7th Mathematics DLP Study Package Final

Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.
DISTANCE
LEARNING PROGRAMME
Contents
Chapter 1 Integers ...................................................................... 01 – 14
Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals .............................................. 15 – 35
Chapter 3 Data Handling ............................................................ 36 – 53
Chapter 4 Simple Equation ......................................................... 54 – 63
Chapter 5 Lines and Angles ....................................................... 64 – 73
Chapter 6 The Triangles and its Properties ................................. 74 – 83
Chapter 7 Congruence of Triangles ............................................. 84 – 93
Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities ............................................... 94 – 107
Chapter 9 Rational Numbers ................................................... 108 – 119
Chapter 10 Perimeter and Area................................................. 120 – 131
Chapter 11 Algebra .................................................................. 132 – 145
Chapter 12 Laws of Exponents ................................................. 146 – 153
Chapter 13 Practical Geometry .................................................. 154 – 157
Chapter 14 Symmetry .............................................................. 158 – 163
Olympiad Segment .................................................................. 164 – 171
[2023]
1 Integers
Types of Numbers
i) Natural numbers: Counting numbers, i.e, 1, 2, 3, 4,… are called natural numbers.
ii) Whole numbers: Counting numbers and 0, i.e., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,… are called whole numbers.
iii) Integers: All natural numbers, zero and negative of natural numbers, i.e.,… –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,... Are
called integers.
p
iv) Rational numbers: All numbers of the form , where p and q are integers and q  0 are called
q
rational numbers.
Numbers System
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Integers
The numbers ...–3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, … are called integers. The numbers 1, 2, 3, … i.e., natural
numbers, are called positive integers and the numbers –1, –2, –3,… are called negative integers. The
number 0 is simply an integer. It is neither positive nor negative.
Representation of integers on number line

Positive integers
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Negative integers
Note i) All negative integers are smaller than zero and all positive integers are greater than zero.
ii) 1 is the smallest positive integer.
iii) –1 is the largest negative integer.
iv) Every positive integer is greater than every negative integer.
AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

Class VII: Integers Mathematics
Operations on Integers
We are going to learn the following operations on integers:

i) Addition ii) Subtraction
iii) Multiplication iv) Division
Example 1: Find the value of (–8) – (–13).
Solution: (–8) – (– 13) = –8 + 13 = 5
Example 2: Find the value of (–8) – (–3).
Solution: (–8) – (–3) = – 8 + 3 = –5
Properties of addition and subtraction of integers:
1. Closure property : If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then (i) a + b is also an integer (ii) a – b is also an
integer.
Hence, closure property holds for both addition and subtraction of integers.
2. Associative Property : If a, b, and c are integers, then

i) a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
ii) a – (b – c)  (a – b) – c
Hence associative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.
3. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then
i) a + b = b + a
ii) a – b  b – a
Hence commutative property holds for addition but not for subtraction.
4. Additive Inverse : If ‘a’ is an integer, then
(i) a + (–a) = 0
(ii) a – a = 0
‘–a’ is called additive inverse of ‘a’ (or) negative of ‘a’
5. Role of Zero : If ‘a’ is an integer, then
(i) a + 0 = 0 + a = a  0 is an additive identity
(ii) a – 0 = a but 0 – a  a [as 0 – a = –a]
Properties of Multiplication and Division of integers
1. Closure property : If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then

i) a × b is an integer
ii) a  b need not be an integer
Example: 2 × 3 = 6 is an integer
2 3 = 2/3 is a fraction
 Closure property is true for multiplication but not for division

2. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then

i) a × b = b × a
ii) a b  b a
Hence commutative property holds for multiplication but not for division.
3. Associative property : If a, b and c are integers, then

i) (a × b) × c = a × (b × c)
ii) (a b) c a  (b c)
Hence associative property hold for multiplication but not for division.
4. Role of 1 : If a is an integer, then

i) a × 1 = 1 × a = a [1 is called multiplicative identity]
ii) a/1 = a but 1/a a
5. Multiplicative Inverse : If a is an integer, then 1/a is called multiplicative inverse of a,

provided a  0
1 1
i) a    a  1
a a
a
ii)  1; i.e. a  a  1
a
6. Distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction:

If a, b, c are integers, then a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c
If a, b, c are integers, then a × (b – c) = a × b – a × c
Note i) If there are odd number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be negative
integer.
ii) If there are even number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be in
positive integer.
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 3: Find the value of (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1).
Solution: (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1)

= {(–5) + (–4)} + {(–3) + (–2)} + (–1) (Group first two and next two integers)
= {(–9) + (–5)} + (–1) (group first two integers)
= (–14) + (–1)
= –15
Example 4: Find the value of (–25) + (13) + (–49).
Solution: (–25) + (13) + (–49) = {(–25) + (13)} + (–49) (By grouping)

= (–12) + (–49) = –61
Example 5: Find the value of (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1).
Solution: (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) = {(–5) – (–4)} – (–3) – (–2) – (–1) {Grouping first two}

= [(–1) – (–3)] – (–2) – (–1)

= [(+2) – (–2)] – (–1) = 4 – (–1) = 5
Aliter
(–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1).
=–5+4+3+2+1
= – 5 + (4 +3 + 2 + 1)
= 5 + 10 = 5
Example 6: Find the value of 100 – 1 – 99.
Solution: 100 – 1 – 99 = (100 –1) – 99 {Grouping first two}

= 99 – 99
= 0
Example 7: (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6)
–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) × (–6) = ++720
120
2 6 24 120 72 0 [even number of negative integers]

Example 8: (–15) × (40) × (–5) = ?
(–15) × (40) × (–5) = + 3000
600 3000
Example 9: The value of (–100)  20
100 10
Solution:   5
20 2
Note: If there are two or more of the fundamental operations +, –, × and  in a numerical expression, the
order of operation is
Division 
 Multiplication 
 Addition 
 Subtraction
This rule is abbreviated as DMAS. It holds good for integers also.

Example 10: Simplify 36  3 + 4 × 3 – 4
Solution: 36  3 + 4 × 3 – 4 = 12 + 4 × 3 – 4 (division)
= 12 + 12 – 4 (multiplication)
= 24 – 4 (addition)
= 20 (subtraction)
Example 11: Simplify 36  (–3) + (–4) × 3 – (–4)
Solution: 36  (–3) + (–4) × 3 – (–4) = –12 + (–4) × 3 – (–4) (division)
= –12 + (–12) – (–4) (multiplication)
= –24 – (–4) (addition)
= –24 + 4 = –20 (subtraction)

Use of Brackets: When brackets are present in a problem, we simplify the terms inside the
brackets first.
We also sometimes use another grouping symbol ‘–‘ called bar or vinculum. The terms inside
the bar are simplified before the brackets.
Note: If there are two or more fundamental operations along with brackets the order of
operation in as follows:
Bracket 
 Division 
 Multiplication 
 Addition 
 Subtraction
This is abbreviated as BODMAS
Absolute Value of an Integer

The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer a is denoted by | a | and is given by
 a, a  0
| a | 
a, a < 0
Example 12: 17  17  34
 17  17  34
 34  34  0
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. The numbers ….. –4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4,…., etc., are integers.
2. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,…. are positive integers and –1, –2. –3,… are negative integers.
3. 0 is an integer which is neither positive nor negative.
4. 0 is less than every positive integer and greater than every negative integer.
5. The absolute value of an integer is the numerical value of the integer without regard to its sign.
The absolute value of an integer is denoted by | a | and is given by
 a, a0
6. | a | 
  a, a0
7. –a and a are negative or additive inverse of each other.

8. Any integer when multiplied or divided by 1 results in itself and when multiplied or
divided by –1 results in its negative.
9. If there are odd number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be
negative integer.
10. If there are even number of negative integers in multiplication, then the result will be in
positive integer.

TIPS
1. –  –  

  Same signs gives positive result
2.     

3.    –   –

  Opposite signs gives negative result
4.  –     –

5. If a, b, c are integers then:
a) a  b  a  c  b  c, if c  0
b) a  b  a  c  b  c, if c  0
6. If a is a non-zero integer, then 0  a  0 .
7. If a is an integer, then a  0 is not meaningful.
8. ()  ()   same sign gives positive results.
9. ()  ()   same sign gives positive results.
10. ()  ()   opposite signs gives negative results.
11. ()  ()   opposite signs gives negative results.

LEVEL - I
1. What will be the sign of the product if we multiply together:
i) 8 negative integers and 1 positive integer?
ii) 21 negative integers and 3 positive integers?
iii) 199 negative integers and 10 positive integers?
2. Verify the following:

i) 19 × {7 + (–3)} = 19 × 7 + 19 × (–3)
ii) (–23) {(–5) + (+19)} = (–23) × (–5) + (–23) × (19)
3. Find each of the following products:

i) (–2) × 36 × (–5) ii) 18 × (–27) × 30 iii) (–45) × 55 × (–10)
4. Using the sign of >, <, = in the box

i) (–8) + (4)  (8) – (4)
ii) 3 + 7 – (19)  15 – 8 + (9)
5. Find the value of:

i) (3)  (8)  (4)  2  (2)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
ii) (3)  (4)  (2)  (1)

(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –5 (d) –7
iii) (40)  (1)  (28)  7

(a) 36 (b) 30 (c) 31 (d) 32
6. Simplify each of the following:

1

i) 25  5  4  (3  2  1  3)
2

(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21

ii) 27  38  46  (15  13  2) 
 
(a) 30 (b) 31 (c) 32 (d) 33
iii) 36  18  14  (15  4  2  2)
(a) 20 (b) 21 (c) 22 (d) 23
7. Simplify each of the following :
i)
  
63  (3) 2  8  3   3{5  (2)(1)}
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
ii) 29  (2)6  (7  3)  3  5  (3)  (2)
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2

8.
 
(i) Simplify: 48  18  16  (4  1) 
 
(a) 43 (b) –42 (c) 0 (d) 40
(ii) Simplify: 5  {28  (29  7)}

(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 13
9. Simplify each of the following :

i)
 
23  23  23  (23  23  23) 
 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
1
 
ii) 4   10  (25  13  3  (5) 
5 
\
(a) –10 (b) 8 (c) –9 (d) 10
10. Simplify:
 
i) 15  (3) 4  7  3  5  (3)  (6)
(a) –12 (b) –13 (c) 14 (d) 15

ii) 118  121  (1111)  (4)  3  9  2 
  
(a) 108 (b) 109 (c) –108 (d) –109
11. Simplify: 10 – {5 + (–3) + 8 – (–11)}

(a) –11 (b) –10 (c) 1 (d) 0
12. Simplify:
140  2  [3  4{3  2  (8)}]
(a) 286 (b) 256 (c) 265 (d) –250
LEVEL - II
13. In a competitive exam, 3 marks are given for every correct answer and 1 mark is deduced for
every incorrect answer. Raju copied some answers from Reema and answered all the questions.
He scored 20 marks though he got 10 correct answers. How many incorrect answers had he
attempted? What values are promoted in the question?
14. In a quiz, Rs.300 are awarded for every correct answer and a penalty of Rs.75 is put for every
incorrect answer. Madhuri answered 15 questions out of which only 6 answers were correct. How
much money is earned by Madhuri in the quiz? If she distributes the money earned by her to poor
children in the neighbourhood, what values are being promoted?
15. A water tank has steps inside it. A monkey is sitting on the first step. The water level is at the
ninth step:
i) He jumps 3 steps down and then jumps back 2 steps up. In how many jumps will be reach the
water level?
ii) After drinking water, he wants to go back. For this, he jumps 5 steps up and then jumps back
3 steps down in every move. In how many jumps will he reach back the top of the tank?

16. A shopkeeper earns a profit of `2 by selling a pen and a loss of 50 paise per pencil and loss of 15
paise per eraser while selling pencils and erasers of old stock. On a particular day, he earns a
profit of Rs.10. If he sold 10 pens and the number of pencils and erasers he sold are in the ratio 7 :
10, then find the number of pencils and number of erasers he sold on the day.
17. In a competition 3 marks are given for every correct answer and (–2) marks are given for every
incorrect answer and no marks for not attempting any questions.
i) Sachin scored 20 marks. If he got 12 correct answers and he attempted all questions. How
many questions has he attempted incorrectly?
ii) Mohini scores (–5) marks in this competition, though she has got 7 correct answers and
attempted all questions. How many questions she has attempted incorrectly?
18. An elevator descends into a mine at the rate of 6 m/min. If the descend starts from 10 m above the
ground level, how long will it take to reach the shaft 350 m below the ground level?
19. A bookstore manager earns a profit of `20 by selling one new book and incurs a loss of `10 by
selling a second hand old book. In a particular month he earns neither profit nor loss. If he sold 25
new books, how many second hand old books did he sell?
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

20. If X is successor of–9897, Y is a predecessor of –4859.Then X – Y is:
(a) –5038 (b) –5032 (c) –5036 (d) –5034
21. If X = (–3) – (–8) – (+ 4), Y = (–10) – (–3) + (–4) then:

(a) X < Y (b) X > Y (c) Y = X (d) None of these
22. If X = (–2) + (–2) …. 20 times Y = (+3) + (+3) + (+3) …. 40 times then X + Y =

(a) 40 (b) –40 (c) 0 (d) None of these
23. If P = (–8) + (–3) + (+7)

Q = (–9) + (+3) + (+3) + (+2) +(–9)
R = (–6) + (–8) + (+3) + (+2) + (–9) then P + Q + R + 27 =
(a) –1 (b) –2 (c) –4 (d) None of these
24. If 4 p  32,  2q  16, then (10)  p  (18)  q 

(a) –6 (b) –24 (c) –8 (d) –10
25. If A = (+7) + (–10)

B = (–3) + (–8)
C = (+9) + (–13) then arrange A, B, C in ascending order:
(a) A, B, C (b) C, B, A (c) B, C, A (d) B, A, C
26. If (–9) – (–3) = X, (+7) – (–4) = Y, (+6) + (–2) = Z then X – Y – Z =

(a) 25 (b) –25 (c) –21 (d) –24
27. If (–8) + (–9) = x, (+10) + (–2) = y, (+11) + (–13) = z the x + y + z =

(a) –11 (b) –12 (c) –13 (d) –10

28. Which statement is correct:

i) sum of three negative integers is –ve
ii) Sum of four negative integers is –ve
iii) Sum of two positive integers is +ve
(a) (ii) (b) (iii) (c) (i) (d) (i), (ii), (iii)
29. Absolute value of –11 is:

(a) 10 (b) –1 (c) 11 (d) –11
30. Identify the property used in the following:

2 × 13 + 8 × 13 = (2 + 8) × 13
(a) Commutative (b) Closure (c) Associative (d) Distributive
31. What will be multiplicative inverse of –8?

