Chapter 10

Analysis of Statically Indeterminate

Structures
Force Method of Analysis
 Methods of Analysis
Two different Methods are available
– Force method
• known as consistent deformation, unit load method,
flexibility method, or the superposition equations method.
• The primary unknowns in this way of analysis are forces

– Displacement method
• Known as stiffness method
• The primary unknowns are displacements

2
Force method of analysis
The deflection or slope at any point on a structure as a result
of a number of forces, including the reactions, is equal to
the algebraic sum of the deflections or slopes at this
particular point as a result of these loads acting
individually

3
 Force Method of Analysis
• General Procedure
– Indeterminate to the first degree
– 1 Compatibility equation is needed
– Choosing one of the support reaction
as a redundant
– The structure become statically
determinate and stable
– Downward displacement B at B
calculated (load action)
– BB upward deflection per unit force
at B
– Compatibility equation
0 = B + ByBB
– Reaction By known
– Now the structure is statically
4
determinate
 Force Method of Analysis
• General Procedure
– Indeterminate to the first degree
– 1 Compatibility equation is needed
– Choosing MA at A as a redundant
– The structure become statically
determinate & stable
– Rotation A at A caused by load P is
determined
– AA rotation caused by unit couple
moment applied at A
– Compatibility equation
0 = A + MA AA
– Moment MA known
– Now the structure is statically
determinate
5
 Force Method of Analysis
• General Procedure
– Indeterminate to the 2nd degree
– 2 Compatibility equations needed
– Redundant reaction B & C
– Displacement B & C caused by
load P1 & P2 are determined

6
 Force Method of Analysis
• General Procedure
– BB & BC Deflection per unit force
at B are determined
– CC & CB Deflection per unit force
at C are determined
– Compatibility equations
0 = B + ByBB + CyBC
0 = C + ByCB + CyCC
– Reactions at B & C are known
– Statically determinate structure

7
 Maxwell’s Theorem
• The displacement of a point B on a
structure due to a unit load acting at a
point C is equal to the displacement of
point C when the unit load is acting at
point B the is
fBC=fCB

• The rotation of a point B on a structure

due to a unit moment acting at a point C is
equal to the rotation of point C when the
unit moment is acting at point B the is
BC=CB
 Force Method of Analysis
• Procedure for Analysis
– Determine the degree of statically indeterminacy
– Identify the redundants, whether it’s a force or a moment, that would
be treated as unknown in order to form the structure statically
determinate & stable
– Calculate the displacements of the determinate structure at the points
where the redundants have been removed
– Calculate the displacements at these same points in the determinate
structure due to the unit force or moment of each redundants
individually
– Workout the compatibility equation at each point where there is a
redundant & solve for the unknown redundants
– Knowing the value of the redundants, use equilibrium to determine the
remaining reactions
9
 Beam Deflections and Slopes
Positive (+)


P
6EI
 x 3  3Lx 2 

PL3 PL2  
at x  L  max   max 
3EI 2EI

M0 2
 x
2EI
M 0 L2 M 0L
at x  L  max   max 
2EI EI
 Beam Deflections and Slopes
Positive (+)

 
w
24EI
 x 4  4Lx 3  6L2 x 2 
 
wL4 wL3
at x  L  max    max  
8EI 6EI

v 
P
48EI
 4x  3L x  , 0  x 
3 2 L
2
L PL3
at x   max  
2 48EI
L PL2
at x  0 or  max  
2 16EI
 Beam Deflections and Slopes
Positive (+)

v 
Pbx
6LEI
 L 2
 b 2
 x 2
 , 0x a  
Pab  L  b  Pab  L  a 
L   R 
6LEI 6LEI

v 
wx
24EI
 x 3  2Lx 2  L3 

L 5wL 4
at x   max  
2 384EI
wL3
 max  
24EI
Beam Deflections and Slopes
 
wx
384EI
 9L3  24Lx 2  16x 3  0x L
2
Positive (+)

