POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES

LOPEZ, QUEZON BRANCH

THEORY OF
STRUCTURES
 CIEN 20033
BSARCH 3

ENGR. ANTONIO P. CURVA

PART-TIME INSTRUCTOR 1
I. EQUILIBRIUM and SUPPORT
REACTIONS
A structure is considered to be in equilibrium if, initially at rest, it remains at rest when subjected to
a system of forces and couples. To be in equilibrium all the forces and couples must balance each other by
applying the three common static equation of equilibrium.

A. For a plane structure lying in xy plane and subjected to a coplanar system of forces and couples. These
three equations are known as the equation of equilibrium of plane structures.

B. For space (three dimensional) structures. These six equation are known as the equations of
equilibrium of space structures.

NOTE : All the equilibrium equation must be satisfied simultaneously for the structure to e in equilibrium.

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 A. CONCURRENT FORCE SYSTEMS

- forces are considered concurrent if the lines of action of all the forces intersect at a single
point , the moment equilibrium equations are automatically satisfied and only the force equilibrium
equations need to be considered.

A. For a space structure subjected to a concurrent three dimensional force system.

B. For a plane structure subjected to a concurrent coplanar force system.

B. TWO-FORCE AND THREE STRUCTURES

- analysis of structures subjected to this type of forces have the following characteristics.
1. In a two-forces member which is in equilibrium, the forces must be equal,opposite and collinear.
2. In a three-force member which is in equilibrium, the forces must be either concurrent or parallel.

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C. TYPES OF SUPPORT FOR PLANE STRUCTURES
1. LINKS: one unknown , the reaction is a force that acts in the direction of link or cable.

2. SMOOTH PIN or HINGED: two unknowns, consists of vertical and horizontal components.

3. ROLLERS: one unknown, the reaction is always perpendicular to the surface at the point of contact.

4. SLIDER: two unknowns , an axial force and a moment.

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5. FIXED CONNECTED-COLLAR : two unknowns , an axial force and a moment.

6. FIXED SUPPORT: three unknowns, horizontal and vertical reactions plus a moment.

7. SMOOTH PIN-CONNECTED COLLAR: one unknown, the reaction is acting perpendicular to the surface
at the point of contact.

8. SMOOTH CONTACT SURFACE : one unknown, the reaction is acting perpendicular tot the surface at the
point of contact.

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 D. WIND LOADS

A DESIGN WIND PRESSURE FOR A STRUCTURE.

B. DESIGN FORCE FOR SIGNS.

C. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE ON NON FLEXIBLE BUILDINGS

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 E. REDUCTION OF LIVE LOADS

F. LOAD DISTRIBUTION

A. ONE WAY SYSTEM : a slab or deck that is supported such that it delivers its load to the supporting
members by one way action is called a one way slab.

B. TWO WAY SYSTEM : if the support ratio L/S < 2 the load is assume to be delivered to the
supporting beams and girders in two directions. In this case , the slab is referred to as a two way
slab.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1.The wind pressure coefficients on the gable frame shown subjected to wind pressure , p= 1.44
kPa and as follows : wind force is a pressure if the coefficient is positive and a suction if the
coefficient is negative. Design wind force is computed as the product od the wind pressure and the
coefficient. Consider design tributary width of the gable frame as 6m . if the roller support at B
were changed to a hinged support and a hinge is added at D.

a. Determine the vertical reaction at A of the supporting gable arch.

b. Determine the horizontal reaction at B of the supporting gable arch.
c. Determine the horizontal reaction at A of the supporting gable arch.
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2. A three-story hotel has interior columns that are spaced 6m apart in two perpendicular directions. If
the loading on the float roof( a roof with a slope less than 2%) is estimated to be 1.44kPA . Min. uniform
live load for hotel is 1.90 kPa.
a. Determine the reduce design load per sq.m of area.
b. Determine the live load supported by a typical interior column at the ground-floor level in kN.
c. Determine the live load supported by a typical interior column at the column at the second-floor level
in kN.