1 1
(a) 8 (b) (c)  (d) 0
8 8
32. Which of the following statement is true?
(a) 7  0 = 7 (b) 7  0 = 0 (c) 7  0 = 0  7 (d) 0  7 = 0
33. Absolute value of ‘0’ is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
34. The value of 28945 × 99 – (–28945) is

(a) 2894500 (b) –2894500 (c) 289450 (d) 28900
35. Absolute value of – 1 is

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

Question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column I are labeled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column II are labeled p, q, r, s and t. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statements(s) in
Column II.
36. Match the following:

Column I Column II
A. (– 19) – (– 13) (p) + 16
B. (+ 19) – (+ 13) (q) + 32
C. (+ 19) – (– 13) (r) + 6
D. (+ 19) – (+ 3) (s) – 6
(a) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
(c) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (d) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r

Column I Column II
A. (– 7) × ( –12) (p) 70
B. (+ 7) × (–12) (q) –96
C. (+7) × (+10) (r) –84
D. (–8) × (+12) (s) + 84
(a) A – p; B – s; C – q; D – r (b) A – s; B – p; C – r; D – q
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – s; D – q


Column I Column II
A. (–2) (–3) (6) (+1) (p) 2.5
B. (–100)  25 (q) 4
C. 0.025 × 100 (r) – 4
D. 86 + (–28) + 12 + (–34) (s) 36
(a) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – s (b) A – s; B – p; C – r; D – q

Column I Column II
A. (–22) + 21 + (–22) + 21 + …(40 terms) (p) – 120
B. (–1) × (–2) × (–3) × (–4) × (–5) (q) 7
C. (–98)  (–14) (r) 18
D. 24 – 4  2 × 3 (s) –20
(a) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – s (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r

Column I Column II
A. (–5) – (–48)  (–16) + (–2) × 6 (p) – 7
 
B. 48  18  16  5  4  1 
  (q) 15
C. (–3) × (–4)  (–2) + (–1) (r) –20

 
D. 15  (3) 4  7  3  3(5) (s) 44
(a) A – r; B – s; C – p; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r
(c) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

Column I Column II
A. (–1728)  12 (p) 125
B. (–15625)  (–125) (q) –1562500
C. 15625 × (–2) + (–15625) × 98 (r) 1894600
D. 18946 × 99 + (18946) (s) –144
(c) A – s; B – r; C – q; D – p (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

Column I Column II
A. –12 + 24  (5 – 3) (p) –5
1
 
B. 222   42  56  8  9
3
  108 (q) 887000
C. – 20 + (–10)  (–2) × 3 (r) 87

D. 1569 × 887 – 569 × 887 (s) 0
(c) A – s; B – r; C – p; D – q (d) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s


Column I Column II
A. Successor of – 576 (p) –1
B. Predecessor of 0 (q) 0
C. [(–1) × (–1) × … (20 terms] × (r) –575
[(–1) + 1 + 1 (–1) + (1) + (40 terms)]
D. (–1)1 + (–1)2 + … + (–1)2018 (s) 1
(a) A – r; B – p; C – q; D – q (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r

Column I Column II
A. (–2) + 1 + (–2) + 1 + … (20 terms) (p) 12
B. [(1) + (–1) + (–1) + … (10 terms)] (q) –2
+ [(–2) + (–2) + 10 terms]
C. – 25  5 × 1 + 3 (r) –10
D. 16 + 10  5 – 2 × 3 (s) – 30
(a) A – r; B – s; C – q; D – p (b) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r

Column I Column II
A. Product of 8 negative integers and 2 (p) negative
Positive integers
B. Product of 2017 negative integers and (q) positive
19 positive integers
C. 16 + 8  4 – 2 × 3 (r) – 15
D. 25 – 5 × 6  3 (s) 12
(a) A – q; B – p; C – s; D – r (b) A– s; B – p; C – q; D – r
INTEGER TYPE
The answer to each of the questions is a single-digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
46. If x = (–23) + 22 + (–23) + 22 + …… (40 terms) and y = 11 + (–10) + 11 + (–10) + …

(20 terms), then find the value of (y – x)  10.
47. Simplify 3 – (5 – 6  3)

48. Simplify (–2) + (–8)  (–4)
49.  
Simplify 39  3   23  29  17  9  3 
 
50. Simplify {36  (–9)} {(–24) 6}
51. Simplify [–5 – (–48)  (–16) + (–2) × 6]  (–20)
52. 18  18  16  7
53. {24 – 4  2 × 3} 9
54. 0  (–100)
55. (–1)  (–1)


LEVEL – I
1. (i) +ve, (ii) – ve, (iii) –ve 3. (i) 360, (ii) –14580, (iii) 24750
4. (i) less than, (ii) less than 5. (i) (c), (ii) (d), (iii) (a)
6. (i)(d),(ii) (b), (iii) (b) 7. (i) (a), (ii) (c) 8. (i) (a), (ii) (b)
9. (i) (a), (ii) (d) 10. (i) (d), (ii) (b) 11. (a)
12. (a)
LEVEL – II
13. 10 14. `1125 15. (i) 11, (ii) 5 16. 14, 20 17. (i) 8, (ii) 13
18. 60 minutes 19. 50

20. (c) 21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (b)
25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (d) 29. (c)
30. (d) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (a)
35. (b)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (b) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (a)
INTEGER TYPE
46. 3 47. 0 48. 0 49. 8 50. 1
51. 1 52. 4 53. 2 54. 0 55. 1


2 Fractions and Decimals
FRACTION: A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole. The whole may be a single object or
a group of objects.
2
e.g., is a fraction with numerator 2 and denominator 5.
5
PROPER FRACTION: A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator, is called a proper
fraction.
7 3 2
e.g., , , etc.
9 11 5
IMPROPER FRACTION: A fraction whose numerator is more than or equal to the denominator, is
called an improper fraction.
5 121 11
e.g., , , etc.
2 49 5
MIXED FRACTION: A combination of a whole number and a proper fraction is called a mixed fraction.
1 2 1
e.g., 2 , 3 , 5 etc.
2 3 3
EQUIVALENT FRACTIONS: A given fraction and various fractions obtained by multiplying (or
dividing) its numerator and denominator by the same non-zero number, are called equivalent fractions.
3  2 6 3  3 9 3  4 12
e.g.,  ,  ,  etc., are equivalent fractions equivalent to the
4  2 8 4  3 12 4  4 16
3
fraction .
4
a c c
If and are two equivalent fractions, then
b d
ad  bc
a c b d
i.e.,   a  d  b  c
b d
LIKE FRACTIONS: Fractions having the same denominators are called like fractions.
2 7 11
e.g., , , etc., are like fractions.
15 15 15
UNLIKE FRACTIONS: Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
2 7 9
e.g., , , etc., are unlike fractions.
13 24 125

Class VII: Fractions and Decimals Mathematics
FRACTION IN LOWEST TERMS: A fraction is in its lowest terms of its numerator and denominator
have no common factor other than 1.
COMPARING FRACTIONS
In order to compare fractions, we may use the following steps:
Step I Find the LCM of the denominators of the given fractions.
Step II Convert each fraction to its equivalent fraction with denominator equal to the LCM obtained
in step I.
Step III Arrange the fractions in ascending or descending order by arranging numerators in ascending
or descending order.
CONVERSION OF UNLIKE FRACTIONS TO LIKE FRACTIONS
In order to convert unlike fractions to like fractions, we follow the following steps:
Step I Find the LCM of the denominators of the given fractions.
Step II Convert each of the given fractions into an equivalent fraction having denominator equal to
the LCM obtained in step I.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
In order to add and subtract unlike fractions, we follow the following steps:
Step I Obtain the fractions and their denominators.
Step II Find the LCM of the denominators.
Step III Convert each fraction into an equivalent fraction having its denominator equal to the LCM
obtained in step II.
Step IV Add or subtract like fractions obtained in step III.
2 1
Example: 2  3
3 2
2  3  2 3 2 1
 
3 2
8 7
 
3 2
8 2 7 3  LCM of 3 and 2 is 6. So, convert each fraction 
   to an equivalent fraction with denominator 6 
3 2 2  3  
16 21 16  21 37 1
    6
6 6 6 6 6

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
We define the multiplication of fractions as follows:

Product of their numerators a c (a  c)
Product of two fractions = i.e.,  
Product of their denominators b d (b  d )
7 5 7  5 35
e.g.,   
3 2 3 2 6
a
Division of Fraction: The division of a fraction
b
2 1 14 7 14 2 14  2 4
e.g., 4  3      
3 2 3 2 3 7 3 7 3
DECIMALS
DECIMALS: Decimals are in extension of our number system. Each decimal number or decimal has two
parts, namely
(i) Whole-number part, (ii) Decimal part.
These parts are separated by a dot (.), called the decimal point.
DECIMAL PLACES The number of digits contained in the decimal part of a decimal number is known
as the number of decimal places.
COMPARING DECIMALS
In order to compare decimal numbers, we may follow the following steps:
Step I Obtain the decimal numbers.
Step II Compare the whole parts of the numbers. The number with greater whole part will be greater.
If the whole are equal, go to next step.
Step III Compare the extreme left digits of the decimal parts of two numbers. The number with
greater extreme left digit will be greater. If the extreme left digits of decimal parts are equal,
then compare the next digits and so on.
Illustration 1 Which is greater of 48.23 and 39.35?
Solution The given decimals have distinct whole number parts, so we compare whole number parts
only.
In 48.23, the whole number part is 48.
In 39.35, the whole number part is 39.
48 > 39
 48.23 > 39.35

ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS

In order to add or subtract decimals, we may use the following steps:
Step I Convert the given decimals to like decimals.
Step II Write the decimals in columns with their decimal points directly below each other so that
tenths come under tenths, hundredths come under hundredths and so on.
Step III Add or subtract as we add or subtract whole numbers.
Step IV Place the decimal point, in the answer, directly below the other decimal points.
Illustration 2: Simplify: 36.65 – 15.79 + 57.615 + 85.2
Solution: We have
36.65 – 15.79 + 85.2 – 57.615
Converting the given decimals into 
= 36.650 – 15.790 + 85.200 – 57.615  
like decimals 
= (36.650 +85.200) – (15.790 + 57.615)
= 121.850 –– 73.405
= 48.445
36.650 15.790 121.850
 85.200  57.615  73.405
121.850 73.405 48.445
MULTIPLICATION OF A DECIMAL BY 10, 100, 1000, etc.
We follow the following rules to multiply a decimal by 10, 100, 1000, etc.
Step I On multiplying a decimal by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the right by one place.
Step II On multiplying a decimal by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the right by two places.
Step III On multiplying a decimal by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the right by three places,
and so on.
MULTIPLICATION OF A DECIMAL BY ANOTHER DECIMAL
In order to multiply a decimal by another decimal, we follow the following steps:
Step I Multiply the two decimals without decimal point just like whole numbers.
Step II Insert the decimal point in the product by counting as many places from the right to left as the
sum of the number of decimal places of the given decimals.

Illustration 3: Find the product of 2.5 and 6.25?
Solution: We have,
625
 25
3125
1250 
15625
625  25  15625
Since the sum of the decimal places in the given decimals is 1 + 2 = 3.
So, the product must contain 3 places of decimals.
Hence, 6.25 ×2.5 = 15.625
DIVIDING A DECIMAL BY 10, 100, 1000 etc.
In order to divide a decimal by 10, 100, 1000 etc., we follow the following rules:
Rule 1: When a decimal is divided by 10, the decimal point is shifted to the left by one place.
Rule 2: When a decimal is divided by 100, the decimal point is shifted to the left by two places.
Rule 3: When a decimal is divided by 1000, the decimal point is shifted to the left by three places.
DIVIDING A DECIMAL BY A DECIMAL
In order to divide a decimal by another decimal, we follow the following steps:
Step I Multiply the dividend and divisor by 10 or 100 or 1000 etc., to convert the divisor into a
whole number.
Step II Divide the new dividend by the whole number obtained in step I. Following examples will
illustrate the above procedure.
Illustration 4: Divide 0.0216 by 0.6

We have,
0.0216 0.0216 10 0.216
 
0.6 0.6 10 6
6 0.036
0
21
 18
36
 36
0
Hence, 0.0216  0.6 = 0.036

RATIONAL NUMBER
A rational number is a number that can be written in the form of a numerator upon a denominator. Here
the denominator should not be equal to 0. The numerator and the denominator will be integers. A rational
p
number is of the form
q
p = numerator, q = denominator, where p and q are integers and q  0
1 5 35
Examples: , , or 35 . Here we can see that all the numerators and denominators are integers and
3 9 1
even the denominators should be non-zero.
A rational number can have two types of decimal representations (expansions):
 Terminating
 Non-terminating but repeating.
Terminating Decimal Expansion:
The terminating decimal expansion means but the decimal representation or expansion terminates after a
certain number of digits. For example.
1 1 1 2
 0.5,  0.25,  0.2,  0.4
2 4 5 5
Non-terminating but repeating Decimal Expansion
The non-terminating but repeating decimal expansion means that although the decimal representation has
an infinite number of digits, there is a repetitive pattern to it.
For example:
1
 0.3333333333....  0.3
3
2
 0.2222222222....  0.2
9
1
 0.14285714285....  0.142857
7
In this topic we’ll try to understand the steps involved in conversion of recurring (or repeating) decimal
numbers into rational fractions. The steps involved are as follows:
Step I: Let us assume ‘x’ to be the repeating decimal number we are trying to convert into rational
number.
Step II: Carefully examine the repeating decimal to find the repeating digits.

