Lecture 3 2

Structural Steel Design CE 434
Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Lecture 17
Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Eng. Mutaz AL-Dwairy
1
Design of Compression Members 2
Local Buckling
It is entirely possible for the thin flanges or webs of
a column to buckle locally in compression well before
the flexural buckling occurs.
If the local buckling is susceptible in a section, then this section
should be avoided whenever possible. Otherwise,
the compressive strength given by flexural buckling
2 0.877
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658𝜆𝑐 𝐹𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 Fcr = 2 𝐹𝑦 must be reduced.
𝜆𝑐
Civil Engineering Department

Prof. Ghazi A. Abu-Farsakh
Eng. Mutaz M AL-Dwairy
Local Buckling
To investigate the possibility of local-buckling occurrence,
each section is divided into plate elements.
Two types of plate elements are considered:
1. Unstiffened elements
2. Stiffened elements
Susceptibility of each cross-sectional element to local buckling depends on:
its aspect-ratio 𝝀 (=width-to-thickness b/t-ratio) and the yield stress (Fy) of the material.

Unstiffened and Stiffened Elements

Unstiffened elements: which are unsupported along one edge parallel to the
direction of load.
Stiffened elements: which are supported along both edges.


Note that:
• “W, M, S sections” have four unstiffened flange elements
(i.e. each of the outstanding half flanges of equal size) and one stiffened web
• “WT, MT, ST sections” have three unstiffened elements:

Two unstiffened flange elements and one unstiffened
stem element.


• “Channel sections C & MC” have two unstiffened flange
elements and one stiffened web element.
• “Angle-section” has two unstiffened leg elements.

Slenderness Parameter -𝝀
Susceptibility of each cross-sectional element to local buckling depends on:
its slenderness parameter (known as aspect-ratio) 𝝀 (=width-to-thickness b/t-ratio) and the

yield stress (Fy) of the material.
𝑏
𝜆=
𝑡
𝜆: the aspect-ratio for plate-element

𝑏: width of the plate-element
𝑡: thickness of plate-element

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

(a) For flanges of I-shaped members,
the width (b) is one-half the full-flange width (bf)
𝑏 𝑏𝑓 /2 𝑏𝑓
𝜆𝑓 = = =
𝑡 𝑡𝑓 2𝑡𝑓
(b) For flanges of tee members,

the width (b) is one-half the full-flange width (bf)
𝑏 𝑏𝑓 /2 𝑏𝑓
𝜆𝑓 = = =
𝑡 𝑡𝑓 2𝑡𝑓

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

(c) For flanges of channels, the width (b) is
the full-flange width (bf)
𝑏 𝑏𝑓
𝜆𝑓 = =
𝑡 𝑡𝑓
(d) For legs of angles, the width (b) is the length of the longer leg.
𝑏 𝐿1
𝜆𝐿 = =
𝑡 𝑡
Where, L1 is the size of long-leg.
Slenderness Parameter-𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

(e) For stem-of-tee, d is taken as the full nominal depth of the section.
𝑑
𝜆𝑠 =
𝑡

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Stiffened Elements

For webs of rolled-steel sections, h is the clear distance between flanges
less the fillet radius at each flange.
𝒌𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒌𝒅𝒆𝒔
𝒌 𝒌𝒅𝒆𝒔 𝒌𝒅𝒆𝒔
ℎ 𝑑 − 2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝜆𝑤 = = ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤
kdes-Values For W-Sections

Limiting Values of Slenderness-Parameter 𝜆r

Limiting values of width-to-thickness ratios 𝜆r of Sections for Local- Buckling are given
in AISC- Table-B5.1,(p-16.1-14) (LRFD 2003)
or Table-B4-1a (p-16.1-16) (LRFD 2013).
For compression members, plate elements are classified as nonslender element or
slender element.
If 𝜆 ≤ 𝜆r → nonslender element (Local buckling will not occur).
If 𝜆 > 𝜆r → slender element (Local buckling will occur).