3. The frame is used to support a 100 mm reinforced concrete slab that carries a uniform live load of 4.8
kPa.
a. Determine the reaction of beam BG at point G.
b. Determine the reaction of beam AH at H.
c. Determine the maximum moment of beam HE.

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4. The frame is used to support the wood deck n a private room of a multi-family house , that is subjected to a
uniform load of 6.2 kPa.

a. Determine the maximum moment of the member BG assuming it is simply supported.

b. Determine the reaction at A considering members ABCD.
c. Determine the maximum moment of member ABCD.

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 II. DETERMINACY of BEAMS and TRUSSES
STATIC DETERMINACY , INDETERMINACY and INSTABILITY
A. INTERNALLY STABLE : a structure considered internally stable or rigid if it maintains its shape and
remains in rigid body when detached from the supports.
B. INTERNALLY UNSTABLE : a structure is considered internally unstable or non rigid if its cannot
maintain its shape and may undergo large displacements under small disturbances when not supported
externally.
C. RIGID STRUCTURES : a structure that offers significant resistance to its change of shape.
D. NONRIGID STRUCTURES : a structure that offers negligible resistance to its change of shape when
detached from the supports and would often collapse under its own weight when not supported
externally.
E. STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES : an internally stable structure ca be considered to be
statically determinate externally if all its support reactions can be determined by solving the three static
equations of equilibrium.
F. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES : if a structure is supported by more than three
reactions, then all reactions cannot be determined from the three static equations , such structures are
termed as statically indeterminate externally.
G. EXTERNAL REDUNDANTS : the excess reactions of those necessary for equilibrium.
H. DEGREE OF EXTERNAL DETERMINACY : this is the number if external redundants. For example ,
the structure has r reaction, then r-3n is the degree of indeterminacy.

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 DETERMINACY OF BEAMS
1. If r < 3n the beam is unstable
2. If r = 3n the beam is statically determinate
3. If r > 3n the beam is statically indeterminate
where : r = no. of reaction elements
n = no. of free body diagrams.
UNSTABLE STRUCTURES
1. If r < 3n the beam is unstable
2. If the 2 reactions will meet at a common point the beam is unstable.
3. If the 3 reactions are parallel to each other , the beam is unstable.
DEGREE OF INDETERMINACY OF TRUSSES
1. b + r = 2j (determinate)
2. b + r > 2j (indeterminate)
Degree of determinacy = (b + r) – 2j
3. b + r < 2j (unstable)
where : b = no. of members of the truss
r = no. of reactions
j = no. of joints

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
1.Classify each of the structures as statically determinate , statically indeterminate, stable or
unstable. If indeterminate, specify the degree of indeterminacy . The supports or connections are
assumed to be as stated.

2. Classify each of the structures as statically determinate , statically indeterminate , stable or

unstable. If indeterminate , specify the degree of indeterminacy.

3. Classify each of the following trusses as :

a.Stable , b. unstable , c. statically determinate , d. statically indeterminate

A. B. C.

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 ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINTE STRUCTURES

SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
1. The beam shown is subjected to a uniform load of 8 kN/m and an inclined load of 40 kN acting at 30
degree with the vertical. The support at B is assumed to be roller.

a. Compute the reaction at B.

b. Compute the vertical components of the reaction at A.
c. Compute the horizontal component of the reaction at A.

2. From figure A is a oller and B is pin.

a. Determine the vertical reaction at A.

b. Determine the max. shear of the beam.
c. Determine the max. moment of the beam.
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 STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSSES

SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
1. From the compound truss shown, assume all members are pin-connected.
a. Compute the force of member BE.
b. Compute the force of member FE.
c. Compute the force of member FB.

2. The wooden head frame is subjected to the loading shown.

a. Determine the force in member EI.
b. Determine the force in member HI.
c. Determine the force in member ED.