Step III: Place the repeating digits to the left of decimal point.
Step IV: After step 3 place the repeating digits to the right of decimal point.
Step V: Now subtract left sides of the two equations. Then, subtract the right sides of the two equations.
As we subtract, just make sure the differences of both the sides are positive.
Example: (a) 5.15

(b) 7.85
(c) 0.16
(d) 2.3 1
Solution: (a) x  5.15 …(1)

Multiplying both sides of equation by 100
100 x  515.15 …(2)
Subtract equation (1) from (2)
100 x  x  515.15  5.15
99 x  510
510
x
99
(b) 7.85
10 x  78.5 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides of equation by 10
100x = 785.5
Subtract equation (1) and (2)
100 x  10 x  785.5  78.5
90 x  707
707
x
90
(c) x  0.16
10 x  1.6 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides of equation by 10
100 x  16.6 …(2)
Subtract equation (1) from (2)
90 x  15
15
x
90
(d) x  2.3 1
Multiplying both sides by 10
10 x  23. 1 …(1)
Again multiplying both sides by 10
100 x  231. 1 …(2)

100 x  10 x  231. 1  23. 1

90 x  208
208
x
90
Shortcut
(i) Fraction of the type 0.abcd

Repeated term
abcd 
Number of 9's for the repeated terms
Example: Convert 0.7 in rational form
Solution: Here the number of repeated term is only 7, thus number of times 9 to be repeated in the
denominator is only one.
7
0.7 
9
Example: Convert 0.125125125... in rational form
125
Solution: The decimal shown above can be written as 0.125 
999
Here 125 consist three terms to be repeated in a continuous manner. Thus number of time
9 to be repeated in the denominator becomes three.
(ii) Fraction of the type: 0.ab..cd

(ab...cd ......)  ab......
0.ab..cd 
Number of time g's the repeating term followed by the number of times 0's for the non-repeated terms
Example: Convert 0.1234 in a rational form
Solution: In the given ratio we have 12 to be the on-repeated form and 34 to be of the repeating
form. Thus denominator becomes 9900.
1234  12 1222
0.1234  
9900 9900
p
Example: Convert 0.0069 in form
q
Solution: In the given ratio we have 00 to be of the non-repeated form and 69 to be of the repeating
form. Thus denominator becomes 9900.
0069 69
0.0069  
9900 9900

SOLVED EXAMPLES
5 3 7
Example 1: Simplify: 4  2  3
6 8 12
Solution: We have,
5 3 7
4 2 3
6 8 12
6  4  5 2  8  3 3 12  7 2 6 8 12
   3 3 4 6
6 8 12
2 1 4 2
29 19 43
   2 1 2 1
6 8 12
1 1 1
29  4 19  3 43  2
   [ LCM of 6,8,12 is 2  3  2  2 = 24]
6  4 8  3 12  2
116 57 86 116  57  86 202  57 145
      /
24 24 24 24 24 24
Example 2: What value will replace the question mark in the following equation?
1 1 1 2
4  3  ?  2  13
2 6 3 5
9 19 7 67
Solution:   x 
2 6 3 5
67  9 19 7  67  27  19  14   67 60 
x      x     
5 2 6 3 5  6   5 6 
 67  17 2
 x    10   3 .
 5  5 5
2
Hence, missing fraction = 3 .
5
4 5 4 2
Example 3: of of a number is greater than of of the same number by 8. What is half of
15 7 9 5
that number?
4 5 4 2 4 8
Solution: Let the number be x. Then, of of x  of of x  8  x  x  8
15 7 9 5 21 45
 4 8   60  56  4
  x 8 x 8 x8
 21 45   315  315
 8  315  1
 x   630  x  315.
 4  2
 1  1 
1  1 1 1 
Example 4: Simplify: 3  1   2    
 4
 4  
2  2 4 6 

13   5 1  5 3  2   13  5 1  5 1  
Solution: Given exp. =                
4   4 2  2 12    4  4 2  2 12  
13  5 1  30  1   13  5 29 
=            
 4  4 2  12    4  4 24 
13  30  29  13 1  13 
=           24  78
4  24   4 24   4 
Example 5: Find the value of x in each of the following equations:

17.28  x
(i) 2
3.6  0.2
(ii) 3648.24 + 364.824 + x – 36.4824 = 3795.1696
 1  1 
(iii) 8.5  5   7 2.8  x    4.25  (0.2) 2  306
 2  2 
17.28 17.28
Solution: (i)  2  3.6  0.2  x   12
x 1.44
364.824
(ii)  (3794.1696)  36.4824)  3648.24  3830.652  3648.24  182.412
x
364.824
x 2
182.412
  2.8   4.25   7.5 x  2.8   425
(iii) 8.5  5.5   7.5    = 306, 8.5  5.5      306
  x   0.04   x  4
 5.5 x  7.5 x  2.8  425  2 x  2.8 
 8.5     306  8.5    106.25  306
 x  4  x 
 212.5 x  297.5  8.5 x  212.5 x  297.5
 8.5     306   306
 x  x
297.5
 (306  221) x  297.5  x   3.5
85
5
Example 6: Find the value of 4 
1
1
1
3
1
2
4
5 5 5
Solution: Given exp. = 4   4  4
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 4 (31/ 9)
3 3
(9 / 4) 9
5 5 5  31 31 1
= 4  4  4  4 
9 (40 / 31) 40 8 8
1
31

2 3 1
Example 7: A man spends of his salary on house rent, of his salary on food and of his
5 10 8
salary on conveyance. If he has `1400 left with him, find his expenditure on food and
conveyance.
 2 3 1 33 7
Solution: Part of the salary left = 1       1 
 5 10 8  40 40
Let the monthly salary be `x
7  1400  40 
Then, of x  1400  x     8000
40  7 
 3 
 Expenditure on food = `  8000   ` 2400
 10 
1 
Expenditure on conveyance = `  8000   `1000
8 
Example 8: What value will come in place of question mark in the following equations?
(i) 0.006  ? = 0.6 (ii) ?  0.025 = 80
0.006 0.006 0.006 10 0.06

Solution: (i) Let  0.6. Then, x     0.01
x 0.6 0.6 10 6
x
(ii) Let  80. Then, x = 80 × 0.025 = 2.
0.025
Example 9: Express as vulgar fractions: (i) 0.37 (ii) 0.053 (iii) 3.142857
37
Solution: (i) 0.37  .
99
53
(ii) 0.053  .
999
142857 142857
(iii) 3.142857  3  0.142857  3  3 .
999999 999999
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. A fraction is a number representing a part of a whole.

a
2. A fraction can be expressed in the form , where a, b are whole numbers and b  0 .
b
3. A fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator is called a proper fraction.
Product of their numerator
4. Product of two fraction =
Product of their denominators

5. Two fractions are said to be reciprocal of each other, if their product is 1. The reciprocal of a
a b
non-zero fraction is equal to .
b a
a c a
6. The division of a fraction by a non-zero fraction is the product of with the reciprocal
b d b
c
of .
d
TIPS
1. Comparison of fractions can be done in the following ways:
a c
(a) If ad  bc, then 
b d
a c
(b) If ad  bc, then 
b d
a c
(c) If ad  bc, then 
b d
2. To add or subtract find equivalent fractions that have the same denominator.
a c ac
3. To multiply:   , then simplify.
b d bd
a b
4. Reciprocal of a fraction (a  0, b  0)  .
b a
a c a d ad
5. To divide     .
b d b c bc
a c ab
6. If and (a  N , b  N , c  N , d  N ) are two fractions, then is a fraction between
b d cd
a c
and .
b d
p
7. A fraction is non-terminating repeating or recurring decimal if a digit a block of digits are
q
repeated in the decimal part.
2
 0.66  0.6
3
4
 0.571428571428  0.571428
7

LEVEL - I
27
1. The fraction 101 in decimal form is:
100000
(a) 0.01027 (b) 0.10127 (c) 101.00027 (d) 101.000027
2. When 0.36 is written in simplest fractional form, the sum of the numerator and the
denominator is:
(a) 34 (b) 45 (c) 114 (d) 135
3. What decimal of an hour is a second?

(a) 0.0025 (b) 0.0256 (c) 0.00027 (d) 0.000126
4. Which of the following has fractions in ascending order?

1 2 4 3 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
(a) , , , , , (b) , , , , ,
3 5 7 5 6 7 3 5 5 7 6 7
1 2 3 5 4 6 2 3 1 4 5 6
(c) , , , , , (d) , , , , ,
3 5 5 6 7 7 5 5 3 7 6 7
5. Which of the following has fractions in ascending order?

2 3 7 9 8 3 2 9 7 8 3 2 7 9 8 8 9 7 2 3
(a) , , , , (b) , , , , (c) , , , , (d) , , , ,
3 5 9 11 9 5 3 11 9 9 5 3 9 11 9 9 11 9 3 5
6. Which of the following are in descending order of their value?

5 7 8 11 5 8 11 7 11 7 8 5 11 7 5 8
(a) , , , (b) , , , (c) , , , (d) , , ,
9 11 15 17 9 15 17 11 17 11 15 9 17 11 9 15
2 3 4 5
7. What is the difference between the biggest and the smallest fraction among , , and ?
3 4 5 6
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 12 20 30
8. Which part contains the fractions in ascending order?

11 16 19 16 11 19 16 19 17 19 11 16
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
14 19 21 19 14 21 19 21 21 21 14 19
9. Which of the following fractions is the smallest?

13 15 17 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 19 21 8
3 5
10. Which of the following fractions is greater than and less than ?
4 6
1 2 4 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 5 10

7 1
11. Which of the following fractions is less than and greater than ?
8 3
1 23 11 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 24 12 24
4 7
12. Which of the following numbers does not lie between and ?
5 13
1 2 3 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 4 7
7 5 2
13. The arrangement of rational numbers , , in ascending order is:
10 8 3
2 5 7 5 7 2 7 5 2 7 2 5
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
3 8 10 8 10 3 10 8 3 10 3 8
(6  6  6  6)  6
14. The value of is equal to:
44444
3 4 6
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) 3
2 13 13
4  4 18  6  8
15. ?
123  6  146  5
1 4
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 7.75
7 5
180 15  12  20
16. ?
140  8  2  55
1 4
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) 4
7 5
3 1 2
17. 1 5 3  ?
4 3 5
2 29 2 29
(a) 9 (b) 9 (c) 10 (d) 10
5 60 5 60
1 1 1
18. 20  30  15  ?
2 3 6
1 2 5 1
(a) 34 (b) 35 (c) 35 (d) 45
6 3 6 3
1 1
19.  is equal to:
 1  3
 2  1 
 3  4
7 12 1
(a) (b) (c) 4 (d) None of these
14 49 12

5 8
20. 5 3 ? 1
6 9
2 3 17
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
3 2 18
1 1 1
21. If    4, then x = ?
3 2 x
5 6 18 24
(a) (b) (c) (d)
18 19 5 11
3 4 5 21
22. of of of of 504  ?
5 7 9 24
(a) 63 (b) 69 (c) 96 (d) None of these
3
23. The difference of 1 and its reciprocal is equal to:
16
1 4 15
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d) None of these
8 3 16
1 1
24. How many s are there in 37 ?
8 2
(a) 300 (b) 400
(c) 500 (d) Cannot be determined
3 1
25. is what part of ?
8 12
3 1 4
(a) (b) (c) (d) None of these
7 12 3
1 1 1
 
26. The simplified value of 3 3 3  1 is:
1 1 1 9
 of
3 3 3
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d) 1
9 3
1 1 1
 of
27. The value of 2 2 2 is:
1 1 1
 of
2 2 2
1 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3 3

x 4  4 2y  x 
28. If  , then the value of    is
y 5  7 2y  x 
3 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
7 7
a 4 6a  4b
29. If  , then the value of is:
b 3 6a  5b
(a) –1 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
x 6 x  y 14
30. If  , the value of  is:
2y 7 x  y 19
13 15 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 1
19 19 19
7 5
31. If 47.2506  4A   2C   6E, then the value of 5A + 3B + 6C + D + 3E is:
B D
(a) 43.6003 (b) 53.60003 (c) 153.6003 (d) 213.0003
32. 337.62 + 8.591 + 34.4 = ?

(a) 370.611 (b) 380.511 (c) 380.611 (d) 426.97
33. The value of (1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + 0.001) is:

(a) 1.001 (b) 1.011 (c) 1.003 (d) 1.111
34. 34.95 + 240.016 + 23.98 = ?

(a) 298.0946 (b) 298.111 (c) 298.946 (d) 299.09
35. 617 + 6.017 + 0.617 + 6.0017 = ?

(a) 6.2963 (b) 62.965 (c) 629.6357 (d) None of these
36. 48.95 – 32.006 = ?

(a) 16.089 (b) 16.35 (c) 16.89 (d) 16.944
37. 792.02 + 101.32 – 306.76 = ?

(a) 586.58 (b) 893.34 (c) 997.11 (d) 1200.10
38. 0.002 × 0.05 = ?

(a) 0.0001 (b) 0.001 (c) 0.01 (d) 0.1
39. 16.02 × 0.001 = ?

(a) 0.001602 (b) 0.01602 (c) 0.1602 (d) 1.6021
40. 0.014 × 0.014 = ?

(a) 0.000196 (b) 0.00196 (c) 19.6 (d) 196

41. 0.213  0.00213 = ?

(a) 1 (b) 10 (c) 100 (d) None of these
42. The value of 4.12 is:

11 11 371
(a) 4 (b) 4 (c) (d) None of these
90 99 900
43. The value of 2.136 is:

47 68 3
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d) None of these
220 495 22
LEVEL – II
44. The value of (0.2  0.3  0.4  0.9  0.39) is:
20 1 13
(a) 0.57 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 2
35 3 33
45. (0.09  7.3) is equal to:

(a) 0.6 (b) 0.657 (c) 0.67 (d) 0.667
46. (8.3 1  0.6  0.002)
(a) 0.48 (b) 0.48 (c) 0.0.4801 (d) 8.979
1 1 1 1 1
47. Find the value of     ... 
2  3 3 4 4  5 5 6 9 10
(a) 1/5 (b) 2/5 (c) 3/5 (d) None of these
48. If 13 + 23 + …+93 = 2025, then the value of (0.11)3 + (0.22)3 + …+ (0.99)3 is close to:
(a) 0.2695 (b) 0.3695 (c) 2.695 (d) 3.695
1 1 1
49. The value of   correct to 4 decimal places is:
4 4 5 4 5 6
(a) 0.3075 (b) 0.3082 (c) 0.3083 (d) 0.3085
1 1 1
50. The sum of the first 20 terms of the series    ... is:
5 6 6 7 7 8
(a) 0.16 (b) 1.6 (c) 16 (d) None of these
  1   1 
 3 2
51. The value of 35.7   
1   1   is:
  3   2  
  3  2 
(a) 30 (b) 34.8 (c) 36.6 (d) 41.4

1
52. The value of is:
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
3 19 8 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 3 19
1
53. If 2  x  , then the value of x is:
1
1
1
3
4
12 13 18 21
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
1
2
4
3
54. If 5  x, then the value of x is:
1
2
1
3
1
1
4
1 3 8
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
7 7 7
1 2
2 1
55. 8  8  5 7 is equal to:
1
2
1
6
6
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6q (d) 8
3  1  2  2  6  12 
56. 1  1  1  1  1    ?
4  3  3  5  7  13 
1 1 1
5 6 7
 1  1  1  
The value of 1   1   1   ... 1 
1 
57.  is:
 2   3   4   120 
(a) 30 (b) 40.5 (c) 60.5 (d) 121
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
58. Find the sum:           .
2 6 12 20 30 42 56 72 90 110 132
7 11 15 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 12 16 18
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
Question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column I are labeled A, B, C and D, while the statements in Column II are labeled p, q, r, s and t. Any
given statement in Column I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statements(s) in
Column II.
Column I Column II
57
A. 0.125125125….is (p)
99
B. The value of 0.57 is (q) 0.004
C. 0.04  ?  0.000016 (r) 100
125
D. 0.213  0.00213  ? (s)
999
(a) A – s; B – p; C – q; D – r (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s

Column I Column II
0.0203  2.92 73
A. The value of (p)
0.0073 14.5  0.7 77
B. If 1.5x = 0.04y, then the value of (q) 5
 yx
  is
 yx
0.896  0.763  0.896  0.237
C. Value of is (r) 0.8
0.7  0.064  0.7  0.936
8  [5  (3  2)]  2
D. Value of is (s) 1.28
| 5  3 |  | 5  8 | 3
(a) A – r; B – p; C – s; D – q (b) A – p; B – r; C – q; D – s
INTEGER TYPE
The answer to each of the questions is a single-digit integer, ranging from 0 to 9.
61. Find the value of 1001  11 of 13.

