Philhis Handouts Week 1

READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
I. MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

History
 From Greek word, historia, which means inquiry; knowledge acquired by investigation.
 A chronological record of significant events such as those affecting a nation or institution often
including an explanation of their causes.
 Study of relevant past
 The discipline that studies the chronological record of events (as affecting a nation or people),
based on a critical examination of source materials and usually presenting an explanation of their
causes.
Herodotus is considered as the Father of History.
 He was a Greek writer who invented the field of study known today as `history.
 He was called `The Father of History’ by the Roman writer and orator Cicero for his famous
work The Histories.
Elements of History
*People
*Place
*Time
*Event/Circumstances
Periods of History
Prehistoric: events occurring before the invention of writing system.
Historic: events occurring after the invention of the writing system
SOURCES OF HISTORY
Primary Sources
 Are the eyewitness accounts or the first-hand evidence related to the time or even a person is
investigating.
 This includes accounts by participants or observers and a wide range of written, physical, audio
or visual materials created at the time or later by someone with direct experience.
 In the sciences and social sciences, primary sources or primary research' are original research
experiments, studies, or observations written about by the researchers themselves.
Secondary Sources
 Is second-hand commentary including anything that investigates, comments on, brings together,
or reviews those primary sources and other secondary sources.
Discipline Primary Source Examples Secondary Source Examples

Archeology Fossils and Artifacts Stories being passed by the
Statement of people who interviewer to his audiences
found the fossils and artifacts
History Letters History books
Photographs Journal Articles
Diaries Documentaries
Art and Literature Novels Art criticism article
Paintings Literature criticism article
Poems Art history textbook
Communications Speeches Journal articles on
& Journalism Investigative Journalism communication theories
Newspapers & magazines Book on Journalism practices
Public speaking manual
Political Science Laws Article by a legal scholar

Court documents American government
Public opinion surveys textbook
Encyclopedia of political
theory
Science & Social Science
Research studies Reviews of other studies

Lab tests Systematic reviews
Mental Health surveys Textbooks
When examining a source, the historian must conduct:

External Criticism
The practice of verifying the authenticity of evidence by examining the physical characteristics
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time when it was produced as evidence.
Internal Criticism
 It is the examination of the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence.
 The content of the sources and examines the circumstance of its production.
 It could be done by looking at the author, its context, agenda, the purpose behind its creation.
DISCRIMINATION IN THE VALIDITY OF HISTORY
1. Lack of supporting documents and evidences that will support early writings.
2. Personal and political beliefs and cultural affiliation of the person writing the history.
3. Others got their historical documents burned or destroyed in the events of war or colonization.
Historiography:
 The study of historical writing
 The study of the methods of historians in developing history as an academic discipline
 The writing of history
PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING HISTORY

1. Scarcity of written materials, especially in the local level.
2. Problems of translation regarding documents written in other languages.
3. Biases and prejudices on the part of foreign writers.
4. Lack of representative materials for the whole country.
5. Lack of historians.
REASONS FOR INTERPRETING PHILIPPINE HISTORY FROM A NATIONALIST

FILIPINO POINT OF VIEW
1. Only Filipino can truly express his/her love for the Philippines and desire for the unity of the people.
2. The Filipino point of view would be more inclined ones, thereby contributing to a certain degree of
national pride.
3. Filipinos are more familiar with the historical roots of their problems.
4. It could be noted that Filipino know their history, culture and identity better than foreign historians
do.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY

1. Cyclical View
*History repeat itself
*All human events occur in cycles
*Its famous proponents were Herodotus and Spengler.
2. Providential View
*History is determined by God and being the author of everything.
*It consists of recordings the death struggle between good and evil
*History, therefore, is God’s grand design
*No interpretation is needed because everything is willed by God.
3. Progressive View
*Mankind is getting better and better through the ages
*Mankind is responsible for the advancement of civilization.
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY

1. History helps us develop a better understanding of the world.
2. History helps us understand ourselves.
3. History helps us learn to understand other people and culture.
4. History teaches a working understanding of change.
5. History gives us the tools we need to be decent citizens.
6. History makes us better decision makers.
7. History bridges the gap between the present and the past and helps in projecting the future.
8. History promotes nationalism, patriotism, civic consciousness and responsible citizenry.
9. History helps in interpreting conditions of a given space and time.
10. History helps us to learn from the past experiences of other people and prevents us from repeating
the same mistakes.
GLOSSARY
Fossils
Remains or traces of ancient life that have been preserved by natural processes, from spectacular
skeletons to tiny seashells.
Artifacts
An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.
History
Study of relevant past events
REFLECTION
Formulate your own definition of history.

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ASSIGNMENT
1. With the use of primary sources, Share the History of Your Name.
2. With the use of Venn Diagram, compare and contrast primary and secondary sources.
3. Bato sa Buhangin was used in the film, GOYO: Ang Batang Heneral as one of its soundtracks. What
is the meaning of the metaphor - bato sa buhangin?
4. What feelings does the song evoke? Can the song be related to our search for Filipino identity?
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Psalm 37:23-24 “The LORD makes firm the steps of the one who delights in him; though he may stumble, he will
not fall, for the LORD upholds him with his hand.”

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READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

I. MEANING AND RELEVANCE OF HISTORY

Discipline Primary Source Examples Secondary Source Examples

Political Science Laws Article by a legal scholar

Science & Social Science

Research studies Reviews of other studies

When examining a source, the historian must conduct:

PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES IN WRITING HISTORY

REASONS FOR INTERPRETING PHILIPPINE HISTORY FROM A NATIONALIST

PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS IN THE STUDY OF HISTORY

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING HISTORY

Formulate your own definition of history.

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