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 CABLES

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1.The cable segments support a vertical loads of 6 kN and P at points B and C respectively.
a. Find the value P.
b. Find the value of the force on member CD.
c. Find the total length of cable.

2. The cable supports a girder which weighs 850 N/m.

a. Determine the tension in the cable at point B.
b. Determine the tension in the cable at point A.
c. Determine the tension in the cable at point C.

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 III. DEFLECTION of BEAMS
A. MOMENT AREA METHOD OF COMPUTING SLOPES and DEFLECTIONS
- consider a beam subjected to any loading , with the corresponding elastic curve and the M/EI
diagram as shown in the figure.
- for a differential length dx of the beam which we have derived the relation that d0/dx , M/EI , d0
represent the change in slope of the elastic curve over the differential length dx.

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Moment-area method of computing slope and deflection of beams is based on two theorems which
was developed by Charles E. Greene.
1. FIRST MOMENT AREA THEOREM:
-the change in slope between the tangents tot the elastic curve between A and B is equal to the
area under the M/EI diagram between the points , provided that the elastic curve is continuous between
the two points. The angle from the tangent at point A to the tangent at point B is counter clockwise and
this change in slope is considered positive:

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2. SECOND MOMENT AREA THEOREM:
-the tangential deviation of B with respect to a tangent at A in a direction perpendicular to the
original position of the beam is equal to the area of the M/EI diagram between A and B multiplied by the
distance from B to the centroid of the area of M/EI diagram.

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AREAS AND CENTROIDS OF DIFFERENT MOMENT DIAGRAM

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 DEFLECTION OF BEAMS USING INTEGRATION METHOD
SAMPLE PROBLEMS :
1. A simply supported beam has a span of L and carries a uniformly distributed load of w kN/m ,
throughout its span. Using integration method.
a. Compute the slope at end point A.
b. Compute the slope at end point B.
c. Compute the deflection at midspan.

2. A cantilever beam having a span L at 12 m carries a concentrated load W of 25 kN at midspan.

Assume E = 200,000 Mpa and Ixx = 60 x 10^6 mm^4.
a. Which of the following gives the slope of free end.
b. Which of the following gives the deflection at the free end.
c. Which of the following gives the deflection at the mid span.

3. A simply supported beam has a pan of 12 m and carries a concentrated load of 20 kN at its
midspan. E=200 GPa and I= 6x10^6 mm^4. it is pin connected at the left support and a roller on the
right support.
a. Which of the following gives the deflection under the load P.
b. Which of the following gives the slope at a point C 3m. From the left support.
3. Which of the following gives the deflection at point C.

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DEFLECTION OF BEAMS

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IV. SUPERPOSITION METHOD

DEFLECTION FORMULAS

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS :

1. A beam having a span of 4 m is supported at the left end by a spring which has a spring constant of 60
kN/m. the beam carries a uniform load of 800 N/m . E = 10,000 MPa , I= 60x10^6 mm^4
a. Which of the following gives the reaction at point A.
b. Which of the following gives the moment at B.
c. Which of the following gives the deflection of the spring.

2. A cantilever beam has a span of 4m and having a flexural rigidity of 40,000 kN.m^2. at the free end of
the beam there is a spring with a clearance of 200 mm below with beam. Spring constant is 400 N/m.
which of the following gives the forces acting on the spring after a concentrated load 800 kN is applied at
the end of the beam.

3. A continuous beam is fixed at A and simply supported at B and C. the support at B settles by 4 mm. E =
200,000 MPa I= 80x10^6 mm^4 . Use superposition method.
a. Which of the following gives the reaction at C.
b. Which of the following gives the reaction B.
c. Which of the following gives the moment at A.

4. Which of the following gives the fixed end moment at A for the beam carrying a uniform load of 3kN/m
throughout its span but is connected by a hinged at the midspan. The beam has a fixed ended span of
8m. Which of the following gives the reaction A. which of the following gives the reaction B.