180 15  12  20
62. Simplify
140  8  2  55
1 1
63. Simplify 
 1  3
 2  1 
 3  4
2 2 x 1 2 1
64. Find the value of ‘x’ in 1   1   .
3 7 7 4 3 6
x 4 6x  4 y
65. If  then find the value of .
y 3 6x  5 y
0.4  0.4  0.4  0.04

66. Simplify
0.176
67. If x 5 then find the value of ‘x’.

 4
y 1
1
1
3
1
2
4
2x p
68. If  1 and x  then, find the value of ‘q’.
1 q
1
x
1
1 x
7 5 3
 
x
69. If  2 2 2  5.25 then, find the value of ‘y’.
y 7  5 of 3
2 2 2
 1  1 
70. Find the integral part of ‘x ’in 8.5  5   7  2.8  x    4.25  (0.2) 2  306 .
 2  2 


MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (Single Correct)
LEVEL - I
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (c)
36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (c)
LEVEL - II
44. (d) 45. (a) 46. (d) 47. (b) 48. (c)
49. (c) 50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (d)
54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (b)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
59. (a) 60. (a)
INTEGER TYPE
61. 7 62. 2 63. 1 64. 6 65. 4

66. 1 67. 1 68. 3 69. 7 70. 3


3 Data Handling
Data: Collection of observations is called data.
Data are of two types:
(a) Primary Data: When an investigator collects data himself with a definite plan or design in his
(her mind), it is called primary data.
(b) Secondary Data: Data which are not originally collected by the investigator, but they are
obtained from some sources are called secondary data.
Data Representation
Any information collected can be first arranged in a frequency distribution table, and this information
can be put as a visual representation in the form of pictographs or bar graphs. Graphs are a visual
representation of organised data. They are of following types:
1. Bar Graphs 2. Pictograph 3. Pie charts 4. Line Graph
1. Bar Graph: A bar graph is the representation of data using rectangular bars of uniform width,
and with their lengths depending on the frequency and the scale chosen. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally. You can look at a bar graph and make deductions about the data. Bar
graphs are used for plotting discrete or discontinuous data, i.e. data that has discrete values and
is not continuous. Some examples of discontinuous data are 'shoe size' and 'eye colour', for which
you can use a bar chart. On the other hand, examples of continuous data include 'height' and
'weight'. A bar graph is very useful if you are trying to record certain information, whether the
data is continuous or not.
Use of Graph for Comparative Analysis: Graphs can also be used for comparative analysis.
Double bar graphs are used for comparing data between two different things. The difference
between a bar graph and a double bar graph is that a bar graph displays one set of data, and a
double bar graph compares two different sets of information or data.
2. Pictograph: A pictogram can be used to illustrate data that can be counted using symbols to
represent amount.
Bus
Car
Key = 20 peoples Walk
Cycle
Train

Class VII: Data Handling Mathematics
3. Pie Charts: It is used to display discrete data. Each sector, called a pie represents, part of a
whole. The angles at the centre of a pie chart add upto 360°. The given pie chart shows how Rishi
spends his day.
4. Line Graph: It can be used to display continuous data. They are used to show trends of
temperatures, rainfall etc., over a period of times.
Central Value
The central value or representative value of a group observations or data is the value that
represent the entire data. Various methods of determining the value are known as the measures of
central tendency.
Measure of Central tendency
The most commonly used measures of central tendency are:
1. Arithmetic mean 2. Mode 3. Median

1. Arithmetic mean: Arithmetic mean is a number that lies between the highest and the
lowest value of data.
sum of all observations
Arithmetic mean 
number of observations
Note: Arranging the data in ascending or descending order is not needed to calculate
arithmetic mean.
Properties
i) If x is the arithmetic mean of n observations x1 , x2 , x3 ,... xn ; then

( x1  x)  ( x2  x)  ( x2  x)  ...  ( xn  x)  0
ii) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is increased by p, the

mean of the new observations is (x + p).
iii) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is deceased by p, the

mean of the new observations is (x – p).
iv) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is multiplied by a non-

zero number p, the mean of the new observation is px.
v) The mean of n observations x1 , x2 ,...xn is x. If each observation is divided by a non-

zero number p, the mean of the new observations is (x/p)
Mean of tabulated data:
If x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ,......xn are n observations, and f1 , f 2 , f3 , f 4 , ...... f n represent frequency of n

observations.
Frequency
In statistics the frequency of an event is the number of times the event occurred in an experiment
or study.
Then mean of the tabulated data is given by:

( f1 x1  f 2 x2  f 3 x3  ..... f n xn )  ( fi xi )
 
( f1  f 2  f3  ...... f n )  fi
Example:
A dice is thrown 20 times and the following scores were recorded 6, 3, 2, 4, 5, 5, 6, 1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6,

1, 3, 3, 5, 6, 6, 2.

Solution:
Number of the upper face of the Number of times it occurs (frequency) fi xi
1 2 1×2=2
2 2 2×2=4
3 5 3 × 5 = 15
4 1 4×1=4
5 4 5 × 4 = 20
6 6 6 × 6 = 36
Therefore, mean of the data =

( f x )
i i
f i
(2  4  15  4  20  36)
=
20
81
=  4.05
20
2. Mode: Mode refers to the observation that occurs most often in a given data. The following are
the steps to calculate mode:
Step – 1: Tabulate the data in a frequency distribution table or descending order.

Step – 2: The most frequently occurring observation will be the mode.
Note:
 It is possible for a set of data values to have more than one mode.
 If there are two data values that occur most frequently, we say that the set of data values is
bimodal.
 If there is no data value or data values that occur most frequently, we say that the set of data
values has no mode.
3. Median: Median refers to the value that lies in the middle of the data with half of the
observations above it and the other half of the observations below it. The following are
the steps to calculate median
Step – 1: Arrange the data in ascending order or decending order.

Step – 2: Find the middle terms.
If there is only one middle term, then that term is the median. If there are two middle terms, then
the average of both the terms gives the median.
Note: The mean, mode and median are representative values of a group of observations or data,
and lie between the minimum and maximum values of the data. They are also called measures of
the central tendency.
4. Range: Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation .

Probability
In our daily life we come across the word like probability, likely, may be chance and hope etc.
All these are synonyms to probability. It is widely used in the study of mathematics, statistics,
gambling, physical science, biological science, weather forecasting, finance, etc.
To draw conclusions:
 Probability is defined as the numerical method of measuring uncertainty involved in a

situation.
 An experiment, in which all possible outcomes we know, is called a random

experiment.
 The possible result of an experiment are called the outcomes.
 A combination of outcomes is called an event.
No. of favourable outcomes

Probability of event =
Total number of outcomes

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1: Draw simple bar diagram to represent the profits of a bank for 5 years.
Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Profit (million $) 10 12 18 25 42
Solution: Simple bar chart showing the profit of a bank for 5 years.
Simple Bar Chart
45
40
Profit (Million $)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993
Years
Profit (Million…
Problem 2: Draw multiple bar chart to represent the import and export of Canada (values in $) for the
years 1991 to 1995.
Years Imports Exports
1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 6145
Solution: Simple bar chart showing the import and export of Canada from 1991 to 1995.

Problem 3: Calculate the arithmetic mean, range, median and mode of the following data:
2, 4, 7, 4, 9, 5, 7, 3, 6, 7
sum of all observations 2  4  7  4  9  5  7  3  6  7

Solution: Arithmetic mean  
number of observations 10
54
=  5.4
10
Median:
Step –I : Arranging the data in ascending order,
2,3,4,4,5,6,7,7,7,9
Step –II Here the middle terms are 5 and 6
5  6 11
The average of 5 and 6 =   5.5
2 2
Therefore, Median = 5.5
Mode: The most repeating values is 7. Therefore, Mode is 7.
Range: Range = Highest observation – Lowest observation = 9 – 2 =7
Problem 4: A bag has 4 red balls and 2 yellow balls. (The balls are identical in all respects
other than colour). A ball is drawn from the bag without looking into the bag.
What is probability of getting a red ball? Is it more or less than getting a yellow
ball?
Solution: There are total (4 + 2 = 6) outcomes of the event.

Getting a red ball consists of 4 outcomes.
No. of favourable outcomes
Probability of event =
4 2
Therefore, i) the probability of getting a red ball = 
6 3
2 1
ii) the probability of getting a yellow ball = 
6 3
Therefore, the probability of getting a red ball is more than that of getting a
yellow ball.
Problem 5: Find the mean of the following distribution.

xi 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Total
fi 4 6 8 18 6 5 3 50
Solutions: xi fi fi xi
10 4 40
15 6 90
20 8 160

25 18 450
30 6 180
35 5 175
40 3 120
50 1215
Mean ( x ) 
fx i i
f i
1215 243
 
50 10
= 24.3
Problem 6: The mean marks scored by 100 students was found to be 40. Later on it was observed that
a score of 53 was misread as 83. Find the correct mean.
Solution: Mean ( x )  40
n  100
x
x i
40 
x i
  xi  4000
n
 Incorrect value of x i  4000
Correct value of x i = Incorrect value of x i – Incorrect value + Correct value
= 4000 – 83 + 53 = 3970
3970
Correct mean =  39.7
100
Problem 7: The following observations have been arranged in the ascending order. If the median of
the data is 63. Find the value of x.
29, 32, 49, 50, x, x + 2, 72, 78, 84, 95.
Solution: Number of observation is even

th th
n n 
  observation    1 observation
Median =   2 
2
2
5th  6th observation
63 
2
xx2
63 
2
2x  2
 63 
2
 63  x  1
 x  62

Problem 8: In a class average score of girls in an examination is 73 and that of boys is 71. The
average score of the whole class is 71.8. Find the percentage of girls and boys in the
class.
Solution: Let the no. of girls be ‘x’ and that of boys be ‘y’
Sum of all scores of girls
Average score of girls =
Total no. of girls
73=
g i
x
  gi  73x
Similarly, average score of boys =

b i
71 
b i
y
  bi  71y
73x  71y
Average score of the whole class =
x y
73x  71y
71.8 
x y
 71.8x  71.8 y  73x  71y
 1.2 x  0.8 y
1.2 x 3x
y 
0.8 2
x x
 % of girls =  100%   100%
x y x
3x
2
Percentage of girls = 40%
and the percentages of boys = 60%
Problem 9: The mean of 5 numbers is 18. If one number is excluded, their mean is 16. Find the
excluded number.
Solution: Mean 
x i
18 
x  18  5  90
i
n
Le the excluded number be ‘x’
Then the sum of remaining 4 nos. 90 – x
90  x
(Mean of 4 nos.) 16   64  90  x  x  26
4
Problem 10: Find the missing frequency if it is known that mean of the distribution is 1.46.
xi 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
fi 46 f1 f2 25 10 5 200

Solution: xi fi fi xi
0 46 0
1 f1 f1
2 f2 2 f2
3 25 75
4 10 40
5 5 25
200 140  f1  f 2
Mean ( x ) 
fx i i
f i
f i  200
86  f1  f 2  200
f1  f 2  114 …(1)
f1  114  f 2
x
fx i i
f i
140  f1  2 f 2
1.46 
200
Putting f1  114  f 2 , we get
140  114  f 2  2 f 2
1.46 
200
292  254  f 2
 f 2  38
 f1  76
Problem 11: The average of 5 numbers is 6. The average of 3 of them is 8. What is the average of the
remaining two numbers?
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 3.5
x1  x2  x3  x4  x5
Solution: Average of 5 numbers x 
5
5  6  x1  x2  x3  x4  x5
 Sum of 5 numbers = 30
Sum of three numbers
Average of three numbers =
3
 Sum of three numbers = 3 × 8 = 24
Sum of remaining 2 numbers = Sum of 5 numbers – Sum of 3 numbers
= 30 – 24 = 6
Sum of 2 numbers 6
Average of these 2 numbers =  3
2 2

Problem 12: If the average of 5 positive integers is 40 and the difference between the largest and the
smallest of these 5 numbers is 10, what is the maximum value possible for the largest of
these 5 integers?
(a) 50 (b) 52 (c) 49 (d) 48
Solution: The average of 5 positive integers = 40

Sum of 5 positive integers = 5 × 40 = 200
Let the least of these 5 numbers be x.
and the largest of these 5 numbers will be x + 10
 range is 10
A B C D E
x x x x x + 10
 x  x  x  x  x  10  200  5x  10  200  x  38
So, the maximum value possible for the largest of these 5 numbers is x + 10
= 38 + 10 = 48
Problem 13: The probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Sundays is
2 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 52 366
Solution: 366 days in a leap year

= 52 weeks +2 days, these two days can be
1. (Sunday, Monday) 2. (Monday, Tuesday)
3. (Tuesday, Wednesday) 4. (Wednesday, Thursday)
5. (Thursday, Friday) 6. (Friday, Saturday)
7. (Saturday, Sunday)
No. of favourable outcomes = 2 i.e. (Sunday, Monday) and (Saturday, Sunday)
2
 P (53 Sundays in a leap year) =
7
Problem 14: A bag contains several coloured balls. 28 of them are red. If a ball is drawn at random,
4
the probability of drawing a red ball is . If ‘x’ balls are added into the box. A ball is
9
1
than drawn at random. If the probability of drawing a red ball is now , then x is
2
(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 7
Solution: Let the total number of balls be ‘y’

4
P (Red ball) =
9
Red balls = 28
28 4
So,   y  63
y 9
1
If ‘x’ are added into the box then P( R) 
2
28  x 1
   (28 + x)2 = 63 + x
63  x 2
 56 + 2x = 63 + x
 x= 7

THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. The collection of a particular type of information is called data. For example, the
temperatures of different cities, amount of rainfall (in cm) in a particular place at
different times, marks of student, etc.
2. Arranging this set of data in ascending or descending order is called an array.
3. The range of a set of data is the difference between the highest and lowest value.
4. The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its frequency
(denoted by f).
Sum of values
5. Mean of ungrouped data =
Number of values
6. The mean, x , from a frequency table is calculated using the rule,
n
The sum of (the frequency × value of item) 

fi xi
x  i 1n ,i  N
 fi
Sum of frequency
i 1
7. The mode of a set of data is the value which occurs most often.
8. The median of a set of values is the middle value when the data is arranged in order of
size, i.e., either ascending or descending.
9. A trial is a random experiment repeated under same conditions. For example, tossing a
coin, throwing a dice are trials.
10. An event is a possible outcome of the trial. For example, getting a head or tail on
tossing a coin, getting a ‘6’ on the upper face of a dice etc., are events.
11. A likelihood scale runs from impossible to certain, with an ‘even chance’ in the
middle.
12. Probability means the chance of occurrence of an event. It is the measure of
uncertainty.
TIPS
1. So all probabilities have a value between 0 and 1.
Impossible Even chance Certain
0 1/2 1
An impossible outcome has no A certain outcome

chance of happening. The must happen. The
probability of an impossible probability of a
outcome is 0 certain outcome is 1
Note: Probability is never greater than 1 or less than zero.

Number of favourable outcomes
2. Probability of something happening =

i) Here, favourable outcome is an outcome that matches the event. For example, in
throwing of a dice, the number of favourable outcomes corresponding to the
appearance of a prime number is 3, i.e.., 2, 3 and 5.
ii) The most of the total number of outcomes is also described by the word sample
space. Hence the sample space for throwing a die is S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
iii) One of the most common examples used in probability is that of a deck of 52
playing cards.
A pack of 52 cares is divided in four suits:
Hearts (red), Spades (black), Diamonds (red), Clubs (black). Each suit consists of
13 cards bearing the values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Jack, Queen, King and Ace.
The Jack, Queen and King are called ‘Face Cards’. The total number of
outcomes is 52.
3. Probability of an event not occurring = (1 – Probability of an event occurring.)

