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    Soil Ex7

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    Azeezan Alessa
    This document summarizes a lab experiment on determining the permeability of sand using constant head and falling head permeability tests. Key steps of the experimental procedures are outlined. Results from multiple trials of each test are presented along with sample calculations of permeability values. Factors that influence permeability are discussed. The conclusions drawn are that temperature affects permeability, constant head and falling head tests are used for coarse and fine materials respectively, and understanding soil permeability is important for engineering projects.

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    Soil Ex7

    Uploaded by

    Azeezan Alessa
    20 views6 pages
    This document summarizes a lab experiment on determining the permeability of sand using constant head and falling head permeability tests. Key steps of the experimental procedures are outlined. Results from multiple trials of each test are presented along with sample calculations of permeability values. Factors that influence permeability are discussed. The conclusions drawn are that temperature affects permeability, constant head and falling head tests are used for coarse and fine materials respectively, and understanding soil permeability is important for engineering projects.

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    Constant and Falling Head Permeability Test in Sand

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    soil ex7

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    This document summarizes a lab experiment on determining the permeability of sand using constant head and falling head permeability tests. Key steps of the experimental procedures are outlined. Results from multiple trials of each test are presented along with sample calculations of permeability values. Factors that influence permeability are discussed. The conclusions drawn are that temperature affects permeability, constant head and falling head tests are used for coarse and fine materials respectively, and understanding soil permeability is important for engineering projects.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    20 views6 pages

    Soil Ex7

    Uploaded by

    Azeezan Alessa
    This document summarizes a lab experiment on determining the permeability of sand using constant head and falling head permeability tests. Key steps of the experimental procedures are outlined. Results from multiple trials of each test are presented along with sample calculations of permeability values. Factors that influence permeability are discussed. The conclusions drawn are that temperature affects permeability, constant head and falling head tests are used for coarse and fine materials respectively, and understanding soil permeability is important for engineering projects.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 6

    Jordan University of Science and Technology

    Civil Engineering Department


    CE463-GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING LAB

    Student Name: Abdulaziz Essa


    ID : 159145
    Exp Name : Constant and Falling Head Permeability Test in Sand

    Exp No. 6

    Instructor: Eng. Maysa Khasawneh

    Submission Date: April 17 ,2023

    Sec : 1 group :1

    Evaluation Elements Max Grade


    Grade
    1 Title Page (evaluation form) and Overall Appearance -

    2 Abstract 15

    3 Introduction 5

    4 Objective 5

    7 Results and Data Analysis 25

    8 Discussion 30

    9 Conclusion 20

    10 Total 100
    Abstract:
    The aim of this experiment to know the permeability of soil.
    We use this relation in our calculation Constant head:

    𝑄∗𝐿
    𝑘=
    𝐴∗ℎ∗𝑡
    𝜋
    𝐴 = ∗ 𝑑2
    4
    𝜂𝑟
    𝑘(20𝑐) = 𝑘𝑟 ∗
    𝜂20

    Falling head:
    𝜋
    𝑎 = ∗ 𝑑2
    4
    𝜋
    𝐴= ∗ 𝐷2
    4

    𝑉 = 𝑎(ℎ1 − ℎ2)
    2.303 𝑉 𝐿 ℎ1
    𝑘= ∗ log
    (ℎ1 − ℎ2) ∗ 𝑡 ∗ 𝐴 ℎ2

    Introduction:
    As it plays a significant influence in structural design, permeability is one of the most important
    characteristics of soil when designing engineering projects. For instance, permeability and
    concrete durability are related. Since soils are made up of both solid particles and a dense network
    of pores with well-organized interconnections, they exhibit some degree of permeability. The
    history of the soil, the distribution of grain sizes, and the kind of soil are all factors that affect a
    soil's permeability. Permeability is defined by this permeability coefficient. Any soil's permeability
    coefficient may be calculated using both in-lab and in-situ techniques. The constant head
    permeability test and the declining head permeability test are both used in this experiment. The
    coefficients of permeability of sand at various unit weights were calculated using the constant head
    permeability.

    Objective:
    The coefficient of permeability of sands can be easily determined in the laboratory by the constant
    head test and.
    The falling head permeability test is another experimental procedure to determine the coefficient of
    permeability of sand.

    2
    Experimental details:

    Apparatus:

    • Constant head test.


    • Falling head test
    • Graduated cylinder.
    • Thermometer.
    • Stop watch.
    • Rubber tubing.
    • Balance.