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 V. CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

in this method the M/EI diagram for a beam is applied as the load on a fictitious anologous beam , then
the shear and bending moment at any point on the fictitious beam will be equal to the slope and
deflection respectively at the corresponding point on the real beam . This fictitious beam is referred to as
the conjugate beam.
A. PROPERTIES OF CONJUGATE BEAM
1. The actual beam and the conjugate beam will always have the same length.
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the M/EI diagram of the loads on the actual beam.
3. A simple end for the real beam remains a simple support for the conjugate beam.
4. A fixed end for the real beam becomes a free end for the conjugate beam and conversely.
5. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous real beam becomes an unsupported b=hinge in the
conjugate beam and conversely
6. The conjugate beam for a real cantilever beam is the reversed cantilever.
7. Statically determinate real becomes always have corresponding conjugate beams which are also
statically determinate.
8. Even if the real beam is statically indeterminate the corresponding conjugate beam is statically
determinate.
9. The slope at a given point of the real beam is equal the bending moment in the corresponding point of
the conjugate beam.
10. The deflection at a given point of the real beam equals the bending moment in the corresponding
point of the conjugate beam.
11. The point of zero shear in the conjugate beam correspond to the point of zero slope in the real beam.
12. The maximum moment in the conjugate beam corresponds to the maximum deflection of the real
beam which occurs at the point of zero shear in the conjugate beam.

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CORRESPONDING CONJUGATE BEAM OF REAL BEAM

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS :

1. A cantilever beam having a span of 6 m is subjected to a concentrated load of 200 N at a distance

of 3m from the fixed end. Used conjugate beam method.
a. Which of the following gives the slope at the free end.
b. Which of the following gives the deflection at the free end.

2. A propped beam has a span of 9m and carries a concentrated load of 60 kN at point B E=15,000
MPa , I=200x10^6 mm^4. use conjugate beam method.
a. Which of the following gives the reaction at C.
b. Which of the following gives the slope at C.
c. Which of the following gives the deflection at B.

3. A simply supported beam is pin connected at A and supported by a roller at B. it is subjected to a

concentrated load of 30 kN at C 4m from A. using conjugate beam method EI=3800 kN.m^2.
a. Which of the following gives the area of M/EI diagram from A to B.
b. Which of the following gives the deflection at the center of the beam.
c. Which of the following gives the slope at the center of the beam.

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 VI. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION
- in order to apply the method of moment distribution , the student must have a complete
knowledge of the fixed-end moment of the different types of loading such as shown on the footing
types of fixed-ended beams. Take note that both moments at the fixed end are usually negative
moments because they tend to make the beam concave downward at the ends, but for moment
distribution we consider the fixed end moment at the right to be positive.

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A. PRELIMINARY CONCEPTS OF THE MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
a. CARRY OVER MOMENT : the moment induced at the fixed end of a beam by the action of a
moment applied at the other end.
Considering s beam subjected to the moment at the hinged at B and fixed at A.

b. BEAM STIFFNESS : the moment at the simply supported end of a beam to produce unit rotation of
that end , while the other end is rigidly fixed.

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c. DISTRIBUTION FACTOR : ratio of distribution of unbalanced ‘moment to any beam.

d. SIGN CONVENTION : the moments at the end of a moment are assumed to be negative when they
tend to rotate the member end clockwise about the joint, the resisting moment of the joint would be
counter-clockwise. The figure shows all joint assumed to be clamped has clockwise (negative moment) on
the left of each span and counter-clockwise (positive moment) on the right end of each span. This is the
sign convention used in the analysis of the rest of the problems involving moment distribution.

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e. PROCEDURE IN APPLYING THE MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
1. Assume all supports to be fixed and compute the fixed end moment.
2. Unlock each support and distribute the unbalanced moment at each one to each adjacent by applying
the distribution factor.
3 . After distributing the unbalanced moment to each adjacent span, carry over half of this amount with the
same sign to the other end of each span. This completes one cycle. The process maybe should be repeated
to be more accurate to at least four cycles.

f. MODIFIED STIFFNESS FOR SIMPLE ENDSUPPORT BEAM

- for the simple end support beam as shown in figure 6-B , the slope is found to be ML/3EI .
Therefore , the slope caused by the moment M when the far end is fixed is only ¾ as large (ML/4EI divided
by ML/3EI)= ¾ when the far end is simply supported . therefore , a beam which is simply supported at the
far end is only ¾ as stiff as the one that is fixed. If the stiffness factors for end spans that are simply
supported are modified by ¾ , the simple end is initially balanced to zero , no carry overs are made to that
end afterward and the same result will be obtained.

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a.Slope caused by the moment when the far b. Slope caused by the moment when the far
end is fixed. end is simply supported.

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 B. FIXED END MOMENTS DUE TO SETTLEMENT AT THE SUPPORT

Consider a fixed beam AB , with support B ha settled a distance below the support A.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. A continuous beam of constant cross-section is perfectly restrained at A and C simply supported at C.

a concentrated load of 4500 N is applied 2 m to the left of B and a uniform load 6000 N/m from B to C.
span AB 6 m. long while BC is 4 m only. Using moment distribution method
a. Which of the following gives the moment at A.
b. Which of the following gives the moment at B.
c. Which of the following gives the moment at C.

2. In the figure as shown:

a. Which of the following gives the distribution factor for member BC.
b. Which of the following gives the value of the fixed end moment at B due to concentrated load acting
on span BC.
c. Which of the following gives the moment at C.
3. The continuous beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 4 kN/m from B to D. assuming equal
values of flexural rigidity EI.
a. Which of the following gives the moment at A.
b. Which of the following gives the moment at b
c. Which of the following gives the moment at c.

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 VII. ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITHOUT SIDESWAY

- analysis of frames without sideways is similar to the analysis of continuous beams only more
than two members maybe connected to a joint or frame.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. A frame shown in the figure is fixed supported at A and B and is hinged at E . It is subjected to a
horizontal lateral load of 200 kN at the midspan of AC and uniform load of 50 kN/m throughout the
span of CDE. the members of the frame have different moment of inertias as indicated in the figure.
Assume constant value of E and use moment distribution method.
a. Compute the moment at A.
b. Compute the moment at B.
c. Compute the vertical reaction at E.

2. The frame shown carries a uniform load of 3 kN/m along span CD. Using moment distribution
a. compute the moment at A.
b. Compute the reaction at A.
c. Compute the moment at D.
d. Compute the reaction at B.

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FRAMES WITH SETTLEMENT
3. The frame shown carries the following loads as shown in the figure. Assume EI=86,400 kN.m^2 for
all the members. The support at A settles 25 mm and that of D settles 40 mm. use moment
distribution.
a. Compute the moment Mbc
b. Compute the moment at Mac
c. Compute the horizontal reaction at A.

4. The frame shown in the figure carries a uniform load of 25 kN/m along the span of CD and a
horizontal concentrated load of 75 kN acting at point B. assume EI to be constant with E = 200 GPa
and I = 400x10^6 mm^4 . There is a settlement of 50 mm at support D. using moment distribution
method.
a. Compute the moment at A.
b. Compute the moment at C.
c. Compute the horizontal reaction at D.

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 VIII. ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITH SIDESWAY

1. From the given frame, it is subjected to a uniform load of 4kN/m acting on span BC. Usiing moment
distribution.
a. Compute the moment at Mab.
b. Compute the moment at Mbc.
c. Compute the moment at Mdc.

