules Inc. in reliability, quality and
manufacturing of composite structures. He  joined United Airlines (United) San
Francisco Maintenance Base in 1991 to support the Composite Shop in Component
Maintenance. He has provided the full range of engineering support for the composite
shop and the airline. This has included repair of structures for all fleet types, failure and
reliability analysis, and support of the PAA tank line, autoclave, and materials testing lab.
He obtained Major Repair Authority in 2010 and is currently a Major Repair Authority
in United’s ODA. He also represented United during 777, 787, and A380 Design-Build
Teams for issues related to composite structures.
From 1999 to 2002, he participated in a Team Certification Program at the University
of Washington. The Team researched moisture ingression in honeycomb structures
through producing multiple design options for wing panels with built-in moisture
monitors that were used in service on a 767 for two years, performed numerous lab
studies on the effects of moisture in honeycomb structures, performed thermographic
inspections of over 30 aircraft, and published many papers on the results.
He has also presented in many government workshops, including the Federal
Aviation Administration (FAA) Bonded Structures Workshop (2004); AMTAS Workshop
on Training (2006); FAA Workshop on Composite Damage Tolerance and Maintenance,
Chicago (2011); and National Academy of Sciences Workshop on the Increased Use of
Advanced Composites (2004), and contributed to GAO Report on FAA Actions to Oversee
the Safety of Composite Airplanes (2011). He authored the section “Product Reliability,

©2020 SAE International 531
532 About the Authors

In-Service Experience, and Lessons Learned” of the ASM International Handbook Volume
21—Composites. He is currently serving on the FAA Aviation Rulemaking Advisory
Committee for Transport Airplane Metallic and Composite Structures Working Group.
Mr. Chesmar joined the CACRC in 1994, serving as Chair on the Design Task
Group which published AE-27 Design of Durable, Repairable, and Maintainable Aircraft
Composites and AIR 5416 Maintenance Life Cycle Cost Model. He served as Chair and
Vice-Chair of the committee and continues to serve on the Executive Committee,
Procedures Task Group, and Design Task Group.

Mr. Francois Museux is the chairman of the Repair Task Group of the SAE/IATA/
ATA Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee. He  leads the Airbus
Composite Repair Task Group in charge to update the Airbus Structural Repair Manual
Chapter 51. Prior to his current position, Mr. Museux was a Materials and Processes
Engineer with Rohr. He presented several papers on composite repairs in national and
international conferences.
He received his engineering degree in Materials and Physics from the Institut
National des Sciences Appliquees, in Lyon, France. He received his postgraduate degree
in macromolecular and composite materials from the Ecole des Mines in Saint-Etienne,
also in France. His work on the characterization of the mechanical behavior of composite
materials using the local viscoelastic response was presented at the International
Committee on Composite Materials (ICCM IV).
index

Abrading, 252–253 epoxy-based matrix resins and latch positions, damage at, 415
Abrasion, 230 adhesives for aerospace use, lightning damage, 425–428
Acetone, 242 52–53 moisture/fluid ingress
Acrylics, 59 mechanical properties, 51–52 bad edge sealing of honeycomb
Adherend failure, 477 physical and chemical properties, section, 421–422
Adherend interlaminar tension 50–51 composite parts, 420–421
failure, 477 Advisory Circulars (ACs), 224 in radomes, 420
Adhesive behavior, in bonded joints Aerodynamic smoothness, 154, 233 moisture ingress, 432
adhesive shear stress and strain, Aerovac, Airtech International Inc., panel interference, 429
478–479 271–272 panel size, 425
elastic and plastic adhesive behavior, Agitation, 406 pre-preg tape, 428
479–487 Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM), resin physical properties, 431–432
adhesive shear stress and strain, 225, 414 sealing honeycomb panel, 422, 424
484, 485 Aircraft structures thermal expansion problem, 429
elastic-elastic condition, 483 early, 5 tooling holes through honeycomb,
elastic-plastic condition, 483 modern, 5 424
plastic-plastic conditions, 483 Airlines for America, 225 toughened resin matrices, 430
typical shear stress-strain, Airvac 22 venturi-type vacuum water wicking problem, 417–420
479–481 pump, 365 Anti-static coatings, 449
joint adherend effects, 488–492 Airworthiness Directives (ADs), Anti-static paint, 86–87
adherend stiffness and thermal 224–225 Aramid fiber, 27–28, 162–163, 252, 317
mismatch, 490–492 Airworthiness Notices, 225 aircraft, aramid fabrics used on, 29
adherend stiffness mismatch, 492 Alodine/Alochrom 1200, 397–399 chemical properties, 29
adherend thermal mismatch, Alumina fiber, 30 considerations, 364
490, 492 Aluminum flame spray, 449 creep properties, 28–29
coefficient of thermal American Military Standards, 301 design considerations, 28
expansion, 488 Amorphous carbon, 24 finishes, 44
shear stress and strain, 489 Analyzed reports in repairs, 28
thermal match, 492 aluminum alloy, 431 water absorption, 29
PABST program, 492–494 aluminum alloy honeycomb, 431 Autoclave bonding, 114–117
temperature and moisture effects, composite parts and test piece, 431 Autoclaves, 366
487–488 composite-skinned honeycomb Automated Dynamics
Adhesive bond, 504 panels, 430 Corporation, 106
Adhesive failure, 477 cowlings being slammed shut, 425
Adhesive fillets, 64 cracking in surface filler, 424 BAE Systems Regional Aircraft Ltd., 7
Adhesives, 152 drilling out blind fasteners, 417 Bagging, 269
film, 60–63 edge of panels, 413–415, 430 Bagging film sealant tape, 269
foaming, 59–60 engine cowlings, 430 Bagging sequence, 274
glue-line thickness control, fastener holes, damage at, 415–417 Bag side, 269
62–65 fatigue strength of scarf joints, 431 Balanced laminate, 130, 132
hazards associated with, 160 filament-wound parts, 428–429 Barely visible impact damage (BVID),
in-service effects, on resin systems, fuselage ice protection plates, 425 148, 188, 200, 413
65–66 heat shield inadequate, 424 Barrier creams, 369
liquid and paste, 58–59 honeycomb panels, 412–413 Beetle resin, 384
and matrix resins honeycomb punctures, 413 Blade selection and speed, 363–364
epoxy and phenolic hot exhaust air, 428 Bleeder cloths, 269, 272
pre-pregs and film adhesives, inadequate water drainage, 429 Bleed-out fabric, 269
53–55 laminate thickness, 431 Blind bolt installation, 327