    Procedure:

    ➢ Constant head permeability

    1. Measure the length (L) of the compacted specimen in the tube.


    2. Assemble the permeameter near a sink.
    3. Run water into the top of the large funnel fixed to the stand through a plastic tube from
    the water inlet. The water will flow through the specimen to the constant head chamber.
    After some time, the water will flow into the sink through the outlet in the constant head
    chamber.
    4. Adjust the supply of water to the funnel so that the water level in the funnel remains
    constant. At the same time, allow the flow to continue for about 10 minutes in order to
    saturate the specimen.
    5. After a steady flow is established (that is, once the head difference h is constant), collect
    the water flowing out of the constant head chamber (Q) in a graduated cylinder. Record
    the collection time (t) with a stop watch.
    6. Repeat Step 5 three times. Keep the collection time (t) the same and determine Q. Then
    find the average value of Q.
    7. Record the temperature, T, of the water to the nearest degree

    ➢ Falling head permeability

    3
    1. Measure the length (L) of the compacted specimen in the tube.
    2. Assemble the perimeter near a sink.
    3. Supply water using a plastic tube from the water inlet to the burette. The water will
    flow from the burette to the specimen and then to the funnel. Check to see that
    there is no leak. Remove all air bubbles.
    4. Allow the water to flow for some time in order to saturate the specimen. When the
    funnel is full, water will flow out of it into the sink.
    5. Using the pinch cock, close the flow of water through. The specimen. The pinch
    cock is located on the plastic pipe connecting the bottom of the specimen to the
    funnel.
    6. Measure the head difference, HI (cm).
    7. Open the pinch cock. Water will flow through the burette to the specimen and then
    out of the funnel. Record time (t) with a stop watch until the head difference is
    equal t6 h2 (cm). Close the flow of water through the specimen using the pinch
    cock.
    8. Determine the volume (Vw) of water that is drained from burette in cm3. 16. Add
    more water to the burette to make another run. Repeat Steps 6, 7 and 8. However,
    hi and h2 should be changed for each run.
    9. Record the temperature, T, of the water to the nearest degree (0C).

    Results and Calculations:


    Constant head permeability

    Length of sample = 13.7cm

    Diameter of sample = 8cm

    Temperature 21 C

    Trial no. Head difference (cm) Time (sce) Flow(cm^3) K (cm/sce)

    1 75 30 161 0.1863

    2 75 60 318 0.1841

    3 75 90 445 0.2576

    Avg. K (cm/sce) 0.2093

    K20= 0.20428

    4
    Falling head permeability

    Length of sample = 7cm

    Diameter of sample = 3cm

    Temperature 21 C

    Diameter of pipe = 0.1 mm

    Trial no. H1(cm) H2(cm) Time (sce) K (cm/sce)


    1 93 92 24 hour 9.667*10^-10

    K20= 9.435*10^-10

    Sample calculations:
    Constant head permeability

    A = (π/4)*D2
    A = (π/4)*64
    A =50.26
    K = QL/Aht
    =161*13.7/50.26*75*30 = 0.1863
    K20℃ = KTC * ηT/η20℃
    K20℃ = 0.2093* 0.976
    = 0.20428

    Falling head permeability

    A = (π/4)*D2
    A = (π/4)*32
    A =7.068
    a = (π/4)*d2
    a = (π/4)*0.12
    a= 0.0078
    𝜋
    V=4 𝐷2 𝐿
    V=49.48
    - K = [ 2.303*a L / A t ] * log(h1/h2)
    = [2.303 *(0.0078*7)/(7.068*86400) ]*log(93/92)
    = 9.667*10^-10
    K20℃ = KTC * ηT/η20℃
    9.667*10^-10* 0.976
    = 9.435*10^-10

    5
    Discussions:

    In order to overcome the soil resistance, energy must be expended, which results in head loss.
    Hydraulic conductivity = coefficient permeability Based on:
    1. Viscosity of the fluid
    2. Distribution of pore size
    3. Distribution of grain size
    Four. Void Ratio
    5. Mineral particle roughness
    6. Soil saturation level
    7. As the degree of saturation rises, permeability of saturated soil increases quickly.
    Structure has a significant impact on hydraulic conductivity in clayey soils.
    The following elements have an impact on the permeability of clays:
    1. Ionic concentration
    2. The depth of water layers that the clay particles were adhered to.
    Calculating Hydraulic Conductivity in a Lab:
    1. Constant Head: A typical setup for the permeability test with a constant head. The water supply
    at the intake is controlled in this sort of laboratory setup such that the difference in head between
    the inlet and the outlet is constant during the test time. Water is collected in a graduated flask for a
    certain amount of time once a steady flow rate has been established.
    2. Falling-Head Test: An illustration of how the falling-head permeability test is often set up. A
    standpipe's supply of water runs through the ground. Water is allowed to pass through the soil
    sample until the final head difference at time t = t2 is h2, after which the starting head difference h1
    at time t=0 is recorded.
    Temperature adjustment is necessary for permeability determination since temperature affects the
    coefficient of permeability.

    Conclusion:
    1. The effect of temperature on permeability
    2. For coarse materials, there is a technique called constant head.
    3. For fine material, the falling head technique is utilized.
    4. Understanding how water moves through permeable soil medium is important for the following
    purposes: a) Calculating the amount of subsurface seepage under varied hydraulic circumstances.
    b) to look at issues with water pumping for subterranean construction c) to do stability assessments
    on seepage-affected earth dams and earth-retaining structures.
    5. The permeability of various soils varies.

    References:
    Bowles, Joseph E. Engineering Properties of Soils. 4th. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill, 1992

    ASTM Standard D 854, 2000-2002, “Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
    Water Pycnometer,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, www.astm.org

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