2. The frame shown is fixed at A and supported by a roller at C. it carries a uniform load of 20 kN/m along BC
and a lateral load of 60 kN acting at B. using moment distribution.
a. Compute the moment at A.
b. Compute the moment at BC.
c. Compute the vertical reaction at C.

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FRAMES WITH SIDESWAY FOR INCLINED MEMBERS
3. From the given frame shown in the figure , it is subjected to a lateral load of 25 kN. Assume
constant values of EI and use moment distribution.
a. Compute the moment at Mab
b. Compute the moment at Mba.
c. Compute the total reaction at A.

4. A given frame with a member AC and DB in inclined positions is subjected to a lateral load of 30 kN
acting at C. assume constant EI for all the member use moment distribution.
a. Compute the moment at Mac
b. Compute the horizontal reaction at A.
c. Compute the vertical reaction at B.

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IX . THREE MOMENT EQUATION

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM :
1.A wooden beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 60 kN/m rests on 3 supports spaced 12 m
apart.
a. Which of following gives the length of overhang on the outer supports in order that the reactions at
the 3 supports shall be the same?
b. Which of the following gives the moment at the first support.
c. Which of the following gives the moment at the middle support.

2. A continuous beam carries two concentrated loads of 120 kN and 80 kN along span AB and a
uniform load of 30 kN/m along span CD. Using three moment equation.
a. Compute the moment at B.
b. Compute the moment at C.
c. Compute the reaction at B.

THREE MOMENT EQUATION FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS WITH FIXED END

3. From the given continuous beam shown assuming equal moment of inertia. Use three moment
equation.
a. Which of the following gives the moment at A.
b. Which of the following gives the reaction at C.
C, which of the following gives the reaction at B.

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4. A continuous beam whose both ends are fixed are subjected to the given loads as shown in the figure.
a. Compute the moment at A
b. Compute the moment at B
c. Compute the moment at C.
d. Compute the moment at D.

DEFLECTIONS DETERMINED BY THE THREE MOMENT EQUATION

5. For the beam in the figure shown ,
a. Compute the value of P that will cause a zero defelction under P.
b. Compute the reaction at C.
c. Compute the reaction at B.

6. For the beam in the figure shown ,

a. Compute the value of P that will cause a zero defelction under P.
b. Compute the reaction at A
c. Compute the reaction at B.

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ANALYSIS OF FRAMES WITHOUT SIDESWAY USING THREE MOMENT EQUATION
7. A frame shown is subjected to a lateral load of 75 kN and a uniform load of 25 kN/m along member CD.
Assume constant value of EI and use three moment equation.
a. Compute the moment at C.
b. Compute the moment at A.
c. Compute the vertical reaction at D.

8. From the given frame shown , using three moment equation.

a. Compute the moment at B.
b. Compute the moment at A.
c. Compute the moment at C.

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 X. SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD

- the method makes use of the relation of the slope and deflections to the applied load on a
structure.

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For fixed end supports with linear displacement

If the end moments due to each displacement and the loading are added together , the resultant
moments at the ends can be written as :

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Modified slope deflection equation for members with one end hinged or imply supported.

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 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1 .A continuous beam ABC has a fixed support at A and supported by the rollers at B and C.
respectively. It carries a uniform load of 2 kN/m throughout the span ABC. Assume constant value of
EI and use slope deflection method.
a. Compute the moment Mab.
b. Compute the moment Mbc.
c. Compute the reaction at B.

2. A continuous beam ABCD has fixed supports at A and D and supported by rollers at B and C.
assume EI to be constant and use slope deflection method.
a. Compute the moment Mab.
b. Compute the moment Mbc.
c. Compute the moment Mdc.

3. A continuous beam has a total span of 27 m and have different values of moment of inertia. It
carries two concentrated loads of 100 kN each acting at the middle thirds of the span BC. Assume
constant value of E and use slope deflection method.
a. Compute the moment Mab.
b. Compute the moment Mbc.
c. Compute the moment Mcb.
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THANK YOU!

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