©2020 SAE International 533
534 Index

Blind fastener removal, 329 Casein glues, 384 deterioration in normal service,
Blind repairs, 259, 262–264 Caul plate 9–10
Blind rivet installation, 324–325 honeycomb cores, 282 physical/chemical damage, 8–9
Blind rivets, 303 meatal caul plate, 282 definition, 1–2
Boeing 787, 6, 124 uses of, 281 early aircraft structures, 5
Boeing B.757 SRM 51-40-04, 325 Chart recorders, 367 in high-speed trains, 8
Bolt inserts, 315–316 Cherry MaxiBolt® blind bolts, 312 history of composite materials, 2
Bolt removal, 329 Chlorinated solvents, 164–165 modern aircraft structures and
Bond durability, 405 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), applications, 5
Bonded fasteners, 330 158, 159 monolithic laminated structures,
Bonded joints Chromic acid anodizing, 400 123–125
adhesive behavior in, 478–494 Circumferential winding, 105, 106 projected use of, 5–8
adhesive peel stress and Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), in racing yacht, 7
displacement, 494–502 147, 223 sandwich structures, 125–127, 129
composite material peel Cleaning agents in sports car, 7
failure, 495 alkaline detergent cleaners, 243 tailored design, 130
eccentric joint deflection, 495 AMS 3819 cleaning cloths, 243 thermoplastic resin
loaded lap joint, 496, 499 citrus-based cleaners, 242 advantages, 4
maximum adherend cleaning brushes, 243 disadvantages, 4
displacement, 497 cold-water wash equipment, 244 thermosetting resin
shear stresses, 494 cotton swabs, 243 advantages, 3–4
tapered and untapered, 501–502 emulsion-type cleaners, 243 disadvantages, 3
upper adherend midplane, hot-water wash equipment, 243–244 Composite-skinned Nomex
496, 498 solvents, 242 honeycomb panels, 413
design recommendations, 504–505 steam-cleaning equipment, 243 Composite-skinned sandwich-type
durability, 502–503 vapor-degreasing equipment, 244 tooling, 375–376
failure modes of, 477 wipe cleaning cloths, 243 Computer-aided design (CAD)
repair considerations, 504 Click Bond Inc., 330 methods, 219
types of, 475–476 Coefficient of thermal expansion Conductive coatings, 86–87, 449
Bonding surfaces, 315 (CTE), 116, 117, 331, 372, 420 Contaminants, 135–136
Bond testers, 200 Cohesive failure, 477 Control of Substances Hazardous to
Boron fibers, 30, 167 Color charting, 367 Health (COSHH) Regulations,
Breather, 269 Color samples, 407 157
Breather cloths, 272 Commercial Aircraft Composite Core materials, 66–68
Bridging, 269 Repair Committee (CACRC), fluted core, 76–77
British Airways, 85 222, 241, 317, 411 foam core materials
British Standard BS 7750 Compatibility, 301–302 advantages and disadvantages, 70
Environmental Management Component additional worksheet, foam density, 70
Systems, 158 336, 338 material types, 68–69
Butser Hill farm project, 2 Component documentation, 354 honeycomb core materials
Component Maintenance Manual cell shapes, 75
Calibration records, 351–352 (CMM), 225 honeycomb configurations, 71
Carbide/cobalt-tipped spade Component master worksheet, honeycomb densities and cell
bits, 317 336, 337 sizes, 75–76
Carbon fiber, 27, 449 Component record card, 340, 341 honeycomb manufacturing
carbon fiber manufacture, 22–23 Composite fasteners, 331–332 processes, 70
categories, 25 Composite parts, 250 honeycomb material types,
finishes, 43–44 Composites 72–75
future development, 23 BAE Systems Regional Aircraft standard honeycomb cell, 72
PAN-based carbon fiber Ltd., 7 syntactic core, 77
production, 26 Boeing 787, 6 wood, 68
preparation, 23 characteristics, 2 Corrosion-inhibiting adhesive primers
properties, 24 composite parts (CIAP), 405
structure, 24 avoidance of damage and Corrosion-resistant bond
types, 25 reduction of deterioration in primers, 505
Carbonization, 24, 25 service, 10–13 Curing/drying, 407
 535
Index