LEVEL - I
1. Following are the weights ( in kg ) of 8 students of a class

48.5, 50, 44.5, 49.5, 50.5, 45, 51, 43
a) Find the mean weight.
b) What will be the mean weight if a student, whose weight is 62kg, is also included?
2. Find the arithmetic mean of the scores 8, 6, 10, 12, 1, 3, 4, 4. Also find the range of the
data.
3. Find the mean of the 1st three composite numbers.
4. The heights of 10 girls were measured in cm and the results were as follows.
143, 148, 135, 150, 128, 139, 149, 146, 151, 132
a) What is the height of the tallest girl?
b) What is the height of the shortest girl?
c) What is the range of the data?
d) Find the mean height?
e) Find the number of girls whose heights are less than the mean height?
5. Find the mean of the 1st ten natural numbers.
6. Two different states of India’s exports of garments in the years 2000 to 2005 are given in
the following table
Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Kerala
5 6 8 10 12 14
(in crores of Rs)
Karanataka
10 11 9 12 8 13
(in crores of Rs)
i) Draw a double bar graph to represent the data
ii) What are the total earnings in the years 2002 and 2004 both the states separately?
7. Find the mode, mean and median of the scores

4, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 9, 13, 12, 8, 8, 9, 8, 10, 11
8. A bag contains 3 red and 2 blue marbles. A marble is drawn at random. What is the
probability of drawing a blue marble?
9. A box of 600 electric bulbs contains 12 defective bulbs. One bulb is taken out at random
from this box. What is the probability that it is a non defective bulb ?

10. What is the probability of drawing a red face card from a pack of 52 playing cards?
11. A bag contains 4 red, 5 blue and 7 yellow balls. One ball is selected at random. What is
the probability that it is (a) a red ball? (b) a yellow ball? (c) a blue ball?
12. One of 26 letter keys on a type writer is pressed. What is the probability that the key
prints a letter other than ‘a’?
13. A die is rolled once. What is the probability of getting:

(a) 3 (b) an even number?
1
14. The probability of selecting a queen from a standard pack of cards is . Find the
13
probability of not selecting a queen?
15. The arithmetic mean of the scores of a group of students in a test was 52. The brightest
20% of them secured a mean score of 80 and the dullest 25%, a mean score of 31. Find
the mean score of the remaining 55%.
LEVEL – II (MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS)
1. A chocolate gift box contains 15 chocolates. Six are ‘Five Star’, four are ‘Fruit ‘n’ Nut’,
five are ‘Dairy Milk’. After I have eaten the first chocolate, a Fruit ‘n’ ‘Nut’. I pick
another one. The probability that I pick a ‘Fruit ‘n’ ‘Nut’ again is
4 1 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 3 5 14
2. The king, queen and jack of hearts are removed from a deck of 52 playing cards and well
shuffled. One card is selected from the remaining cards. The probability of drawing a ‘10’
of hearts is
10 13 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
46 49 49 49
3. From a series of 50 observation, an observation with the value of 45 is dropped, but the
mean remains the same. What was the mean of 50 observations?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 45 (d) 5
4. Akshay spin a spinner that is split into 10 equal sections. The sections are labeled 1, 3, 2,
1, 2, 2, 3, 1, 2, 1. What is the probability that the spinner will land on the number 2?
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 5 2 5

5. The mean, median and mode of given data of scores are 21, 23 and 22 respectively. If 3 is
added to each score. What are the new values of mean, median and mode respectively.
(a) 21, 23, 22 (b) 24, 26, 25 (c) 24, 23, 22 (d) 23, 21, 24
6. Twelve sides dice are used in adventure panes. They are marked with the numbers 1 to
12. The score is the upper most face. If this is thrown, what is the probability that the
score is a factor of 12?
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 3
7. The numbers 4 and 9 have frequencies x and (x – 1) respectively. If their arithmetic mean
is 6, then x is equal to:
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 6 (d) 5
8. A person made 165 telephone calls in the month of May in a year. It was Friday on 1 st
May of the year. The average of telephone calls on Sundays of the month was 7. What
was the average of the telephone calls per day on the other days of the month.
165 137
(a) (b) 5 (c) 7 (d)
31 27
9. The event of drawing a red card from a pack of blue, white and black cards is:
(a) unlikely (b) certain (c) impossible (d) likely
10. A die a rolled once. What is the probability of rolling a prime number.
2 1 1 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 2 6 6
11. The probability of drawing a face card from a standard pack of 52 cards is
4 1 3 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
12. On the probability line, we would describe the event – A new born, child will be a girl as
(a) unlikely (b) even chance (c) certain (d) impossible
13. Jenny draws a card from a standard pack of 52 cards. What is the probability that the
draws in Ace or a King.
4 1 9 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 13 13 13
14. The probability that Vikram is late for school in the morning is 0.1. How many times
would you expected Vikram to be on time in 20 mornings?
(a) 2 (b) 9 (c) 18 (d) 1
15. Soni has digit cards 1, 4 and 7. She make 2 digit numbers using each card only once. The
probability that a 2-digit number chosen if random is divisible by 2 is:
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 6 9

MATRIX MATCH TYPE

1. Match the following
Column – I Column – II
(A) Arithmetic mean requires (p) The most repeating values range
(B) Median requires (q) Range
(C) Highest and lowest observations are (r) Middle term(s)
used in
(D) Mode implies (s) Sum and number of observations
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) – (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) – (s)
(c) (A) – (r), (B) – (q), (C) – (s), (D) – (p) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (r), (D) – (q)
2. While throwing a 6 faced die find the probabilities of getting

(A) A multiple of 3 (p) 1/2
(B) An odd number (q) 1/6
(C) An even number (r) 1/3
(D) A number 3 (s) 1/2
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) (s)
(c) (A) – (r),(B)–(p, s), (C)–(p, s), (D)–(q) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (r), (D) (q)
3. A card is drawn from a pack of 52 well shuffled playing cards. Find the probabilities of
getting
1
(A) A black card (p)
2
1
(B) A seven (q)
26
1
(C) A red queen (r)
4
1
(D) A spade (s)
13
(a) (A) – (s), (B) – (r), (C) – (q), (D) (p) (b) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (r), (D) (s)
(c) (A) – (r), (B) – (q), (C) – (s), (D) (p) (d) (A) – (p), (B) – (s), (C) – (q), (D) (r)
4. While throwing an unbiased die having 8 faces find the probability of getting
(A) A prime number (p) 1/2
(B) Multiple of 2 (q) 1/4
(C) Multiple of 3
(D) Any number greater than 6
(a) (A) – (p), (B) – (q), (C) – (p), (D) – (q)
(b) (A) – (p), (B) – (p), (C) – (q), (D) – (q)
(c) (A) – (q), (B) – (q), (C) – (p), (D) (p)
(d) None of the above

LEVEL - I
1. (a) 47.75 kg, (b) 49.34 kg 2. 6, 11 3. 6

4. (a) 151 cm, (b) 128 cm, (c) 23 cm, (d) 142.10 cm, (e) 4 girls
5. 5.5 6. (i) 20 crores, (ii) 17 crores
7. Arithmetic Mean: 8.34, Median: 8, Mode: 8 8. 2/5
9. 49/50 10. 3/26 11. (a) 1/4, (b) 7/16, (c) 5/16
12. 25/26 13. (a) 1/6, (b) 1/2 14. 12/13 15. 565/11
LEVEL - II
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (c) 15. (a)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b)



4
Introduction
Simple Equations
In this chapter, we shall study the meaning of equation and linear equation. In the end of the chapter, we
shall study formulation and solution of equation for some real-life problems.
Statements involving the ‘equals’ symbol ‘=’ is called a statement of equality or simply an
equality.
Equation
A statement of equality which involves one or more literals (variables) is called an equation. Every
equation has two sides, namely the left hand side (L.H.S.) and the right hand side (R.H.S.).
Linear Equation
An equation in which the highest power of the variables involved is 1, is called a linear equation.
Solving Linear Equation
In this section, we shall study three methods of solving a linear equation:
1. By trial and error method: In this method we find the values of L.H.S. and R.H.S. of the given
equation for different values of the variable. The value of the variable for which L.H.S. = R.H.S.
is the root of the equation.
Example: Solve by the trial and error method : x + 7 = 10
Ans: L.H.S. = x + 7, R.H.S. = 10
x L.H.S. R.H.S. Is L.H.S. = R.H.S.?

1 1+7=8 10 No
2 2+7=9 10 No
3 3 + 7 = 10 10 Yes
Clearly, L.H.S. = R.H.S. for x = 3
Hence x = 3 is the solution of given equation.
2. Systematic Method
Rule 1: We can add the same number to both sides of the equation, i.e. of x + 5 = 7 then
x + 5 + 2 = 7 + 2.
Rule 2: We can subtract the same number from the both sides of the equation i.e. if x + 5 = 7,
then x + 5 – 2 = 7 – 2.

Class VII: Simple Equations Mathematics
Rule 3: We can multiply both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number, i.e. if
x x x
 4 , then  6  4  6 . Also,  3  4  3 .
3 3 3
Rule 4: We can divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number, i.e., if
3x 10 3x 10
3x = 10, then  . Also,  .
3 3 5 5
Transposition Method:
The transposition method involves the following steps:
Step 1: Obtain the linear equation.
Step 2: Identify the unknown quantity.
Step 3: Simplify the L.H.S. and R.H.S. by removing grouping symbols.
Step 4: Transfer all terms containing the variable on the L.H.S. and constant terms on the R.H.S. of
the equation. Note that the signs of the terms will change in carrying them from L.H.S. to
R.H.S. and vice-versa.
Step 5: Simplify L.H.S. and R.H.S. in the simplest form so that each side contains just one term.
Then solve it.
Solving Equations Which Have Linear Expressions on One Side and

Numbers on the Other Side
Example 1: Find the solution of 2x – 3 = 7
Solution: Step 1 : Transpose 3 to RHS

2x = 7 + 3
or 2x = 10
Step 2 : Divide both sides by 2.
x = 5 (required solution)
Example 2: Solve : 2y + 9 = 4
Solution: Transposing 9 to RHS

2y = 4 – 9
or 2y = – 5
5
Dividing both sides by 2, y 
2

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1: The sum of three consecutive multiples of 11 is 363. Find these multiples.
Solution: Let the three consecutive multiples of 11 be x, x + 11 and x + 22.

x + (x + 11) + (x + 22) = 363 [given]
or x + x + 11 + x + 22 = 363
or 3x + 33 = 363
or 3x = 363 – 33 (by transposing 33 to RHS)
or 3x = 330
or x = 330/3 = 110
Hence, the three consecutive multiples are 110, 121, 132 .
7
Problem 2: Solve 5 x  2(2 x  7)  2(3x  1) 
2
Solution: Let us open the brackets,
LHS = 5x – 4x + 14 = x + 14
7 4 7 3
RHS = 6 x  2   6 x    6 x 
2 2 2 2
3
The equation is x  14  6 x 
2
3 3
or 14  6 x  x  or 14  5 x 
2 2
3 28  3
or 14   5 x or  5x
2 2
25
or  5x
2
25 1 5  5 5
or x    
2 5 25 2
5
Therefore, required solution is x 
2
Example 3: Present ages of Anu and Raj are in the ratio 4:5. Eight years from now the ratio of their
ages will be 5:6. Find their present ages.
Solution: Let the present ages of Anu and Raj be 4x years and 5x years respectively.
After eight years. Anu’s age = (4x + 8) years.
After eight years, Raj’s age = (5x + 8) years.
4x  8
Therefore, the ratio of their ages after eight years =
5x  8
This is given to be 5 : 6
4x  8 5
Therefore, 
5x  8 6
Cross-multiplication gives 6 (4x + 8) = 5 (5x + 8)
or 24x + 48 = 25x + 40
or 24x + 48 – 40 = 25x
or 24x + 8 = 25x or 8 = 25x – 24x or 8 = x
Therefore, Anu’s present age = 4x = 4 × 8 = 32 years
Raj’s present age = 5x = 5 × 8 = 40 year

Problem 4: Deveshi has a total of Rs 590 as currency notes in the denominations of Rs 50, Rs 20 and
Rs 10. The ratio of the number of Rs 50 notes and Rs 20 notes is 3:5. If she has a total of
25 notes, how many notes of each denomination she has?
Solution: Let the number of Rs 50 notes and Rs 20 notes be 3x and 5x, respectively.
But she has 25 notes in total.
Therefore, the number of Rs 10 notes = 25 – (3x + 5x) = 25 – 8x
The amount she has
from Rs 50 notes : 3x × 50 = Rs 150x
from Rs 20 notes : 5x × 20 = Rs 100x
from Rs 10 notes : (25 – 8x) × 10 = Rs (250 – 80x)
Hence the total money she has =150x + 100x + (250 – 80x) = Rs (170x + 250)
But she has Rs 590. Therefore, 170 x + 250 = 590
or 170x = 590 – 250 = 340
or x = 340/170 = 2
The number of Rs 50 notes she has = 3x = 3 × 2 = 6
The number of Rs 20 notes she has = 5x = 5 × 2 = 10
The number of Rs 10 notes she has = 25 – 8x = 25 – (8 × 2) = 25 – 16 = 9
Problem 5: Bansi has 3 times as many two-rupee coins as he has five-rupee coins. If he has in all a
sum of Rs 77, how many coins of each denomination does he have?
Solution: Let the number of five-rupee coins that Bansi has be x. Then the number of two-rupee
coins he has is 3 times x or 3x.
The amount Bansi has:
i) from 5 rupee coins, Rs 5 × x = Rs 5x
ii) from 2 rupee coins, Rs 2 × 3x = Rs 6x
Hence the total money he has = Rs 11x
But this is given to be Rs 77; therefore,
11x = 77
x =77/11 = 7
Thus, number of five-rupee coins = x = 7
and number of two-rupee coins = 3x = 21
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. A statement of equality involving one or more variables (literals) is called an equation.
2. An equation involving only one literal number (variable) with the highest power one is
called a linear equation in one variable.
3. While solving an equation we can:
i) add the same number to both sides of the equation.
ii) subtract the same number from both sides of the equation.
iii) multiply both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
iv) divide both sides of the equation by the same non-zero number.
4. In an equation, we can drop a term from one side and put it on the other side with the
opposite sign. This process is known as transposition.

TIPS
1. A statement of equality containing one or more unknowns (variables) is called an
algebraic equation.
E.g., 6 x  4  16, 3x  2 y  6, 4 x2 8x  5  17, etc.
2. A number which satisfies an equation or the value of the unknown is called the solution
or root of the equation.
3. An equation remains unchanged if:
(a) same number is added to both the sides.
(b) same number is subtracted from both the sides.
(c) both sides are multiplied by the same number.
(d) both sides are divided by the same number.
4. All equations consists of a left side, an equal sign (‘=’) and a right side. Thus, in the
equation x + 4 = 10, the left side is (x + 4) and the right side is 10.