AISC-B5 Table B4.1

pp 16.1-16

AISC B5 Table B4.1

p 16.1-16

Illustration For Some Cases from Table B4.1
95
𝜆𝑟 = 𝑏/𝑡 ≤ 0.56 𝐸/𝐹𝑦 = 0.56 29000/𝐹𝑦 =
𝐹𝑦
253
𝜆𝑟 = ℎ/𝑡𝑤 ≤ 1.49 𝐸/𝐹𝑦 = 0.56 29000/𝐹𝑦 =
𝐹𝑦

Illustration For Some Cases from Table B4.1
𝑏 𝐿1
𝜆𝑟 = = ≤ 0.45 𝐸/𝐹𝑦
𝑡 𝑡

Important Notes (N.B.)

When a section has multiple plate elements,
if one plate element is slender, the member is considered
slender and local-buckling may occur.
Accordingly, the compressive strength given by flexural buckling
𝜆2 0.877
𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 0.658 𝑐 𝐹𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑐𝑟 = 𝐹𝑦 must be reduced.
𝜆2𝑐

Example
Investigate the local buckling for W14 × 74 of A992 steel
(Fy=50ksi)
Solution:
Check 𝜆 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝜆r
For unstiffened flange-element
𝑏𝑓 /2 10.1/2 𝐸 29000
𝜆𝑓 = = = 6.43 < 𝜆r𝑓 = 0.56 = 0.56 = 13.5 →
𝑡𝑓 0.785 𝐹𝑦 50
Nonslender unstiffened flange element (No local buckling in flanges)

For stiffened web-element

ℎ 𝑑−2𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝜆𝑤 = =
𝑡𝑤 𝑡𝑤
From the manual 𝑑 = 14.2, 𝑘 = 1.38, 𝑡𝑤 = 0.45"

14.2−2∗1.38
𝜆𝑤 = = 25.4 or you can use value from Tables of section-property (Part-1)
0.45
as illustrated in the Table of next slide.
𝐸 29000
𝜆𝑤 = 25.4 < 𝜆r𝑤 = 1.49 = 1.49 = 35.9 →
𝐹𝑦 50
Nonslender stiffened web element.

No web local-buckling →This indicates an overall flexural-type buckling in the member.

Note
𝑏𝑓 ℎ
The width-to-thickness ratios 𝑎𝑛𝑑 for W sections are tabulated in the dimensions
2𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤
and properties table in the manual (p. 1-25).

Tables For Compression Members

The AISC Manual provides computed values of critical stresses 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 and
critical forces 𝜙𝑐 Pn .
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
1. General Method: using Table 3-36 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 (LRFD column-design stresses)
𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
2. Column-Tables method 𝑃𝑢𝑛 = 𝜙𝑐 Pn (LRFD column design loads)
These strengths were determined with respect to the least radius of gyration for each
section.

Columns With Lateral-Bracing
K x Lx K x (30 ∗ 12)
=
rx rx
K y Ly K 𝑦 (15 ∗ 12)
=
r𝑦 r𝑦

Example
Determine the design compression strength (Pun) for the column shown in
the following Figure. Column section is W12x72 and column length is 15-ft.
Use LRFD-Specifications and A36-steel (Fy=36 ksi).

Solution
I- Using The General Method:
a) Check local buckling
𝑏𝑓 95 95
𝜆𝑓 = = 8.99 < 𝜆rf = = = 15.83 → Nonslender unstiffened flange-element
2𝑡𝑓 𝐹𝑦 36
ℎ 253 253
𝜆𝑤 = = 22.6 < 𝜆rw = = = 42.2 → Nonslender stiffened web-element
𝑡𝑤 𝐹𝑦 36
No local buckling → Flexural-type buckling is the limit-state for strength design

Sections (p1-25)