Curing stages moisture meters, 200–202 cure chart/data strip, 336

defined, 285–286 tap test, 187 nondestructive and destructive
direct vs. indirect heating, 286–287 advantages, 188 inspection data, 349
elevated-temperature cure, 286 disadvantages, 188–189 nonroutine work documents, 348,
heat sinks, 291–292 thermography, 199–200 349
hot bonder and heater blanket ultrasonic inspection, 189–197 return to service/logbook
usage, 290–291 visual inspection, 182–186 sign-offs, 350
low-temperature cure, 286 x-ray methods, 197–198 routine work documents,
ramp rates and soak cycles, 287 Dams, 282 336–350
temperature control and Debagging precautions, 285 training records, 354–356
monitoring, 287 Debulking, 269 Drawing Change Notices (DCNs), 219
temperature control problems, Deflection temperature under load Drawing numbering systems
289–290 (DTUL), 54–55 ply charts, 220
thermocouple placement, 287–289 Delamination, 206–207, 230, 317, 318 production drawings, 219
thermocouples, 292–293 Dermatitis, 173 repair drawings/repair schemes, 220
Cutting wheels, 360 advanced stages, 174 Drills
Cylindrical Body Wedgelock early stages, 174 bushings, 359
(CBX), 321 internal damage, 173 drill bit and cutting tool selection,
major skin damage, 173 358
medical screening of personnel, 175 lubrication and cooling, 359
Damage and repair assessment, 181 minor skin damage, 173 speed and feed rates, 358–359
bond testers, 200 personal hygiene, 174 DuPont, 27
damage mapping treatment, 174
aging of resin, 211 Design certification Ebonite, 69
bearing damage, 211 allowable damage limits, 441 Eddy current inspection, 198–199
bond failures, 211–212 critical damage threshold, 440–441 Elastic analysis, 151
chemical damage, 214 damage tolerance capability, proof Electrical appliances, safety
delamination, 211 of, 443 requirements
erosion and wear, 215 fatigue capability, proof of, 442–443 hangar areas, 178
heat damage, 212–214 full-scale structure, 442 high risk, 177
honeycomb structures, 209, 210 load vs. damage size, 441 labeling portable equipment, 178
impact damage, 211 nondestructive inspection remotely high risk, 177–178
matrix crazing, 211 techniques, 440 Electrical requirements
moisture ingress, 214–215 residual strength curve electromagnetic interference,
solid laminates, 210 comparison, 440 141–142
surface scratches, 211 static capability, proof of, 442 electrostatic discharge, 142–143
translaminar cracking, 211 Structural Repair Manual, 441 galvanic corrosion, 139–141
damage types Destructive inspection, 349 lightning strike energy dispersion,
chemical damage, 208 Diamond wheel trimmers, 360 143
cracking, 207 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier radar transmissivity, 143–144
delamination, 206–207 transform (DRIFT), 212 Electromagnetic interference (EMI),
disbond, 206 Diffusion theory, 388 141–142, 413
fatigue damage, 208 Disbonding methods Electron beam machining, 329
heat damage, 207 adhesives and resins, 245–246 Electronic speckle pattern shearing
moisture ingress, 208 composite parts, 247–248 interferometry (ESPSI), 204
drying of composites, 202–203 existing repair, removal of, 247 Electrostatic discharge, 142–143
eddy current inspection, 198–199 sardine-can method, 246 Electrostatic theory, 387
interferometry/shearography, Diverter strips, 449 Envelope bagging, 273
203–205 Documentation Environmental durability, 390–391
mechanical damage calibration records, 351–352 Epoxy adhesives, 386
disassembly damage, 209 component documentation, 354 Erosion, 136–137
erosion damage, 209 material control records, 352–354 Erosion-resistant coatings, 87–88
impact damage, 208 process control documents, 335–336 Ethylene chloro trifluoro ethylene, 269
screwdriver damage, 208–209 clean-room temperature and Ethylene tetrafluoro ethylene, 269
stone impact, 209 humidity, 350 European Aviation Safety Agency
tire protector disintegration, 209 coupon test results, 350 (EASA), 217
536 Index

European Commission Fiber sizing and finish Handling and storage

Eco-Management and Audit aramid fiber finishes, 44 hangar/workshop, care of materials
Scheme Regulation, 158 carbon fiber finishes, 43–44 in, 103–104
Exothermic reactions, 169–170 glass fiber finishes, 40–43 kitting, 102
Expanded foils, 449 Filament winding, 105–107 recertification, 102–103
Exposure limits, 166 Filler usage, 296–297 shelf life out-time, 101–102
Film adhesives shipping and receiving, 93
FAA/JAA form 1, 340, 344 epoxy, 60–61 storage practices, 94–101
Fastener substitution, 330 vinyl-phenolic, 62 temperature requirements, 93–94
Fatigue, 121, 122, 145–147, 199, 208, Fire prevention, 176–177 Hand routers, 361–362
431, 442, 502, 503, 519, 520 Fire resistance, 137–138 Hand shears, 361
Fatigue critical structure (FCS), 122 Flame-sprayed aluminum, 86 Hand tools and techniques
Federal Aviation Administration Fluorinated ethylene propylene, 269 cast cutter, 362
(FAA), 147, 217, 224 Fluorinated polymers, 269 cutting utensils, 361
Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), Fluted core, 76–77 drills, 358–359
217, 224, 443 Foam core materials hand routers, 361–362
Fiberglass, 162 advantages and disadvantages, 70 high-speed grinders, 359–360
Fiber placement system (FPS), 113 foam density, 70 orbital sanders, 362
Fiber reinforcement material types, 68–69 painting equipment, 363
alumina/boria/silica fibers, 30–31 Foam density, 70 resin applicators, 363
alumina fiber, 30 Foaming adhesives, 59–60 Health and safety equipment
alumina/silica fibers, 30 Foaming film adhesives, 60 barrier creams, 369
aramid fibers, 27–28 Foaming paste adhesives, 59–60 dust and vapor masks, 368
aircraft, aramid fabrics used Forest Products Laboratory (FPL), eye and ear protection, 369
on, 29 399–400 fume cupboards, 369
chemical properties, 29 Fothergill Engineered Fabrics Ltd., 27 gloves and coveralls, 368–369
creep properties, 28–29 Fume cupboards, 369 Heater blankets, 290, 366
design considerations, 28 Heat guns, 366
in repairs, 28 Galvanic corrosion, 139–141 Heating devices, 365–367
water absorption, 29 Gel coat, 374 Heat lamps, 366
boron fibers, 30 Glass fiber Heat sinks, 291–292
carbon fibers additional nomenclature, 43 Hex drive bolts, 309–311
carbon and graphite fibers, 23–27 fabric design and nomenclature, 41 High local bearing stresses, 318
carbon fiber manufacture, 22–23 finishes, 40–43 High-speed grinders, 359–360
future development, 23 manufacture, 20 Hi-Lite® fasteners, 309
glass fiber, 16, 17 aircraft repairs, 22 Hi-Loks®, 308–309
glass fiber manufacture, 20–22 basic manufacturing process, 21 Hole preparation
glass manufacture, 17, 20 chopped strand mat machine, 22 drilling, 316–318
high-performance fibers and Glass manufacture, 17 edge distance and fastener pitch, 320
common metals “A” glass, 20 hole protection, 321
cross-plied unidirectional “C” glass, 20 hole sizes and tolerances, 318–319
tape, 15 “D” glass, 20 Hollow end rivets, 303–304
fiber properties, 19 “E” glass, 20 Holographic interferometry, 203–205
mechanical properties, of “R” glass, 20 HOneycomb Before Expansion
advanced composite fibers, 18 “S” glass, 20 (HOBE®) block, 70
single fiber, 15 Glass-reinforced plastics (GRP), 2, 16 Honeycomb core materials
specific mechanical properties, 17 Glass transition temperature, 54, 65, cell shapes, 75
specific strength and modulus, 16 134, 214 honeycomb configurations, 71
unidirectional tape, 15 Graphite fiber manufacturing honeycomb densities and cell sizes,
woven fabric, 15 process, 26 75–76
polybenzimidazole fibers, 32 Greenhouse effect, 158 honeycomb manufacturing
polyethylene fibers, 31 Grit blast/silane, 397 processes, 70
quartz fibers, 32 GromEx system, 321 honeycomb material types, 72–75
silicon carbide fibers, 32 Grommeting holes, 320 standard honeycomb cell, 72
Vectran HS fibers, 32 Grommets, 315–316 Hooke’s law, 445
 537
Index

Hot air blowers, 366 Poisson’s ratio analysis, 464–466 Lockbolts, 306–309, 326–327
Hot bonders, 290 simplified analysis techniques, Long carbon (LC) fibers, 332
Hot-bonding considerations, 116, 117 457–460 Long glass (LGL) fibers, 332
Huck Ti-Matic® blind bolt, 313 carbon tape lamina, 458 Long quartz (LQ) fibers, 332
Huck UniMatic® blind bolt, 313 classical laminated plate theory LTM 12, 377
Humidity, 135, 350 analysis, 457 LTM 16, 377
Hydrofluoric acid etching, 395–397 glass and aramid fibers, 459 LTM 317-1B, 377
Hygrothermal effects, 137 lamina orientations, 458
original equipment manufacturer, Maintenance Occurrence Reports
Illustrated Parts Catalog (IPC), 218, 457 (MORs), 349
219, 226, 229 thermal stresses and moisture Manufacturing techniques
Impact resistance, 147–148 absorption effects, 458 autoclave bonding, 114–117
Incident reports, 348 variables, 459 filament winding, 105–107
Injected repairs, 265–266 strength (F) analysis, 463–464 injection molding, 111–113
Injection molding, 111–113 Laminate repair design lay-up methods, for fabrics and
Inspection report, 340, 342 aerodynamic smoothness, 455–456 tapes
Intermediate splash, 374 flight control balance moment, 455 automated lay-up, 108–109
Internal documents lightning and electrostatic hand lay-up, 107–108
alternative materials procedures, 221 protection, 448–455 oven curing, 118
alternative parts procedures, 221 aluminum-coated fiber, 451 press molding, 114
design deviation authorizations, aluminum flame spray, 449 pultrusion, 109–110
engineering instructions, aluminum foil, 452–453 RTM, 110–111
220–221 anti-static and conductive tow placement, 113–114
in-house modifications, 221 coatings, 453–455 vacuum bonding, 114
repair schemes, 221 anti-static coatings, 449 Material control records
Internal wrenching, 304 carbon fiber, 449 freezer log, 353
International Air Transport conductive coatings, 449 manufacturer certifications, 353
Association (IATA), 425 diverter strips, 449, 451–452 out-time log, 353–354
ISO Environmental Management expanded foils, 449 receiving inspection, 352–353
Standards, 178–179 flame spray, 449–450 Material safety data sheet (MSDS), 164,
Isopropyl alcohol (IPA), 242 metallic conductive frames, 449 165, 167–169, 171
Isoscope, 407 metallic/expanded foil mesh, Materials record sheet, 336, 339
450–451 Matrix (resin) systems, 44
Joint Airworthiness Requirements/ metallic meshes, 449 and adhesives
Joint Aviation Requirements metallic straps/picture epoxy and phenolic pre-pregs and
(JARs), 217, 224 frames, 452 film adhesives, 53–55
Joint design, 150, 152 radome diverter strips, 449 epoxy-based matrix resins and
Joint durability, 504 viscoelasticity, 448 adhesives for aerospace use,
Joint efficiency, 150 operational and glass transition 52–53
temperature, 448 mechanical properties, 51–52
Ketone solvents, 164 recommendations, 456–457 physical and chemical properties,
Kitting, 102 stability, 447 50–51
Knives, 361 stiffness, 445–447 epoxy wet resins
strength, 447 mixing, 56–57
Laminate analysis techniques Laser-pumped fluorescence (LPF), 212 weighing, 55–56
elastic modulus (E) analysis Lay-up methods, for fabrics and tapes polyester resins, 57–58
carbon fabric, 462 automated lay-up, 108–109 thermoplastic composites, 45–46
carbon tapes, 461 hand lay-up thermosetting resins, 46–50
glass and aramid woven pre-preg lay-ups, 108 Measuring devices, 367–368
fabrics, 462 wet lay-up, 107–108 Mechanical anchoring theory, 388
laminate orientations, 461 Leading and lagging Mechanical damage, 208–209
woven fabrics, 461 thermocouples, 289 Mechanical fastening systems
in-plane shear modulus, 466–467 Length determination, 322 blind fastener removal, 329
in-plane shear strength, 467, Lightning strike energy dispersion, 143 blind rivets, 303
469–470 Liquid and paste adhesives, 58–59 bolt removal, 329
538 Index

bonded fasteners, 330 impact resistance, 147–148 Semco Pasa-Jell, 395

compatibility, 301–302 stiffness, 145 sol-gel process, 399
composite fasteners, 331–332 tensile and flexural strength, surface preparation, 392–395, 404
electron beam machining, 329 144–145 Metal-coated fabric, 86
fastener installation Megohmmeter, 368 Metallic conductive frames, 449
blind bolt installation, 327 Melinex ™, 107 Metallic meshes, 449
blind rivet installation, 324–325 Metal bonding, 385–386 Metallic surface preparation, 255–257
Composi-Loks, 327, 329 abrasive cleaning, 395 Metal-to-metal bonding, 267
length determination, 322 adhesion Micro-balloons, 79
lockbolt installation, 326–327 diffusion theory, 388 Micrometers/calipers, 367
Radial-Lok installation, 327 electrostatic theory, 387 Military aircraft, 384
robotic installation of bolts, 327 environmental durability, Milled fibers, 79
solid rivet installation, 322–324 390–391 Moisture meters, 200–202
standard bolt installation, humidity effects, 391 Mold release agent, 270
325–326 mechanical anchoring theory, 388 Monogram Aerospace Fasteners
temporary clamping, 321 physical adsorption theory, 388 Inc., 315
fastener standards physical and chemical Monogram Composi-Lok® blind
American Military Standards, 301 forces, 389 bolts, 312
International Organization for temperature effects, 391 Monogram MXP Performer ™ bolt, 313
Standardization (ISO) metric van der Waals forces, 388, 389 Monogram OSI-Bolt ™, 312–313
standards, 301 advantages of, 391–392 Monogram Radial-Lok® (MRL) blind
National Aerospace Alodine/Alochrom 1200, 397–399 bolts, 312
Standards, 301 chromic acid anodizing, 400 M50P moisture meter, 201
fastener substitution, 330 disadvantages of, 392
fastener symbols and FPL etch, 399–400 National Aerospace Standards (NAS),
interpretation, 300 grit blast/silane, 397 222, 300, 301
hole preparation history and requirements National Institute of Occupational
drilling, 316–318 adhesives, requirements for, 387 Safety and Health
edge distance and fastener adhesives usage and development, (NIOSH), 163
pitch, 320 383–384 Nomex aramid honeycomb, 413
hole protection, 321 beetle resin, 384 Non-crimp fabrics (NCFs), 37, 38
hole sizes and tolerances, 318–319 casein glues, 384 Nondestructive inspection (NDI), 182,
hollow end rivets, 303–304 epoxy adhesives, 386 184, 192, 209, 210, 349
screws, nuts and bolts metal bonding, 385–386 Nonroutine work documents
Cherry MaxiBolt® blind bolts, 312 military aircraft, 384 incident reports, 348
Hex drive bolts, 309–311 hydrofluoric acid etching, 395–397 MORs, 349
Huck Ti-Matic® blind bolt, 313 phosphoric acid anodizing Nonvisible damage (NVD), 185
Huck UniMatic® blind bolt, 313 phosphoric acid containment
internal wrenching, 304 system, 401 Occupational Safety and Health
lockbolts, 306–309 phosphoric acid non-tank Administration (OSHA),
Monogram Composi-Lok® blind anodizing, 401–404 157, 242
bolts, 312 primers Oil diffusion pumps, 279
Monogram MXP Performer ™ application of, 405–406 On-the-job-training (OJT), 354
bolt, 313 bond durability, 405 Operational environment, 134
Monogram OSI-Bolt ™, 312–313 bond performance, 405 contaminants, 135–136
Monogram Radial-Lok® (MRL) corrosion-inhibiting adhesive erosion, 136–137
blind bolts, 312 primers (CIAP), 405 fire resistance, 137–138
specialty fasteners, 306 curing/drying, 407 humidity, 135
solid rivet removal, 329 handling primers, 407–408 hygrothermal effects, 137
solid rivets, 302–303 non-CIAP types, 405 temperature, 135
spacers, bolt inserts and grommets, surface protection, 404–405 thermal stresses, 137
315–316 thickness verification, 407 Original design criteria
temporary repairs, 299 types, 405 attachments/joints, 149
Mechanical requirements water-based, corrosion-inhibiting bonded joints, 149–153
creep, 148 primers, 405 mechanically fastened/riveted
fatigue, 145–147 wetting, 405 joints, 153
 539
Index

composite structures safe-life, 121 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 22–24, 26

monolithic laminated structures, single load path, 122 Polybenzimidazole fibers, 32
123–125 SSI, 121 Polyester resins, 57–58
sandwich structures, 125–127, 129 Original equipment manufacturers Polyesters, 59
core orientation and design (OEMs), 53, 217, 219, 220 Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), 4, 45,
characteristics, 134 Service Bulletins 46, 49, 112, 331
design requirements alert, 224 Polyetherimide (PEI), 331
aerodynamic smoothness, 154 mandatory, 223 Polyethylene fibers, 31
weight and balance, 154 non-alert, 224 Polyimide foams, 69
electrical requirements Service Newsletters, 224 Polymethylmethacrylimide, 69
electromagnetic interference, Telex Authority, 224 Polytetrafluoroethylene, 269
141–142 Oven curing, 118 Polyurethane, 59, 69
electrostatic discharge, 142–143 Ovens, 365 Polyvinyl chloride, 68–69
galvanic corrosion, 139–141 Overhaul Manual (OHM), 226, 227 Polyvinylidene fluoride, 270
lightning strike energy Portable bonding equipment, 366
dispersion, 143 Post-repair inspection
radar transmissivity, 143–144 Paint film thickness checker, 367 climbing drum peel test to ASTM
mechanical requirements Paint removal D-1781, 294
creep, 148 OEMs, 244 coupon testing, 294
fatigue, 145–147 paint stripping, 244 lap shear test to ASTM D-1002,
impact resistance, 147–148 particle size and hardness, 245 294–295
stiffness, 145 Parting agent, 270 nondestructive inspection (NDI)
tensile and flexural strength, Perfluoroalkoxy, 269 requirements, 294
144–145 Perforated release film, 270 peel test (“T”-peel) to ASTM
operational environment, 134 Phenolics, 59 D-1876, 295
contaminants, 135–136 Phosphoric acid anodizing tap test, 294
erosion, 136–137 phosphoric acid containment typical inspection problems, 295
fire resistance, 137–138 system, 401 visual inspection, 294
humidity, 135 phosphoric acid non-tank wedge test to ASTM D-3762, 294
hygrothermal effects, 137 anodizing, 401–404 Potted repairs, 266, 267
temperature, 135 Phosphoric acid containment system Press molding, 114
thermal stresses, 137 (PACS), 166 Pressure, 277
ply orientation Phosphoric acid non-tank anodize Primers, 83–84
balance and symmetry, 130, 132 (PANTA), 166 application of, 405–406
nesting laminate, 133 Physical adsorption theory, 388 bond durability, 405
stacking sequence, 133 Pilot drilling, 319 bond performance, 405
warp clock, 128, 131 Pirani, 279 corrosion-inhibiting adhesive
principal, primary and secondary Plastic welding, 268 primers, 405
structures, 119 Pleating, 274 curing/drying, 407
class I principal structure, 120 Ply compaction and debulking, handling primers, 407–408
class II primary structure, 120 284–285 non-CIAP types, 405
class III secondary structure, 120 Ply orientation surface protection, 404–405
consequences of failure, 123 balance and symmetry, 130, 132 thickness verification, 407
damage tolerance, 121 nesting laminate, 133 types, 405
delamination damage, 123 stacking sequence, 133 water-based, corrosion-inhibiting
erosion damage, 123 warp clock, 128, 131 primers, 405
fail-safe, 121 PMR15 polyimide, 331 wetting, 405
FCS, 122 Poisson’s ratio Principal structural element (PSE),
lightning damage, 123 axial elongation and lateral 121, 444
mechanical grade, 120, 121 contraction, 437 Process control documents, 335–336
mechanical impact damage, characteristics, 438 clean-room temperature and
122–123 fiber orientation, 438 humidity, 350
moisture and aging, 123 in-plane Poisson’s ratios, 439 coupon test results, 350
multiple load paths, 122 isotropic element, 438 cure chart/data strip, 336
overheat damage, 123 opposite fiber direction, 438 nondestructive and destructive
PSE, 121 Polar winding, 105, 106 inspection data, 349
540 Index

nonroutine work documents Reinforcement laminate loading

incident reports, 348 fabrics, 33 Poisson’s ratio, 437–439
MORs, 349 effect of weave style, 35, 37 shear stress and strain, 437
return to service/logbook fiber forms and weave tension and compression loads
sign-offs, 350 patterns, 34 and strains, 436–437
routine work documents forms of composite materials, 34 laminate repair design (see
component additional worksheet, NCFs, 37 Laminate repair design)
336, 338 nonwoven randomly oriented repair categorization, 443–444
component master worksheet, mats, 37–39 Repair techniques
336, 337 woven fabric weave styles, 34–36 adhesive usage, 268
component record card, fiber bagging sequence, 274
340, 341 aramid, 27–29 blind repairs, 259, 262–264
FAA/JAA form 1, 340, 344 boron, 30 caul plate and dam usage, 281–282
inspection report, 340, 342 carbon, 22–27 clean room and lay-up area, 241
materials record sheet, 336, 339 glass, 16, 17, 20–22 curing stages
quality control form 1, 340, high-performance fibers and defined, 285–286
345–346 common metals, 15–19 direct vs. indirect heating,
reject note, 340, 349 new, 30–32 286–287
stock record card, 340, 349 tapes, 33 elevated-temperature cure, 286
technical instruction form, Reinforcing holes, 319 heat sinks, 291–292
340, 347 Reject note, 340, 349 hot bonder and heater blanket
three-part serviceable label, Release agent, 270 usage, 290–291
340, 348 Release fabric, 270 low-temperature cure, 286
unserviceable label, 340, 350 Release films, 270, 271 ramp rates and soak cycles, 287
warranty investigation report, Release sheets, 271 temperature control and
340, 343 Repair design monitoring, 287
Protective coatings, 88 bonded joints (see Bonded joints) temperature control problems,
conductive coatings, 86–87 certification load capacity, 289–290
erosion-resistant coatings, 87–88 439–433 thermocouple placement,
finishes, 84–86 core repair design 287–289
primers, 83–84 core material, density and cell thermocouples, 292–293
sealants, 80–81 size, 472–473 damage removal
new-generation polythioether function and loading, 471–472 from composite parts, 250
sealants, 82 recommendations, 473–474 of core material, 250
old-generation Thiokol fastened joints from metal parts, 248–249
sealants, 82 fastened laminate failure modes, of skin and doubler material, 249
silicone sealants, 83 506–508 surface corrosion, 250–251
Viton rubber sealants, 83 fastener failure modes, 509 damage to core and both skins,
Pultrusion, 109–110 fastener load distribution and 257, 261
joint geometry, 514–517 damage to core and one skin,
Quality control form 1, 340, 345–346 fatigue of, 519–520 257, 261
Quartz fibers, 32 gaps and shims, effects debagging precautions and typical
of, 520 problem, 285
Radar transmissivity, 143–144 lay-up orientation, 518 disbonding methods (see
Radial-Lok installation, 327 loaded fastener holes, 513–514 Disbonding methods)
Radome diverter strips, 449 loading of, 510–512 edge band repairs, 257, 259–260
Recertification open-hole stress concentrations, envelope bagging, 273
dry fabrics, 102–103 509–510 hybrid repairs, 259
pre-pregs and film adhesives, 103 pad-ups and hybrid material injected repairs, 265–266
two-part paste adhesives and application, 518–519 metallic surface preparation,
potting compounds, 103 recommendations, 524 255–257
Registration, Evaluation, sandwich panels, 524 metal-to-metal bonding, 267
Authorisation and selection of, 521–523 moisture and contamination
Restriction of Chemicals laminate analysis techniques removal, 251
Hazardous to Health (see Laminate analysis paint removal, 244–245
(REACH), 159 techniques) plastic welding, 268
 541
Index

pleating, 274 Safety and environment, 157 Seemann Composites Resin Infusion
ply compaction and debulking, chemical spillage, 175 Molding Process
284–285 electrical appliances (SCRIMP), 111
post-repair inspection, 294–295 hangar areas, 178 Selectively strippable paint system
potted repairs, 266, 267 high risk, 177 (SSS), 244
repair sanding and ply labeling portable equipment, 178 Self-locking nuts, 325
determination remotely high risk, 177–178 Semco Pasa-Jell, 395
abrading, 252–253 exothermic reactions, 169–170 Separator, 270
step sanding and cutting, explosion risk, 175–176 Service Bulletins, 223–224
253–255 fire prevention, 176–177 Service Newsletters, 224
taper sanding/scarfing, 253 fumes and vapors Shearography, 203–205
selection criteria, 271–272 acid fumes and splash, 165–166 Shelf life/out-time, 101–102
solid laminate repairs, 265, 266 coatings, 165 Shop equipment
squeeze-out, 283–284 exposure limits, 166 air compressors, 364–365
surface bagging, 272–273 fuel, 165 bandsaws, 363–364
surface restoration, 295–297 resin fumes, 163–164 Short carbon (C) fibers, 332
vacuum requirements and sealant vapors, 165 Short glass (G) fibers, 332
principles solvent vapors, 164–165 Shur-Lok inserts, 316
practical techniques, 277–281 ISO Environmental Management Silica, 79
vacuum bonding, 274–275 Standards, 178–179 Silicon carbide fibers, 32
vacuum pressure and MSDS, 169 Silicone sealants, 83
nonperforated honeycomb, respirable fibers and dust Skin contact
275–277 aramid fibers, 162–163 fibers, 166–167
vertical bleed method, 282–283 carbon and graphite fibers, 162 personal protection, skin creams
water break test, 255 fiberglass, 162 for, 169
work area, 241 sanding dust, 163 resins, 167–168
zero-bleed method, 284 safety procedures selection of suitable gloves, 168
Resin fumes, 163–164 dermatitis, 173–175 solvents, 168
Resin infusion under flexible tooling emergency action first-aid Skin peelers, 361
(RIFT), 111 procedures, 171 Society for the Advancement of
Resin transfer molding (RTM), 4, 50, general safety procedures, Material and Process
51, 57, 58, 110–111 171–172 Engineering (SAMPE), 159
Robotic installation, 327 personal safety precautions, Sol-gel process, 399
Rolls-Royce Trent engine, 415 172–173 Solid laminate composites, 299
Router bits, 362 skin contact Solid laminate repairs, 265, 266
Routine work documents fibers, 166–167 Solid laminate tools, 375
component additional worksheet, personal protection, skin creams Solid rivets, 302–303
336, 338 for, 169 installation, 322–324
component master worksheet, resins, 167–168 removal of, 329
336, 337 selection of suitable gloves, 168 Solvay Composite Materials, 380
component record card, 340, 341 solvents, 168 Solvent-repellent creams, 169
FAA/JAA form 1, 340, 344 static discharge prevention, 176 Solvent vapors, 164–165
inspection report, 340, 342 waste disposal, 170–171 Source documents
materials record sheet, 336, 339 workshop conditions, for good Aircraft Maintenance
quality control form 1, 340, bonding, 160–161 Manual, 225
345–346 Sanding discs, 359–360 Airlines for America, 225
reject note, 340, 349 Sanding dust, 163 Component Maintenance
stock record card, 340, 349 Scarf joints, 238–239 Manual, 225
technical instruction form, Scissors, 361 drawing numbering systems
340, 347 Sealants, 80–81 ply charts, 220
three-part serviceable label, 340, 348 new-generation polythioether production drawings, 219
unserviceable label, 340, 350 sealants, 82 repair drawings/repair
warranty investigation report, old-generation Thiokol sealants, 82 schemes, 220
340, 343 silicone sealants, 83 effectivity, 218
Royal Aircraft Establishment Viton rubber sealants, 83 Engine Manual, 227
process, 23 Sealant vapors, 165 Illustrated Parts Catalog, 226
542 Index

internal documents identification impact, 231

alternative materials dry fabrics, 98–99 mechanical clearance, 233
procedures, 221 honeycomb, 99 overhaul/replace, 232–233
alternative parts procedures, 221 one-and two-part paste adhesives, repairable damage, 231–232
design deviation authorizations, primers and potting scoring, 231
engineering instructions, compounds, 99 scratch, 231
220–221 pre-preg and film adhesives, 99 weight and balance, 233
in-house modifications, 221 sheet metals, 99 interim repairs, 227
repair schemes, 221 moisture damage prevention, 97–98 repairable damage, 227
material and process dry fabrics, 97–98 repair methods
specifications, 221 honeycomb, 98 bolted doublers (metal plates) and
company specifications, 222 pre-pregs and film adhesives, 98 bonded doublers (composite
Federal Specifications, 222 release notes and approved patches), 235
ISO specifications and test certificates, 99 boron repair to aluminum, 239
methods, 252–253 adhesives, resins, primers, carbon repair to aluminum,
National Aerospace Standards, 222 potting compounds and 239–240
SAE International, 223 sealants, 101 elevated-temperature wet
U.S. military specifications, 222 dry aramid fabrics, 100 lay-up, 237
original equipment manufacturer dry carbon fiber fabrics, 100 glass repair to aluminum, 239
documents dry glass fiber materials, 100 potted repairs, 234
Service Bulletins, 223–224 honeycomb materials, 101 pre-cured doublers vs. co-cured
Service Newsletters, 224 new fabrics, 101 doublers, 235–236
Telex Authority, 224 pre-pregs and film adhesives, 101 pre-preg repairs, 237–238
Overhaul Manual, 226 sheet metals, 101 resin sealing, 234
regulatory documents, 224–225 temperature requirements room-temperature wet lay-up, 236
revision systems, 218 consumable items, for composite scarf joints, 238–239
Structural Repair Manual, 226–227 and bonded metal repairs, 96 speedtape, 234
Spacers, 315–316 dry fabrics, 94 stepped-lap joints, 238, 239
Special shears, 252 pre-pregs, films, and one-part requirements, 374
Specialty fasteners, 306 paste adhesives, resins and temporary repairs, 227
Speedtape, 234 potting compounds, 94–95 Styrofoam, 69
Splash mold, 374–375 primers, 95 Suppliers of Advanced Composite
Spring-loaded version (CSX), 321 sealants, for aircraft use, 95–96 Materials Association
Squeeze-out, 283–284 thermoplastic resins and (SACMA), 159
Stacking, 133 composites, 95 Surface bagging, 272–273
Standard bolt installation, 325–326 two-part paste adhesives, resins Surface corrosion, 250–251
Static discharge prevention, 176 and potting compounds, 95 Surface fillers, 296
Stepped-lap joints, 238, 239 Structurally significant item (SSI), 121 Surface-mounted bonded fasteners, 330
Step sanding and cutting, 253–255 Structural Repair Manual (SRM), 11, Surface preparation, 392–395, 404, 504
Stiffness, 145 33, 106, 226, 416 Surface restoration, 295–297
composite laminate stress-strain allowable damage, 227 Symbol systems, 300
curves, 445 component identification, 229–230 Symmetrical laminate, 132
Hooke’s law, 445 damage classification Syntactic core, 77
metallic stress vs. strain curve, 446 abrasion, 230 Syntactic foams and potting
repair change in, 447 aerodynamic smoothness, 233 compounds, 77–79
shear stiffness, 447 allowable/negligible damage, 231
Young’s modulus, 445 burned, 230 Taper sanding/scarfing, 253
Stock record card, 340, 349 charring, 230 Tapes, 33
Storage practices chemical attack, 230 Tap test, 187
cleanliness and damage prevention crack, 230 advantages, 188
consumable items, 97 critical areas, 231 disadvantages, 188–189
dry fabric, rolls of, 96–97 delamination, 230 Technical instruction form, 340, 347
honeycomb, 97 disbond, 230 Teijin Ltd. of Japan, 27
pre-preg and film adhesive, rolls drainage hole replacement, 234 Telex Authority, 224
of, 97 erosion, 230–231 Temperature effects, 391
sheet metals, 97 fracture, 231 Temperature profile, 289
 543
Index

Templates, 362 Thickness, of primer coating, 406 line tool/ramp checker, 193–194
Temporary clamping, 321 Three-part serviceable label, 340, 348 pulse-echo mode, single transducer,
Temporary hole clamps, 321 Threshold limit value-ceiling 189, 190
Temporary revisions (TRs), 218 (TLV-C), 166 through-transmission mode, two
Textile glass, 42 Threshold limit values (TLVs), 166 transducers, 189, 190
Thermal stresses, 137 Threshold limit value-short-term ultrasonic phased array, 195
Thermocouples exposure limit Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 158
defined, 292 (TLV-STEL), 166 Unprotected carbon fiber composite
extension cables, 293 Threshold limit value-time-weighted (CFC) structures, 426
types of, 292–293 average (TLV-TWA), 162, Unserviceable label, 340, 350
Thermography 163, 166 U.S. military specifications, 222
advantages, 199 Titanium, 330
disadvantages, 199–200 Tooling and mold making Vacuum-assisted resin transfer
Thermoplastic composite braided autoclave cure, 379 molding (VARTM), 111
tubing (TCBT), 107 caul plate, 372–373 Vacuum bags, 270, 271
Thermoplastic composites (TPCs) composite tools, 381–382 Vacuum bonding, 114
amorphous type, 45 dam fabrication, 373–374 Vacuum de-bulks, 378
semicrystalline type, 45–46 de-bulk procedure, 378 Van der Waals forces, 388, 389
Thermoplastic polyimide (TPI), 45 factors, 372 Venturi-type vacuum pumps, 364
Thermoplastic resin composites final bagging procedure, 379 Vertical bleed method, 282–283
advantages, 4 lay-up tooling, 377–378 Visual inspection, 182–186
disadvantages, 4 in low-temperature curing Viton rubber sealants, 83
Thermosetting resins, 46 materials, 382 Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),
acrylics, 48 release agents/films, 374–375 158, 159, 164
bismaleimides, 49 requirements, 372
composites simple room-temperature tooling, Warranty investigation report,
advantages, 3–4 375–376 340, 343
disadvantages, 3 splash mold making, 374 Water break test, 255
cyanate ester, 49 step post-curing procedure, 380 Water/oil contamination and filtration,
epoxy resins, 48, 49 support structures, 380–381 364–365
melamine formaldehyde, 47 thermal properties, 372 Water-repellent creams, 169
modified phenolic resin time limits, 380 Wedge tests, 256
pre-pregs, 47 Tow placement, 113–114 Weighing scale, 368
phenol formaldehyde, 47 Training records, 354–356 Wetting, 405
phenolic resins, 47, 50 Transmissivity tester, 367–368 Wood, 68
polyester, 48 1,1,1-Trichloroethane, 242 Woven fabric weave styles, 34–36
polyimides, 48
polyurethane, 48 Ultrasonic inspection X-ray methods, 197
polyvinyl formal phenolics, 47 advantages, 192 advantages, 198
resorcinol phenol formaldehyde, 47 calibration standards, 191 disadvantages, 198
silicone, 48 disadvantages, 192
urea-formaldehyde, 47 echo amplitude measurements, Young’s modulus, 445
vinyl ester, 48 normal incidence, 190–191
“The Wooden Wonder,” 384 Fokker bond tester, 192–193 Zero-bleed method, 284
Care and Repair of
Advanced Composites
Third edition
An SAE Deep Dive

Armstrong | Chesmar | Museux | Cole

The new edition of the well-known Care and Repair of Advanced RELATED RESOURCES:
Composites improves on the usefulness of this practical guide geared The Future of Airplane
towards the aerospace industry. Factory:Digitally Optimized
Intelligent Airplane Assembly
Keith B. Armstrong, the original lead author of the first edition was still Author: George N. Bullen
in charge of this project, counting on the expert support of Eric Chesmar, Product Code: R-466
senior composites specialist at United Airlines. Mr. Chesmar is also an An Introduction to Aircraft
active member of SAE International’s CACRC (Commercial Aircraft Thermal Management
Composite Repair Committee), an elite group of industry experts Author: Mark F. Ahlers
dedicated to the standardization, safety, security, and efficiency of Product Code: R-467
composite repairs in the airline industry. Economics of Composites
Author: George N. Bullen,
Mr. Francois Museux (Airbus) and Mr. William F. Cole II also contributed.
Carroll G. Grant, Alan Hiken,
Care and Repair of Advanced Composites, 3rd Edition, presents a fully Dan Day, David M. Champa
Product Code: R-440
updated approach to the training syllabus recommended for repair
design engineers and composite repair mechanics. Metal bonding has
been included partly because the definition of “composite” can be more related resources inside...
interpreted to include metal-skinned honeycomb panels, and partly

Cover image used under license from Shutterstock.com

because some composite parts have metal fittings or reinforcements
that must be treated before bonding.
This third edition also covers a number of the problems experienced in
service, some of which may be applicable to metallic sandwich panels,
offers suggestions for design improvements, including repair design as a
particular topic, and regulatory changes.
Care and Repair of Advanced Composites, 3rd Edition, provides solid
technical information and training for a wide range of airline staff. An SAE Deep Dive
provides advanced,
expert-level coverage of
an engineering subject.

ISBN: 978-0-7680-9317-9