 
wL
384EI
 8x 3  24Lx 2  17L 2 x  L3   
L x L
2
3wL3 7wL3
L   R 
128EI 384EI

v 
M 0x
6EIL
 x 2
 3Lx  2 L 2

M 0 L2
 max  
9 2EI
M 0L M 0L
L   R 
6EI 3EI
 Example 1 14

• Determine the reaction at B

– Indeterminate to the 1st degree
thus one additional equation
needed
– Lets take B as a redundant
– Determine the deflection at point B
in the absence of support B. Using
the moment-area method
1  6 2  506=
B   300  .  6  6  300kN.m
EI  2  3  50kN
A B
3
9000kN .m
B   B.M.D
EI
– Determine the deflection caused by
the unit load at point B
 Example 1 15

1  12 2 
f BB   12    12 
EI  2 3 
576m 3
f BB  
EI
– Compatibility equation A B
0 = B + ByBB B.M.D
1
9000 576 112=
0  By 12m
EI EI

By = 15.6kN

– The reaction at B is known now so

the structure is statically
determinate & equilibrium
equations can be applied to get
the rest of the unknowns B.M.D
 Example 2
• Determine the moment at A
– Indeterminate to the 1st degree
thus one additional equation
needed
– Lets take MA as a redundant
– Determine the slope A at point A
ignoring the fixation at A. Using the
moment-area method

1  10 10  333.33
d1   20     20k.ft
EI  2 3 EI
d1 1 333.33 A B
A   . B.M.D
L EI 10

33.33k .ft 2 d1
A  A A
EI Elastic Curve B
 Example 2 17

– Determine rotation caused by the unit

moment applied at A
1  10 2 10  33.33
d2   1  
EI  2 3  EI
d2 1 33.33 3.33ft 1
 AA   . 
L EI 10 EI A B
– Compatibility equation 1 B.M.D
0 = A +MAAA

33.33 3.33
0 MA d2
EI EI A AA
B
MA = -10k.ft Elastic Curve

– The moment at A is known now so the

structure is statically determinate
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
Example 3
 Example 4
• Neglect the axial load
• The end moments at A&B
will be considered as
redundants
• From Table inside the front
cover
1
A  (375)
EI
1
B  (291.7)
EI
 Example 4
-
6.67
 AA 
EI
3.33
 BA 
EI
6.67
 BB 
EI
6.67 20(2/3)
3.33 3.33
 AB  1 10
EI
375  6.67   3.33 
0 MA    M B  
EI  EI   EI 
291.7  3.33   6.67 
0 MA    M B  
EI  EI   EI 

M A  45.8k .ft M B  20.8k .ft

Example 4 24
 Example 5
Determine the reaction at the support for the beam shown, EI is Constant.
Choose the internal moment at internal support as the redundant

Compatibility Equations
Example 5
Example 5
 Example 6
Determine the support reactions on the frame shown EI is Constant.
Example 6
Example 6
Example (Additional)
The frame, shown in the photo is used to support the bridge deck.
Assuming EI is constant, a drawing of it along with the dimensions and
loading is shown. Determine the support reactions.
 Example 7
Determine the moment at the fixed support A for the frame shown EI is
Constant.
Example 7
Example 7
Example 7
Problem 1
Problem 2
Problem 3
 Force Method of Analysis: Truss
Example8
Determine the force in member AC.
Assume EA is the same for all the members
 Example 8

44
Force Method of Analysis: Truss
 Example 9
• Determine the force in each member if the turnbuckle on
member AC is used to shorten the member by 0.5in. Each
member has a cross-section area of 0.2 in2 & E=29(106)psi

46
 Example 9

47
Example 9
 Example 10
The beam shown is supported by a pin at A and two pin-connected bar at B.
Determine the force in member BD. Take E=29(103), I=800 in4 for the beam
and A=3 in2 for each bar.
Example 10
Example 10
 Example 11
The simply supported beam shown in the photo is to be designed to support a
uniform load of 2 kN/m. Determine the force developed in member CE. Neglect
the thickness of the beam and assume the truss members are pin connected to the
beam. Also, neglect the effect of axial compression and shear in the beam. The
cross-sectional area of each strut is 400 mm2, and for the beam I=20(106)mm4 .
Take E=200 GPa
Example 11
Example 11
Example 11
Example 11
Example 11
Symmetric Structures
Anti-symmetric Structures
Transformation of Loading
Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams

Reaction at A
Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams

Reaction at A

 1 
Ay    f DA
 f AA 
Scale Factor 1 f AA
Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams

Shear at E

 1 
VE   f DE
 f EE 
Scale Factor 1 f EE
Influence Lines for Statically Indeterminate Beams

Moment at E

 1 
ME   f DE
  EE 
Scale Factor 1  EE
Example 11
Example 11
Example 11
Example 11
Influence Line of a continuous Beam

G D E F
A B C

4m 8m

Draw the Influence Line of

1. Reaction at A, B and C
2. Shear at G and E
3. Moment at G and E
Influence Line of RA
Influence Line of RA
 Influence Line of RA

8/EI 4/EI 16/EI

x2 y=x1/2
D x1
y=x2
64/EI B C

A
4m 8m
18.67/EI
0  x1  8 5.33/EI

5.33 x1 x13
f xA  
EI 12 EI
0  x2  4
18.67 x2 x23 64
f xA   
EI 6 EI EI
Influence Line of RA
0  x1  8
x13 5.33 x1
f xA  
12 EI EI
0  x2  4
x23 18.67 x2 64
f xA   
6 EI EI EI

Point fxA fxA/fAA

A 64/EI 1.0
G 28/EI 0.4375
B 0 0
D -14/EI -0.2188
E -16/EI -0.25
F -10/EI -0.1562
C 0 0
 Influence Line of RB
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RB

M c 0
8  RB  12  RA  1x  0
3 RA x
RB  
2 8
Point x RA RB
A 12 1.0 0
G 10 0.4375 0.5939
B 8 0 1
D 6 -0.2188 1.078
E 4 -0.25 0.875
F 2 -0.1562 0.485
C 0 0 0
 Influence Line of RC
Using equilibrium conditions for the influence line of RC

M B 0
4  RA  8  RC  1 x  8   0
 x RA 
RC  1    
8 2 
Point x RA RC
A 12 1.0 0
G 10 0.4375 -0.0312
B 8 0 0
D 6 -0.2188 0.1406
E 4 -0.25 0.375
F 2 -0.1562 0.6719
C 0 0 1
Check
F y 0
RA  RB  RC  1
Influence Line of VG
Influence Line of VE
Influence Line of MG
Influence Line of ME
Influence Line of ME
Live Load Pattern in Continuous Beams

LL

DL
Support Reactions

Influence Line for positive reaction at support 1

Load pattern for maximum positive reaction at support 1

Span Positive Moment

Influence line for positive moment at 7

Load pattern for maximum positive moment at 7

Support Negative Moment

Influence line for negative moment at support 2

Load pattern for maximum negative moment at support 2

Internal Shear

Influence line for positive shear at 7

Load pattern for maximum positive shear at 7

 Moment Envelopes
The moment envelope curve defines the extreme boundary values of
bending moment along the beam due to critical placements of design
live loading.

Example of Three Span Continuous Beam

 Moment Envelopes
Dead Load Only

BMD due to DL
 Moment Envelopes
Live Load Arrangement

Max. Positive Moment at span 1&3

(Min. Moment at span 2)

Max. Positive Moment at span 2

(Min. Moment at span 1 & 3)
 Moment Envelopes
Live Load Arrangement

Max. negative Moment at support 2

Max. negative Moment at support 3

 Moment Envelopes
Live Load Arrangement

Max. positive Moment at support 2

Max. positive Moment at support 3

 Moment Envelopes
Summarize all critical cases

DL only

Max. +M at spans 1&3 Max. +M at span 2

Max. -M at support 2 Max. -M at support 3

Max. +M at support 2 Max. +M at support 3

 Moment Envelopes
Moment Diagram for All Cases
Solving each of these cases and combining the results with the dead
only case, results in six different moment diagrams.
The dead load only case has been left as a heavier line.
 Moment Envelopes
Moment Diagram for All Cases