𝑃𝑢𝑛 = 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔
Since 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 = 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 you can
Determine 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 using Table 3-36 (p 16.1-143) directly conclude that the
buckling will occur about the
KL Kx Lx Ky Ly minor principal axis-y.
= max ,
r 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 rx r𝑦
K x = K y = 0.8 for fixed-pinned column (see Table on next slide)
Lx = Ly = 15 − 𝑓𝑡 = 15 ∗ 12 = 180 − 𝑖𝑛, rx = 5.31 − 𝑖𝑛, ry = 3.04 − 𝑖𝑛
KL 0.8∗180 0.8∗180
= max = 27.12, = 47.37 = 47.37
r 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 5.31 3.04

Table C-C2-1
K-values for columns
(p16.1-189)

KL
𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟
r
Reference
47 27.24
-values
47.37 𝑦
48 27.11
𝑦 − 27.24 27.11 − 27.24 𝑦 = 27.19 𝑘𝑠𝑖 = 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟

= →
47.37 − 47 48 − 47
𝑃𝑢𝑛 = 𝜙𝑐 𝐹𝑐𝑟 𝐴𝑔 = 27.19 ∗ 21.1 = 573.7 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
II- Using Column-Table Method:

Enter column-tables using KL cr
Since 𝐾𝑥 𝐿𝑥 = 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 you can
KL cr = max K y Ly
eq
, 𝐾𝑦 𝐿𝑦 , directly conclude that the critical
axis is the minor principal axis-y.
where y-axis is the minor-axis.
Kx Lx 0.8∗15
K y Ly = = = 6.87 − 𝑓𝑡
eq rx /ry 5.31/3.04
K y Ly = 0.8 ∗ 15 = 12 − 𝑓𝑡 > 6.87 − 𝑓𝑡

Then, KL cr = 12 − 𝑓𝑡 and the corresponding Pun :
𝑃𝑢𝑛 = 𝜙𝑐 Pn = 574 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 (as shown in the next slide)

Design strength of
columns
Civil Engineering Department 31

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Structural Steel Design CE 434

Analysis and Design of Compression Members

Prof. Ghazi Abu-Farsakh

Civil Engineering Department

Two types of plate elements are considered:

Susceptibility of each cross-sectional element to local buckling depends on:

Civil Engineering Department

Unstiffened and Stiffened Elements

Civil Engineering Department

Unstiffened and Stiffened Elements

• “WT, MT, ST sections” have three unstiffened elements:

Civil Engineering Department

Unstiffened and Stiffened Elements

• “Angle-section” has two unstiffened leg elements.

Civil Engineering Department

Susceptibility of each cross-sectional element to local buckling depends on:

its slenderness parameter (known as aspect-ratio) 𝝀 (=width-to-thickness b/t-ratio) and the

𝜆: the aspect-ratio for plate-element

Civil Engineering Department

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

(b) For flanges of tee members,

Civil Engineering Department

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

Slenderness Parameter-𝝀 for Unstiffened Elements

Civil Engineering Department

Slenderness-Parameter 𝝀 for Stiffened Elements

kdes-Values For W-Sections

Civil Engineering Department

Limiting Values of Slenderness-Parameter 𝜆r

Civil Engineering Department

AISC-B5 Table B4.1

Civil Engineering Department

AISC B5 Table B4.1

Civil Engineering Department

Illustration For Some Cases from Table B4.1

Civil Engineering Department

Illustration For Some Cases from Table B4.1

Civil Engineering Department

Important Notes (N.B.)

Civil Engineering Department

Nonslender unstiffened flange element (No local buckling in flanges)

Civil Engineering Department

For stiffened web-element

From the manual 𝑑 = 14.2, 𝑘 = 1.38, 𝑡𝑤 = 0.45"

as illustrated in the Table of next slide.

Nonslender stiffened web element.

Civil Engineering Department

Civil Engineering Department

Tables For Compression Members

Civil Engineering Department

Columns With Lateral-Bracing

Civil Engineering Department

Use LRFD-Specifications and A36-steel (Fy=36 ksi).

Civil Engineering Department

I- Using The General Method:

a) Check local buckling

No local buckling → Flexural-type buckling is the limit-state for strength design

Civil Engineering Department