LEVEL - I
1. Simplify and solve the following linear equations:
(i) 3(t – 3) = 5(2t + 1) (ii) 15 (y – 4) – 2(y – 9) + 5(y + 6) = 0
(iii) 3(5z – 1) – 2(9z – 11) = 4(8z – 13) – 17 (iv) 0.25 (4f – 3) = 0.05(10f – 9)
2. The ages of Hari and Harry are in the ratio 5 : 7. Four years from now the ratio of their ages will
be 3 : 4. Find their present ages.
3. The denominator of a rational number is greater than its numerator by 8. If the numerator is
3
increased by 17 and the denominator is decreased by 1, the number obtained is . Find the
2
rational number.
3 5 7
4. Solve: (4 x  9)  (3x  8)  5  (2 x  1) .
5 4 10
5. A number consists of two digits such that the digits in the ten’s place is less by 2 than the digit in
6
the unit’s place. Three times the number added to times the number obtained by reversing
7
the digits equals 108. What is the sum of the digits in the number.
1 1 1
6. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio : : . If the perimeter of the triangle is 52 cm, then
2 3 4
what is the length of the smallest side?
7. The present ages of three persons are in the ratio 4 : 7 : 9. Eight years ago, the sum of their ages
was 56. Find their present ages (in years).
8. If 50 is subtracted from two-third of a number, the result is equal to sum of 40 and one-fourth of
that number. What is the number?
5 1
9. A person travelled th of the distance by trains, th bus and the remaining 15 km by boat.
8 4
What was the total distance travelled by him?
10. The total value of a collection of coins of denominations Rs.1.00, 50 paise, 25 paise, 10 paise and
5 paise is Rs.380. If the number of coins of each denomination is the same, then what is the
number of one-rupee coins?
11. The numerator and denominator of a fraction are in the ratio 2 : 3. If 6 is subtracted from the
2
numerator, the result is a fraction that has a value of the original fraction. What is the
3
numerator of the original fraction?

12. The difference between two numbers is 156. If one-third of the smaller number is greater than
one-seventh of the larger number by 4, then what are the two numbers?
13. The ratio of the present ages of two brothers is 1 : 2 and 5 years back, the ratio was 1 : 3. What
will be the ratio of their ages after 5 years?
1
14. If the sum of one-half and one-fifth of a number exceeds one-third of that number by 7 . Find
3
the number.
1
15. is subtracted from a number and the difference is multiplied by 4. If 25 is added to the product
2
and the sum is divided by 3, the result is equal to 10. Find the number.
16. The denominator of a fraction is 1 more than is number. If 1 is deduced from both the number and
the denominator, the fraction becomes equivalent to 0.5. Find the fraction.
7 5
17. The value of m that satisfies the equation  .
4m  2 3m  4
LEVEL - II
1. A labourer was engaged for 20 days on the condition that he will receive Rs.60 for each day he
works and he will be fined Rs.5 for each day he is absent. If he received `745 in all, then what is
the number of days he was absent?
2. In a two digit number, the digit at the unit’s place is four times the digit in the ten’s place and the
sum of the digits is equal to 10. What is the number?
3. One third of a pole is painted yellow, one-fifth is painted white and the remaining 7 metres is
painted black. Find the length of the pole.
4. If ( x  2)( x  3)  x2  4, Find x?
5. The sum of two numbers is 18 and the difference of their squares is 108. Find the
difference between the numbers.
6. The sum of the ages of 5 children born at intervals of 3 years each is 50 years. What is the
age of the youngest child?
7. X is 36 years old and Y is 16 years old. In how many years will X be twice as old as Y?
8. In an examination, a student attempted 15 questions correctly and secured 40 marks. If there were
two types of questions (2 marks and 4 marks questions), How many questions of 2 marks did he
attempt correctly?

9. The sum of the digits of a three digit number is 16. If the ten’s digit of the number is 3 times the
unit’s digit and the unit’s digit is one-fourth of the hundredth digit, then what is the number?
10. The ratio between the present ages of M and N is 5 : 3 respectively. The ratio between M’s age 4
years ago and N’s age after 4 years is 1 : 1./What is the ratio between M’s age after 4 years and
N’s age 4 years ago?
11. Ashok gave 40 per cent of the amount he had to Jayant. Jayant in turn gave one-fourth of what he
received from Ashok to Prakash. After paying Rs.200 to the taxi driver out of the amount he got
from Jayant. Prakash now has Rs.600 left with him. How much amount did Ashok have?
n3 n2 n4

1. Solve:   . The value of n is obtained as:
1 1 1
3 2 10
(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) –3 (d) –1
2. Solve: (t  4)(t  4)  54  (t  5)(t  10). The value of t is:
(a) 4 (b) 8 (c) 8 (d) 2
2 1 3
3. Solve: (n  6)  (n  4)  (n  12)
3 5 7
1
(a) –9 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 9
9
4. Divide 224 into three parts so that the second will be twice the first and third will be
twice the second.
(a) 26, 52, 104 (b) 24, 48, 96 (c) 18, 36, 72 (d) 32, 64, 128
5. Find a number such that of 6,12 and 20 are added to it, the product of the first and third
sums may be equal to the square of second?
(a) 10 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 9
b 2a  b 2
6. If  0.25, then  ?
a 2a  b 9
4 5
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d) 2
9 9
7. The factors of a4  4a 2 are:
(a) a2 (a  2)(a  2) (b) a(a  2)(a  2) (c) a(a  2)(a  2) (d) a 2 (a  2)2
8. Solve: ( x  4)2  ( x  4)2  48 . The value of x is:
(a) 3 (b) –3 (c) 4 (d) 2

(1.5)3  (4.7)3  (3.8)3  3 1.5  4.7  3.8

9. The value of
(1.5)2  (4.7)2  (3.8)2  1.5  4.7  4.7  3.8  1.5  3.8
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 10 (d) 30
(2.3)3  0.027
10. ?
(2.3)2  0.69  0.09
(a) 2.6 (b) 2 (c) 2.33 (d) 2.8
(0.35)2  (0.03)2
11. =
0.19
(a) 2.6 (b) 0.64 (c) 2.33 (d) 2.8
12. One of the factors of a2  b2  a2b  ab2  a2  b2 is:
(a) a  b (b) (a – b) (c) b  a (d) a 2  b2
13. In a lottery, a total of 200 prizes are to be given. A prize is either Rs.500 or Rs.100. If the total
prize money is Rs.50,000, then the number of Rs.500 and Rs.100 prizes are:
(a) 70, 130 (b) 75, 125 (c) 60, 140 (d) 80, 120
1 1
14. If x  y  a and xy  b, then the value of  is:
x3 y 3
a 3  3ab a 3  3ab
(a) a3  3ab (b) (c) (d) a3  3ab
b3 b3
15. If x  y  1  0 then x3  y3  1 is equal to:
(a) x2  y 2  1 (b) x2  xy  y 2 (c) x2  xy  y 2 (d) 3xy
16. A train starts will full number of passengers. At the first station, the train drops one-third of the
passengers and takes in 96 more. At the next station, one half of the passengers on board get
down while 12 new passengers get on board. If the passengers on board now are 240, the number
of passengers in the beginning was
(a) 540 (b) 600 (c) 444 (d) 430
17. Present ages of Amit and his father are in the ratio 2 : 5 respectively. Four years hence the ratio of
their ages becomes 5 : 11 respectively. What was the father’s age five years ago?
(a) 40 years (b) 45 years (c) 30 years (d) 35 years
18. The sum of three consecutive multiples of 3 is 72. What is the largest number?
(a) 21 (b) 24 (c) 27 (d) 36
19. A number is doubled and 9 is added. If the result is tripled it becomes 75. What is that number?
(a) 3.5 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 7
20. The solution of 0.2(2 x 1)  0.5(3x 1)  0.4 is
1 2 3 4
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 11 11 11


LEVEL - I
1. (i) (–2) (ii) 1/9 (iii) 88/35 (iv) 3/5
2. 20, 28 3. 13/21 4. 22 5. 6 6. 12
7. 16, 28, 36 8. 216 9. 120 10. 200 coins 11. 18
12. 294, 138 13. 3 : 5 14. 20 15. 7/4 16. 2/3
17. m = 18
LEVEL - II
1. 13 2. 28 3. 15 4. 2 5. 6
7. 4 8. 10 9. 862 10. 3 : 1 11. 8000
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)


5 Lines and Angles
Lines
Basic Terms:
 A line is a straight path extending indefinitely in both directions. It has no definite length.
 A line segment is a portion of a line having a definite length. It has two end points.
 A ray is a part of a line that has one fixed end point and extends indefinitely in the other direction.
Q
A (ii) B
Example: (i)
P
P O
(Iii)
(i) shows a line segment, (ii) shows a line and (iii) is that of a ray.
Note: Three or more points which lie on the same line are called collinear points.
Angles
An angle is formed when lines or line segments meet or when two rays originate from same point.
A
P
S
O
Example:
B C R Q
(i) (ii)
(i) line segments AB and BC intersect at B to form angle ABC, and again line segments BC and AC
intersect at C to form angle ACB and so on. Whereas, in (ii) lines PQ and RS intersect at O to form four
angles POS, SOQ, QOR and ROP. An angle ABC is represented by the symbol ABC. Thus, in given fig
(i), the three angles formed are ABC, BCA and BAC, and in (ii), the four angles formed are
POS, SOQ, QOR and POR.
64
AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14
Class VII: Lines and Angles Mathematics
Types of Angles:
i) Acute angle: An angle whose measure is less than 90 degrees. The following are acute angles.
Between 0° and 90°
ii) Right angle: An angle whose measure is 90 degrees. The following is a right angle.
Equal to 90°
90°
iii) Obtuse angle: An angle whose measure is more than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees. Thus, it is
between 90 degrees and 180 degrees. The following are obtuse angles.
iv) Straight angle: An angle whose measure is 180 degrees. Thus, a straight angle looks like a straight
line. The following is a straight angle.
v) Reflex angle: An angle whose measure is more than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees. The
following are reflex angles.
vi) Adjacent angles: Angle with a common vertex and one common side. 1 and  2, are adjacent
angles. However,  2 and  3 is not a pair of adjacent angles:
3
2
vii) Complementary angles: Two angles whose measures add to 90 degrees. 1 and  2 are
complementary angles because together they form a right angle:

Note:  1 and  2 do not have to be adjacent to be complementary as long as they add up to 90 degrees
viii) Supplementary angles: Two angles whose measures add to 180 degrees. The following are
supplementary angles. Angles, forming a pair of supplementary angles, need not to be adjacent
angles.
ix) Vertically opposite angles: Angles that have a common vertex and whose sides are formed by the
same lines. The following angles are pair of vertically opposite angles:
1 and  2
 3 and  4
Hence  1 =  2 and  3 =  4
3
2
4
When two lines l1 and l2 are intersected by a third line l3 (Transversal), 8 angles are formed. Take a
look at the following figure
13
2
l1
5 8
4 3
l2
7 6
Angles 3,4,5,8 are interior angles

Angles 1,2,6,7 are exterior angles
x) Alternate interior angles: Pairs of interior angles on opposite sides of the transversal.
For instance, angle 3 and angle 5 form a pair of alternate interior angles. Angle 4 and angle 8 form a
pair of alternate interior angles.
xi) Alternate exterior angles: Pairs of exterior angles on opposite sides of the transversal.
Angle 2 and angle 7 form a pair of alternate exterior angles. Similarly 1 and  6 also
xii) Corresponding angles: Pairs of angles that are in similar positions.

Angle 3 and angle 2 form a pair of corresponding angles.
Angle 5 and angle 7 form a pair of corresponding angles
xiii) Converse of Property: If a transversal intersects two lines, then they are parallel if any one of the
following is true.
a) Pairs of corresponding angles are equal.
b) Pairs of alternate angles are equal.
c) Co-interior angles are supplementary.

TIPS
1. Three or more points which lie on the same line are called collinear points.
A B C
Collinear points A, B, C
2. Three or more lines in a plane passing through the same point are called concurrent
lines.
Concurrent lines
3. The unit of angle measure is degree denoted by:

1 rotation = 360°, 1° = 60 (60 minutes), 1° = 60 (60 seconds)
B
O
A
Angle AOB vertex O
Arms OA and OB
4. A transversal is a line that cuts across (intersects) two or more lines in distinct points.


LEVEL - I
1. The difference in the measures of two complementary angles is 12°. Find the measures of the
angles.
2. Among two supplementary angles the measure of the larger angle is 44° more than the measure
of the smaller. Find their measures.
3. An angle is greater than 45º. Is its complementary angle greater than 45º or equal to 45º or less
than 45º?
4. Given that AB || DE, ABC = 115°, EDC = 140°, then find x?

A B
115° D E
140°
x
C
5. In the given figure AC || BD and AE || BF. Find the measure of x.?

C D
130°
A B
x
60°
E F G
6. In the given figure, PQ||RS, RSF= 40°, PQF = 35° and QFP = x°. What is the value of x?
Q
40° 35°
x
F
R P

7. Given, AB || ED, AG || CB and AF  AB. FAG = 38°, CDE = 45°. Find the
value of x?
F
G
38°
B
A
x
E 45°
D
8. In the given figure, DE || BC, ABC = 118° DAB = 42°, then find ADE?
E
C
42° 118°
A B
9. In the given figure, COE and BOD are right angles. If the measure of BOC is four times the
measure of COD, what is the measure of AOB?
C D
O E
10. In the given figure, PQ and RS intersect each other at O. If OT = 75°, find the value of
a, b and c?
P
S
2c
4b a
O
75° b
Q
R

LEVEL - II
1. If line I1, is parallel to the I2 in the given figure, what is the value of y?
115° y
2x
3x
I2
2. If ray PQ and RS are parallel as given in the figure, then find a + b + c?
Q
a
b
T U
c
R S
3. In figure, AC | BD and AE | BF, FBG = 90° and BAC = 120°. Find the values of x, y and z.
C D
120° x°
A B
z° y°
90°
E F G
4. In figure, find out PXR, if PQ || RS

P Q
50°
R S

5. In the given figure, if CD || EF, show that AB || EF.

B A
57°
E F
22°
35°
C D
6. Figure AB || CD and AC || BD. Find the values of x, y, z?

C D
z° y°
65° x°
A B
7. Draw a triangle ABC, with AC = 4 cm, BC = 3 cm and C = 80°. Measure AB.

Is (AB)2 = (AC)2 + (BC)2? If not, which one of the following is true:
(AB)2 > (AC)2 + (BC)2 or (AB)2 < (AC)2 + (BC)2?
8. Two poles of heights 6 m and 11 m stand on a plane ground. If the distance between their feet is
12 m, find the distance between their tops.
9. A ladder 50 dm long when set against the wall of a house just reaches a window at a height of 48
dm. How far is the lower end of the ladder from the base of the wall?
10. The foot of a ladder is 6 m away from a wall and its top reaches a window 8 m above the ground.
If the ladder is shifted in such a way that is foot is 8 m away from the wall, to what height does is
top reach.

1. Find the complement of an angle whose measure is 3x  8 ?
(a) 3x  98 (b) 82  3x (c) 98  3x (d) 3x  82
2. How many degrees are there in an angle which equals one-fifth of the supplement?
(a) 15° (b) 30° (c) 75° (d) 150°
3. Two complementary angles are such that two times the measure of one is equal to three times the
measure of the other. The measure of the larger angle is?
(a) 72° (b) 108° (c) 36° (D) 54°
4. If the arms of one angle are respectively parallel to the arms of another angle, then the two
angles are:
(a) neither equal nor supplementary (b) not equal but supplementary
(c) equal but not supplementary (d) either equal or supplementary

5. In the given figure, if BOC = 7x +20° and COA = 3x, then the value of x for which AOB
becomes a straight line is:
B C
O A
(a) 16° (b) 14° (c) 20° (d) 21°
6. If p || g, find ‘x’.
140°
p
g
158°
(a) 18° (b) 22°
(c) 62° (d) cannot be determined
7. If X, Y and Z are three points such that XY = 2YZ and XZ = 3YZ, then the three points are:
(a) not collinear (b) collinear and X lies between Y and Z
(c) collinear and Y lies between X and Z (d) collinear and Z lies between X and Y
8. In the given figure AB || CD and EF || GH. If AIF = 120°, then CJG is :

G
E
I K
A B
120°
C D
L J
H
F
1 2
(a) 80° (b) 100° (c) of a right angle (d) of a right angle
3 3
9. AB is a straight line and O is a point lying on AB. A line OC is drawn from O such that
1
COA = 36°, OD is a line within COA such that DOA = COA. If OE is a line within
3
1
the BOC, BOE = BOC, then DOE must be:
4
(a) 60° (b) 132° (c) 144° (d) 108°

10. QP || TS and QRS = 36°. Calculate PQR?

Q P
x°
S
T
2x°
36°
R
(a) 75° (b) 70° (c) 72° (d) 71°
LEVEL - I
1. 39° and 51° 2. 68°, 112° 3. Less than 45° 4. 75° 5. 110°
6. 105° 7. 263° 8. 160° 9. 18°
10. a = 84°, b = 21°, c = 96°
LEVEL - II
1. 141° 2. 360° 3. 60°,30°,150° 4. 120°

6. x = 115°, y = 65°, z = 115° 7. No, AB2 < AC2 + BC2 8. 13 m
9. 14 dm 10. 6 m
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (c)


6
The Triangles and its
Properties
Triangle
A triangle is a closed figure made of three line segments. Every triangle has three sides, three angles,
and three vertices. These are known as the parts of a triangle. The sides and the angles of every triangle
may differ from one another; therefore, they do not look alike.
Classification of Triangles
i) Based on Sides:
a) Equilateral triangle: A triangle in which all the sides are equal is called an equilateral triangle.
All the three angles of an equilateral triangle are also equal, and each measures 60°.
b) Isosceles triangle: A triangle in which any two sides are equal is called an isosceles triangle. In
an isosceles triangle, the angles opposite the equal sides are called the base angles, and they are
also equal.
c) Scalene triangle: A triangle in which no two sides are equal is called a Scalene triangle.
ii) Based on Angles:
a) Acute-angled triangle: A triangle with all its angles less than 90° is known as an acute-angled
triangle.
b) Obtuse-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angles more than 90° and less than 180° is
known as an obtuse-angled triangle.
c) Right-angled triangle: A triangle with one of its angles equal to 90° is known as a right-angled
triangle. The side opposite the 90° angle is called the hypotenuse, and is the longest side of the
triangle.
Scalene Triangle Isosceles Triangle Equilateral Triangle
P Z A
60°
60° 60°
Q R X Y B C

Class VII: The Triangles and its Properties Mathematics
Properties of Triangle
I. Angle sum property:
The sum of the three angles in a triangle is equal to 180° 1
 1  3  2  180
II. Exterior angle property: An exterior angle of a triangle is 2 3

equal to the sum of its opposite interior angles. B C
The sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
greater than the third side.
In triangle ABC, CA + AB > BC
BC + CA > AB
AB + BC > CA
Important terms of triangle:
i) Median and Centroid: A line joining the mid point of A

a side of triangle to the opposite vertex is called a
median. A median divides a triangle into two parts of
equal area. F E
G
The point where the three medians of a triangle meet is
called the centroid of a triangle.
B D C
The centroid of the triangle divides each median in the ratio 2 : 1, i.e.,
AG : GD  BG : GE  CG : GF  2 : 1
(ii) Perpendicular bisector and circumcentre: Perpendicular bisector to any side is the line that is
perpendicular to that side of passes through its mid point. Perpendicular bisectors need not pass
through the opposite vertex. The point of intersection of the three perpendicular bisectors of the
triangle is called circumcentre. The circumcentre of a triangle is equidistant from its three
vertices. If we draw a circle with the circumcentre as the centre and the distance of any vertex
from the circumcentre as radius, the circle passes through all the three vertices and the circle is
called circum circle.
A
(iii) Angle bisector and incentre: An angle bisector is a line that
divides the angle into two parts. The point of intersection of three
angle bisectors of a triangle is called the incentre. It always lies
F E
inside the triangle. It is always equidistant from the sides of the
triangle.
The circle drawn with incentre as centre and touching all the three B G C
sides of the triangle is called incircle.

A
(iv) Altitude and orthocenter: The perpendicular drawn from the
vertex of a triangle to the opposite side is called an altitude. The
point of intersection of three altitudes of a triangle is called F E
orthocentre, which can be inside or outside the triangle.
B G C
Pythagoras Theorem: In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse
is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.
Perpendicular
Hypotenuse
 Hypotenuse    Base    Perpendicular 
2 2 2
or AC  AB  BC2
2 2
B Base C
In a right angle the hypotenuse is the longest side. Mid point of the hypotenuse
of a right triangle is equidistant from the 3 vertices.
Of all the line segments that can be drawn to a given line from a point outside it, the perpendicular line
segment is the shortest.
Note: If the angles of a right triangle are 30°, 60° and 90°, the hypotenuse is equal to twice the side
opposite to the 30° angle, i.e. AC = 2BC.
Converse of Pythagorean Theorem
If the Pythagoras property holds, then the triangle must be right-angled. That is, if there is a triangle such
that the sum of the squares on two of its sides is equal to the square of the third side, then it must be a
right-angled triangle. The angle opposite to the third side is right angle.
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1: In the given figure find the value of x and y.
Solution: In the given figure,

y = 60°(vertically opposite angles)
z = 45°(vertically opposite angles )
In triangle ABC
A  B  C  180 (By angle sum property of triangle)
 60°+ x + 45°= 180°
 x + 105°= 180°  x = 180°– 105°  x = 75°

Problem 2: Find angles x and y in the following figure.
Solution: In the given figure,

(since they are linear pair)
 =
Also (by exterior angle property of triangle)


and
Problem 3: Find angle x in the following figure:
Solution: Sum of the angles of a triangle = 180°

2x + x + 90° = 180°
3x = 90°
x = 30°
Problem 4: A 15 m long ladder reached a window 12 m high from the ground on placing it against a
wall at a distance ‘a’ metre from the wall. Find the distance of the foot of the ladder from
the wall.
Solution:
By using Pythagoras theorem,

We have
 a2 + 122 = 152  a2 = 225 – 144
 a2 = 81  a2 = 92
 a = 9m
Thus the ladder is 9 m away from the foot of the wall.

Problem 5: If in a right angle isosceles triangle area is 32 cm2 . Find the sides of the triangle.
1
Solution: Area of triangle = (base × altitude)
2
Base = Altitude = x
1
( x  x)  32  x2 = 64
2
x = 8 cm
Therefore two sides containing right angle are equal to 8 cm
Third side of triangle = 82  82 = 8 2cm
Problem 6: Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 40 cm and the length of one of the
diagonal is 41 cm.
Solution:
Now in DABC, AB  BC
 AB2 + BC2 = AC2
 AB2 + 402 = 412  AB2 = 1681 – 1600
 AB2 = 81  AB2 = 92 or AB = 9
 Perimeter = 2 (AB + BC) = 2(9 + 40) = 2 × 49 = 98 cm
Problem 7: Can 5cm, 7cm and 5cm be the sides of a triangle?
Solution: Check whether the sum of any two sides is greater than the third side or not:
5+ 7 =12 cm > 5 cm.
7+5 =12 cm > 5 cm
5 + 5 = 10 cm > 7 cm
Therefore, these measurements can be the sides of a triangle.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
C
1. In triangle ABC
 A + B + C = 180°
B
2. In triangle ABC
CA + AB > BC
BC + CA > AB
AB + BC > CA
A
3. In triangle ABC
1
4 = 1 + 2 (exterior angle property)
2 3 4
B C D
4. In a given triangle ABC, G is the centroid then A
AG BG CG 2
  
GD GE GF 1
F G E
B D C

LEVEL - I
1. Find angle x in the figure given below:
2. Find the measure of x in the following figure:
3. Find angles x and y in the following figure:
4. Find the perimeter of a rectangle whose length is 40 cm and the length of one of the diagonal is
41 cm.
5. Find angles x and y in the following figure.
6. Find A + B + C + D + E + F
F E
B C
7. A tree is broken at a height of 5 m from the ground and is bent so that its top touches the ground
at a distance of 12 m from the base of the tree. Find the original height of the tree?
8. In a right-angled triangle if two angles other than right angle are equal. Find all the angles of the
trianlge.

9. AB  BC, BD  AC and CE bisects C, A = 30°. Then what is CEA?

A
30° D
10. One of the exterior angles of a triangle is 80°, and the interior opposite angles are equal to
each other. What is the measure of each of these two angles?
LEVEL - II
1. In ABC, B is a right angle, AC = 6 cm, D is the mid point of AC. The length of BD is
A
90°
B C
2. The side BC of ABC is produced on both sides. Show that the sum of the exterior angles so
formed is greater than A by two right angles (figure).
A
4 2 3 5
D B C F
3. In figure, the side BC of ABC is produced to form ray BD. Ray CE is drawn parallel to BA.
Show directly, without using the angle sum property of a triangle that
ACD = A + B and deduce that A + B + C = 180°.
1
E
4
2 3 5
B C D
4. In figure AD and CF are respectively perpendiculars to sides BC and AB of ABC. If

FCD = 50°, find BAD?
B D C

5. ABC is an isosceles right triangle, right angled at C. Prove that: AB2 = 2AC2.
6. In a ABC, AD  BC and AD2 = BD × CD. Prove that ABC is a right triangle.
7. The hypotenuse of a triangle is 2.5 cm. If one of the sides is 1.5 cm, find the length of the other
side?
8. A ladder 25 m long reaches a window of a building 20 m above the ground. Determine the
distance of the foot of the ladder from the building?
9. If the sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 6 cm long, determine whether the triangle is right
angled triangle or not?
10. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is 17 cm long. If one of the remaining two sides is of length 8
cm, find the length of another side?
1. If the sides of a right triangle are x, x + 1 and x – 1 then the hypotenuse is:
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0
2. The green measure of each of the three angles of a triangles is an integer. Which of the following
could NOT be the ratio of their measures?
(a) 2 : 3 : 4 (b) 3 : 4 : 5 (c) 5 : 6 : 7 (d) 6 : 7 : 8
3. In ABC medians BE and CF intersect at G. If the straight line AGD meets BC in D in

such a way that GD = 1.5 cm, then the length of AD is:
F E
G
1 .5
cm
B D C
(a) 2.5 cm (b) 3 cm (c) 4 cm (d) 4.5 cm
4. If PL, QM and RN are the altitudes of PQR whose orthocentre is O, then P is the
orthocentre of :
(a) PQO (b) PQL (c) QLO (d) QRO
5. In a PQR, the sides PQ and PR are produced to S and T respectively. Bisectors of SQR and
QRT meet the point O. If P = 66°, then what is the value of QOR?
(a) 47° (b) 50° (c) 57° (d) 67°
6. In which one of the following triangles does the orthocentre lie in the exterior of the triangle.
(a) ABC, wherein, A = B = C = 60°
(b) PQR, wherein, P = 40°, Q = 30°, R =110°
(c) PQR, wherein, X = 80°, Y = 60°, Z =40°
(d) DEF, wherein, D = 52°, E = 90°, F =38°

7. D, E, F are the mid points of BC, CA and AB of ABC. If AD and BE intersect in G, then AG +
BG + CG is equal to:
2 3 1
(a) AD = BE = CF (b) (AD + BE + CF) (c) (AD + BE + CF) (d) (AD + BE + CF)
3 2 3
8. AB is parallel to CD, EF intersects them at M and N. The bisectors of M and N meet at Q. If
AME = 80°. Then MQN is equal to:
E
A M B
C D
N
(a) 60° (b) 70° (c) 80° (d) 90°
9. The side opposite to an obtuse angle of a triangle is:

(a) smallest (b) greatest
(c) half of the perimeter (d) none of these
10. In a ABC, the sum of exterior angles at B and C is equal to:

(a) 180° – BAC (b) 180° + BAC (c) 180° – 2BAC (d) 180° + 2BAC
11. The point of intersection of the right bisectors of a triangle is called:

(a) in-centre (b) circumcentre (c) orthocentre (d) centroid
a°
12. PQ = QR = PS. Calculate the size of the labeled angles.
(a) a = 40°, b = 50°, c = 70°, d = 110° c° S
(b) a = 42°, b = 48°, c = 69°, d = 111° d°
b°
(c) a = 45°, b = 45°, c = 67.5°, d = 112.5°
Q R
(d) a = 50°, b = 40°, c = 65°, d = 115°
13. If the straight line which bisects the vertical angle of a triangle is perpendicular to the base, the
triangle is:
(a) equilateral (b) isosceles (c) scalene (d) right angled
14. In the figure CD is parallel to AB. The angle y is equal to:

D
2x°
3x° 4x° y°
B C
(a) 40° (b) 60° (c) 80° (d) 100°

15. A and B are the interior opposite angles of BCD in ABC, which of these
statements is true?
B
A C D
(a) BCA = BCD – A (b) A – 180° = B
(c) A = 90° – B (d) B = BCD – A
LEVEL - I
1. x = 60° 2. x = 50° 3. x = 45°, y = 90° 4. 98 cm

5. x = 80°, y = 50° 6. 360° 7. 18 m
8. 45°, 45°, 90° 9. 120° 10. 40°, 40°
LEVEL - II
1. 3 cm 4. 50° 7. 2 cm 8. 15 cm 9. No
10. 15 cm
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (d)


7 Congruence of Triangles
Congruence of Plane Figures
If two objects are exactly of the same shape and size, they are said to be congruent. The relation
between two congruent objects is called congruence. The method of superposition examines the
congruence of plane figures, line segments and angles. Two plane figures are congruent if each, when
superimposed on the other, covers it exactly.
Example: Two plane figures, say, P1 and P2 are congruent if the trace copy of P1 fits exactly on
that of P2.
If two line segments have the same or equal length, they are congruent. Also, if two line segments are
congruent, then they have the same length.
Example: Two line segments, say, are congruent if they have equal lengths. We write this
as PQ  RS
P Q
R S
If two angles have the same measure, they are congruent. Also, if two angles are congruent, they one of
same measures.
Example: Two angles, PQR and XYZ , are congruent if their measures are equal. We write this as
mPQR  mXYZ . However, commonly, we write
40° 40°
Q Y X
Congruence of Triangles
A X
B C Y Z

Class VII: Congruence of Triangles Mathematics
Consider triangles ABC and XYZ. Cut triangle ABC and place it over XYZ. The two triangles cover
each other exactly, and they are of the same shape and size. Also notice that A falls on X, B on Y, and C
on Z. Also, side AB falls along XY, side BC along YZ, and side AC along XZ. So, we can say that
triangle ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ. Symbolically, it is represented as ABC  XYZ
So, in general, we can say that two triangles are congruent if all the sides and all the angles of one
triangle are equal to the corresponding sides and angles of the other triangle.
In two congruent triangles ABC and XYZ, the corresponding vertices are A and X, B and Y, and C
and Z, that is, A corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. Similarly, the corresponding sides are AB and
XY, BC and YZ, and AC and XZ. Also, angle A corresponds to X, B to Y, and C to Z. So, we write
ABC corresponds to XYZ.
Congruence Rules
1. SAS (Side Angle Side) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if two sides and the
included angle of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two sides and the included angle of
the other triangle.
A D
B C E F
In ABC and DEF

AB = DE (given)
BAC = EDF (given)
AC = DF (given)
So ABC  DEF (by SAS)
2. ASA (Angle Side Angle) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if two
angles and the included side of one triangle are equal to the corresponding two angles and
the included side of the other triangle.
A D
B C E F
B = E (given)
BC = EF (given)
C = F (given)
So ABC  DEF (by ASA)

3. SSS (Side Side Side) Congruence Criterion: Two triangles are congruent, if three sides of one
triangle are equal to the three corresponding sides of another triangle.
A D
B C E F
AB = DE (given)
AC = DF (given)
BC = EF (given)
 ABC  DEF (by SSS)
4. RHS (Right hypotenuse side) Congruence Criterion: Two right angled triangles are
congruent, if the hypotenuse and a side of one triangle are equal to the hypotenuse and
the corresponding side of the other triangle.
E
A B D F
A = D = 90°
BC = EF (given)
AC = ED or AB = DF
ABC  DEF ( by RHS)
SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1: In the given figure, OA = OB and OD = OC. Show that AOD BOC.
C B

Solution: In AOD and BOC,

OA = OB(given)
OD = OC (given)
Also, since AOD and BOC form a pair of vertically opposite angles, we have
AOD = BOC.
So, AOD BOC (by the SAS congruence rule)
Example 2: AB is a line segment and line l is its perpendicular bisector. If a point P lies on l, show
that P is equidistant from A and B.
l
P
A B
C
Solution: Line l AB and passes through C which is the mid-point of AB .

To show that PA = PB.
In Δ PCA and Δ PCB.
AC = BC (C is the mid-point of AB)
PCA = PCB = 90° (Given)
PC = PC (Common)
So, Δ PCA Δ PCB (SAS rule)
and so, PA = PB, as they are corresponding sides of congruent triangles.
Example 3: Line-segment AB is parallel to another line-segment CD. O is the mid-point of AD. Show
that ΔAOB  ΔDOC
A
D C
Solution: In Δ AOB and Δ DOC.

BAO = CDO (Alternate angles as AB || CD and BC is the transversal)
AOB = DOC (Vertically opposite angles)
OA = OD (Given)
Therefore, ΔAOB  ΔDOC (ASA rule)

Example 4: In Δ ABC, the bisector AD of A is perpendicular to side BC

Show that AB = AC and Δ ABC is isosceles.
D
Solution: In ΔABD and ΔACD,
BAD = CAD (Given)
AD = AD (Common)
ADB = ADC = 90° (Given)
So, Δ ABD ≅ Δ ACD (ASA rule)
So, AB = AC (CPCT) or, Δ ABC is an isosceles triangle.
Example 5: AB is a line-segment. P and Q are points on opposite sides of AB such that each of them
is equidistant from the points A and B Show that Δ PAQ ≅ Δ PBQ
P
A B
C
Q
Solution: In Δ PAQ and Δ PBQ
PA = PB (given)
QA = QB (given)
PQ = PQ (Common)
So, Δ PAQ ≅ Δ PBQ (SSS rule)
Example 6: P is a point equidistant from two lines l and m intersecting at point A. Show that Δ PAB
≅ Δ PAC
l
B
P
C
m
Solution: Given that lines l and m intersect each other at A.

Let PB l, PC m.
In Δ PAB and Δ PAC,
PB = PC (Given)
PBA = PCA = 90° (Given)
PA = PA (Common)
So, Δ PAB Δ PAC (RHS rule)

LEVEL - I
1. In what way is DEF congruent to ABC? Find the value of each of the sides in the given
pair of triangles.
2. Give a brief reason why DEF and ABC are congruent. Find the value of each of the
angles in the given pair of triangles.
3. Can you give a brief reason why ABC is congruent to triangle XYZ? If an C is
represented by 2x – 10 and angle Z is represented by 3x – 40. Find the measure of
angle x?
4. Prove that DEF is congruent to ABC. Find the value of x and y from the information
shown in the given pair of triangles?
5. In a ABC, if the bisector of the BAC meets BC in D, such that BD = CD. Then ABD and
CAB are congruent or not?

6. P and Q are the mid points of the sides CA and CB respectively of a triangle ABC, right anlged
at C. The find the value of 4 (AQ2 + BP2)?
7. In ABC, M is the mid point of BC. Length of AM is 9, N is a point on AM such that MN = 1.

What is the distance of N from the centroid of the triangle?
8. In the following figure, find ADC.

A
70°
B C D
9. In the given figure, ABC is a triangle in which BC is produced to D. If A : B : C = 3 : 2 : 1

and AC  CE then ECD is
D
A B
10. A man goes to a garden and runs in the following manner. From the starting point, he
goes west 25 m, then due north 60 m, then due east 61 m and finally due south 12 m. Find
the distance between the finishing point and the starting point?
11. The diagram shows 2 isosceles triangles. Find the sum of a and b?
A
17° 25°
b
E
a° 64°
B C
12. The given figure shows two overlapping triangles. Then find the value of a – b?
A
D
65°
b
G
a
F
5 0°
112°
C E B
334°

LEVEL - II
1. Given the triangle ABC and DEF as shown at the right. In addition to the markings, AF = CD.
Which of the following methods can NOT be used to prove the triangles congruent?
F E
B C
D
(a) SAS (b) SSS (c) AAS (d) RHS
2. Given trapezoid ABCD where DAB  CBA which of the following statements is true
based on the given information?
C
A B
(a) BD  CD (b) BCE  DAB (c) DA  DC (d) ACB  BDA
3. Given altitudes AE and BD in ABC. What additional information is needed to prove

AFD  BFE ?
B
D E
C
(a) AC  BC (b) AE  BD (c) DF  EF (d) AB  BC
4. DA bisects BAC and B  C . Which choice of method can be used to prove

BDA  CDA?
C
D
A
(a) SSS (b) SAS (c) AAA (d) AAS

5. How many altitudes can a triangle have?

(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Four
6. The exterior angle of a triangle is 120° and one of its interior opposite angles is 70°. Find
the measure of its other interior opposite angle?
(a) 90° (b) 50° (c) 60° (d) 70°
7. The angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 5. What is the largest angle of the triangle?
(a) 54° (b) 36° (c) 90° (d) None of these
8. ABC is right angled.at C. If AC = 5 cm and BC = 12 cm, what is the length of AB?

(a) 7 cm (b) 17 cm (c) 13 cm (d) 20 cm
9. What is the perimeter of the rectangle whose length is 40 cm and a diagonal is 41 cm?
(a) 164 cm (b) 162 cm (c) 81 cm (d) 98 cm
10. Among two congruent angles, one has a measure of 70°. What is the measure of the other
angle?
(a) 140° (b) 35° (c) 70° (d) 110°
11. ABC  DEF. If AB = 7 cm, what is the length of DE?

(a) 14 cm (b) 16 cm (c) 7 cm (d) 18 cm

LEVEL - I
1. x = 6, z = 9, y = 4 2. y = 58°, z = 33°, x = 89°

3. x = 30° 4. x = 50°, y = 40° 5. Yes
6. 2 2
5(AC + BC ) 7. 2 8. CDA = 35 11. 140°
9. 60º 10. 60 m 12. 33°
LEVEL - II
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (c)


8 Comparing Quantities
8.1 Comparing Quantities
To compare two quantities, the units must be the same. We are going to discuss the following
ways to compare two quantities:
i) Ratios and proportions ii) Unitary method

iii) Percentage iv) Profit and Loss & discount
v) Simple Interest
8.2 Ratios and Proportion

Ratio: The ratio of two quantities of the same kind and in the same units is a fraction that shows
how many times the one quantity is of the other. Thus, the ratio of two quantities a and b (b ≠ 0)
is a ÷ b or a/b and is denoted by a : b
In the ratio a : b the quantities a and b are called the terms of the ratio. In the ratio ‘a’ is called the
first term or antecedent and the later ‘b is known as the second term or consequent.
Ratio in the simplest form or lowest form: A ratio a : b is said to be in the simplest
form if its antecedent a and consequent b are co – prime.
For example, The lowest form of 80 : 32 is 5 : 2.
Proportion: An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Four numbers a, b, c and d are
said to be in proportion, if the ratio of the first two is equal to the ratio of the last two, i.e.,
a:b=c:d
Symbolically it is denoted by a : b :: c : d . (Read it as a is to b as c is to d or a is to b is in

proportion with c is to d).
Here a, b, c and d are the first, second, third and fourth term of the proportion respectively. The
first and fourth terms of a proportion are called extreme terms or extremes while the second and
third terms are called middle terms or means.
Relation between extremes and means: Product of extremes = Product of means

i.e., a × d = b × c
Note: If ad ≠ bc, the a, b, c, d are not in proportion.
Continued Proportion: Three numbers a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion if

a : b :: b : c i.e., b2 = ac
Mean Proportional: If a, b, c are in continued proportion, then b is called the mean

proportional between a and b.

Class VII: Comparing Quantities Mathematics
Example 1: Are 36, 49, 6, and 7 in proportion?
Solution: Product of extremes = 36 x 7 = 252

Product of means = 49 x 6 = 294
Product of extremes ≠ Product of means
Hence, they are not in proportion
Example 2: What must be added to the numbers 6, 10, 14 and 22 so that they are in
proportion?
Solution: Let the required number be x.

Then, 6 + x, 10 + x, 14 + x and 22 +x are in proportion.
 Product of extremes = Product of means
 (6 + x) (22 +x) = (10 + x)( 14 + x )
 132 + 22 x + 6 x + x2 = 140 + 14 x +10 x + x2
 132 + 28x = 140 + 24x
 28x – 24 x = 140 – 132
 4x = 8
x=2
8.3 Unitary Method
The method of finding first the value of one article from the value of the given number of articles
and then the value of the required number of articles is called the unitary method.
Formula and Unitary Method:
Value of a given number of articles

Value of one article =
Number of articles
Example 3: 25 workers earn Rs.300 per day. What will be the earnings of 20 workers per day
at the same rate?
Solution: Per day earning of 25 workers = Rs. 300

Per day earning of 1 worker = Rs. 300 ÷ 25 = Rs. 12
(using unitary method)
Per day earning of 20 workers = Rs. 12 × 20 = Rs.240
8.4 Percent
The word percent is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase ‘per centum’ which means per hundred or
hundredths.
Percent as fraction: A fraction with its denominator 100 is equal to that percent, as the
numerator.
75 1
Example 4:  75   75%
100 100
Percent as a ratio: A percent can also be expressed as a ratio with its second term 100 and
first term equal to the given per cent

13
Example 5: 13% 
100
Conversion of Percent into fraction
Step –I: Given x%

x x
Step – II: x%  and simplify to its lowest form
100 100
Example 6: Convert 36% as fractions in the simplest form.
36 9
Solution: 36%  
100 25
Conversion of Fraction into a Percent
a
Step – I: Given fraction
b
Step – II: Multiply the given fraction by 100 and put percent sign % to obtain the required
percent.
a a 
Thus,    100  %
b b 
9
Example 7: Express the following fraction as percent:
20
9  9 
Solution:    100  %  (9  5)%  45%
20  20 
Conversion of ratio into percent
Step – I: Given ratio a : b

a
Step –II: Convert ratio into fractional form
b
Step –III: Follow the same steps as in conversion of fractions into percents.
Example 8: Express 6 : 5 as percent.

6 6 
Solution: 6:5    100  %  (6  20)%  120%
5 5 
Conversion of Percent into ratio
Step - I: Given x%
x x
Step - II: x%  and simplify to its lowest term
100 100
Step – III : Express the fraction obtained in Step –II as a ratio.

Example 9: Express 25% as ratios
25 1
Solution: 25%    1: 4
100 4
Finding percentage of a given number.
Step – I : Given a number, say x and a percentage , say p%

Step – II : Multiply x by p and divide by 100 to obtain the required p% of x.
p
i.e. p% of x  x
100
Example 10: Find 10% of 350 km.

10
Solution: 10% of 350 km =  350km  35km
100
Finding how much percent one quantity is of another quantity: Let a and b be
two numbers and we want to know what percent of a is b?
x
Let x% of a be equal to b. Then, a b
100
b
Therefore, x   100
a
b 
Thus, b is   100  % of a.
a 
Example 11: What percent of 25 kg is 3.5 kg?
b 
Solution: We know that b is   100  % of a.
a 
Here a = 25 kg, b = 3.5 kg
b   3.5 
  100  %    100  %
a   25 
= (3.5 × 4)%
= 14%
Therefore, 3.5 kg is 14 % 0f 25 kg
Aliter:
Let x% of 25kg be equal to 3.5kg. Then,

x
 25kg  3.5kg
100
3.5
Therefore, x   100  14
25
Thus, 3.5kg is 14% of 25 kg.

8.5 Percentage Change
 Increase 
Formulae: i) Increase % =   100  %
 Original value 
 Decrease 
ii) Decrease % =  100  %
Example 12: A student scored 3 marks more than what he did in the previous examination in
which he had scored 12. Another student scored 12 marks more than he did in the
previous examination in which he had score 84. Who had shown more
improvement?
Solution: Use the formula:

 Increase 
Increase % =   100  %
Percentage improvement in the first examination for the first student
 3 
=   100  % = 25%
 12 
Percentage improvement in the first examination for the second student
 12 
=  100  % = 14.29%
 84 
Thus, the first student had improved more.
Example 13: The excise duty on a certain item has been reduced to RS. 580 from Rs. 870. Find
the percentage reduction in the excise duty for that item.
Solution: Old excise duty = Rs. 870 and New excise duty = Rs. 580
Decrease in excise duty = Rs.870 – Rs.580 =Rs. 290
 Decrease   290 
Percentage decrease in excise duty =  100  %    100
 Original value   870 
= 33.33%
8.6 Profit and Loss
Cost Price: The money paid by the shopkeeper to buy the goods from a manufacturer or a
wholesaler is called the cost price of the shopkeeper and it is abbreviated as C.P
Selling Price: The price at which a shopkeeper sells the goods is called the selling price of the
shopkeeper and it is abbreviated as S.P
Profit: If the S.P of an article is greater than the C.P , then the shopkeeper makes a gain or
profit.
Profit = S. P – C. P
Profit
Profit percent = 100 %
C.P.

Loss: If the S.P of an article is lesser than the C.P , then the shopkeeper suffer a loss
Loss = C.P – S. P
Loss
Loss percent = 100 %
C.P.
Over head Charges: Usually, a shopkeeper has to bear some additional expenses such as
labour charges, freight charges and maintenance charges, for the goods before they are not sold.
Such charges are called overhead charges.
The overhead charges become a part of the cost price. Thus, Effective Cost price = Payment made
while purchasing the goods + Over head charges
Example 14: Find the gain or loss percent, if

i) C.P = Rs 500 and S.P = Rs 565
ii) C.P = Rs 700 and S.P = Rs. 630
Solution: i) S. P > C.P. