Introduction Filtration may be defined as a process of separation of solids from a fluid by passing the'same through a porous medium that retains the solids; but allows the fluid to pass through, Term used in filtration (sure Suspension to be filtered Porous medium used to retain solid Accumulate Cake filter medium Clear liquid passed through the mediumMixture of ested nd Heated Homons RaeThe flow of liquid through a filter follows the basic rules that govern the flow of any liquid'through the medium offering RSI] 62) The rate’ of flow may be/ expressed /as- Rate = driving force’/ resistance ihe rate of filtration may be expressed as volume (litres) per Viatimttiantea Ce\V7(el9 5 Driving force = pressure upstream — pressure downstream IX r=] gfe Ej pTe} exe) gi=1e=]9} 5 * It increases with an increase in the deposition of solids on the filter medium: * Therefore filtration is not a steady state The rate of flow will be! greatest at the beginning of filtration process, since the resistance is minimum: After, forming of filter cake, its surface acts as filter medium and solids continuously deposit adding to thickness of the cake: Powder or granule bed visualized asia bundle of capillaries.Poiseullie’s Equation Poiseullie considered that filtration is similar to the streamline flow of liquid Under pressure through capillaries. Poiseullie’s Equation is- mae al Where, V = rate of flow, m3/s\(I/s) AP= Pressure difference across the filter, Pa f = radius of capillary in the'filter bed; m L= thickness of filter cake (capillary lenath), m f= viscosity of filtrate, Pais Darcy’s Equation @®- - Poiseullie's law assumes that the capillaries found in the filter are highly irregular and non-uniform, Therefore, if the length of capillary is taken as the thickness of bed; a correction factor for radius is applied so that the rate is closely approximated and simplified: The factors influencing the rate of filtration has been incorporated into an equation by Darcy, which is: CGT Neon Mallee K = permeability coefficient of cake, m2 A = surface area of porous bed (filter medium), m2.Other terms are same as previous/equation K depends on characteristics of cake, such'as porosity, specific surface area and compressibility, Permeability may be defined quantitatively as the flow rate of a liquid of unit viscosity across a unit area of cake having unit thickness under a pressure gradient of unity. This equation is valid for liquids flowing through sand, glass beds and various porous media, This model is applied to filter beds or cakes and other types of (Soh tehilieciry This equation is further modified by including) characteristics of: K by Kozeny-Garman. Kozeny-Carman (K-C) equation ———— a Kozeny-Carman equation is widely used for filtration. iNS GB are ite eaayE Where, € = porosity of cake (bed) S = specific surface area of particles comprising the cake m2 /m3 K = Kozeny constant (usually taken as 5) Other terms are same as previous equationsLimitations: It does not consider the fact that depth of granular bed is lesser than the actual’ path traversed by the fluid. The actual path is not same through out the bed, but it is sinuous Coleco) nebo) tI ©, —es Based'on application of external force Pressure filters qq plate and frame aN yest) NSS eat Vacuum filters) filters leaf Centrifugal pats)Plate and frame filter press Principle: S MSS Tn leH iller-|t(6) 1) > The slurry enters the frame by pressure and flows through filter medium: > The filtrate is collected on the plates‘and send to outlet: > A numberof frames and plates are used so that surface area increases and consequently large volumes of slurry can be processed simultaneously with ‘or without washing. Holes forming two be ethic d End plat ont Frame hennels Fitter cloth or padConstruction * The Filter press is made of two types of units, plate and frames. Usually made of aluminium ‘alloy. Sometimes, these are also lacquered for protection against Corrosive! chemicals and made'suitable for steam sterilization: Working Working can be divided into two steps- 1. Filtration operation 2. Washing | of cake (if desirable). Filtration operation Frame- marked by 2 dots Plate — marked by 1 dot Plate and frame FittrateBupa) esos nid puyaeuetoncey gery surface of the plate and escape from the outlet | Procedure for washing the press + Filtration proceeds in the ordinary way until the frames are Siu.) filled with cake. + To wash the filter cake, the outlets of washing plates are Sue] closed. + Wash water is pumped in the washing channel Sauk) * ie water enters through the inlets on the surface of washing plate + Water passes through the filter cloth and enters frame which contains the cake + Then water washes the cake, passes through the filter cloth and enters the plate down the surface Step si Finnaly washed water escapes through the outlet of that plate SeySterile filtrate can by obtain by Using asbestos and cellulose filter sheet (for this, whole filter press and filter medium have been chil fr¢te foe VU TeI EIS Filtration of viscous liquid can’also be done by incorporating heating/cooling coils in the press, Advantages Construction of filter press is very simple and aj variety of materials can be used: I. Gast iron — for handling| common substances. BOC SIre)gydfeon ode ttll (el ality BOO G CSe-Ii) (=teyty ctl Feo lal elas) intitle) ge] yl e\=i-)Ve)[e(=6 9 IV, Hard rubber and plastic- used where metals must be avoided) V. Wood for lightness though it must be kept wet.Provide large filtration area in relatively small floor space. The capacity being Variable according to thickness of frames and number used; Sturdy construction permits the use of considerable pressure difference. (2000 Kilopascals normally used) + Efficient washing of cake is possible, * Operation and maintenance is easy, Tt produce dry cake in form of slab. Disadvantages Itis a batch filter, so itis a time! consuming, The filter press is an expensive filter, the emptying time, the labour involved, and the wear and tear onthe cloths resulting|in high costs; Operation js critical, as the frames should be full, otherwise washing is inefficient and the cake is difficult to remove, The filter press is used for slurries containing|lessabout 5 % ofl In view of the high labour costs’, it is most suitable for: expensive materials e.g. the removal of precipitated proteins from insulin liquors.Filter leaf Principle: It is an apparatus consisting of a longitudinal drainage screen covered with a filter cloth. Mig Nanl=ent-ln) inn svete ar=le=N i tex=lele)abe-]afe c-leepe- lyse) ie r= lel Vacuum or pressure can be applied to increase the rate of filtration: Construction: Tihe leaf filter is consisting of ai frame enclosing a drainage screen or grooved plate, The frame may be any shape circular, square or rectangular. The whole unite being covered with filter cloth. Myler=MelU|e(=Le co) ah tpl =N i ieccle=M co afaT=cert-yi coh gt =Npti(e(=Mo) et eT ic-]aN = through’suction:Frame Drainage screer. Filter cloth Ta filtrate i ey Vacuum Bucoitrag! paewict iG SF a Siaounsy Eo CTT ayo connected Telia ena direction ous Cicsitca) |iern Santen nets Coser aguas petal eA Cat aay EN pe foes> Use for the filtration of slurry which:do not contain high solid content, about 5%, ie; dilute suspention Advantages > Simplest form of filter used for batch process; > A number of units can be connected in'parallel to increase the WW preleNe-]c=-Me}in i lecel ten > Pressure difference can be obtained either with vacuum or using pressure up to the order of 800 kilopascals. » Labour costs for operating the filter leaf are fairly moderate, > he efficiency of washing is high. © he slurry can be filtered from any vessel: > ahe'cake'can be washed’ simply by immersing the filter ina vessel| of Water.Cartridge filter Principle: Itis a thin porous membrane in which pre filter and membrane filter are combinediin a single unit. The filtration action is mainly sieve like and particles are retained on the surface. > It has cylindrical configuration made with disposable or changeable filter media. Made up of either plastic or metal. > Consist of two membrane filters (sieve like) made of polypropylene: pre filter and actual filter for filtration. A protective layer surrounds them. The cartridge’ are housed in a holder anda number of cartridges can'be placediin a same housing. The housing is closed'with the lid Housing ‘has provisions for slurry inlet and’ outlets.Nanay through’ cartridge filter unit by. iacaietiiys Stewarts pumped into cartridge holder Ura te Moyes up to Cee Heise) (ollie through the through (tuys) outlet |> Particularly usefull for preparation of particulate free solutions for parenterals and ophthalmic uses, > This filter holder will process 1000/— 15000 litres of sterile solution per hour. Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages: > Autoclaving can be done for sterile operations due to stainless steel construction, Cartridge with self cleaning devices are advantageous, > Rapididisassembling|as well/as reusing of filter medium is possible. > Gartridge are not brittle, when they are dry. > Used as in-line continuous filtration, which reduces handling of Solutions. It minimize chances of contaminations:.1B C6 Vee] nt] (oe A number of manufactures provide the components, which are generally not interchangeable between suppliers. Cost of disposable elements offsets the labour saving in terms of assembly and cleaning of cartridge clarifiers.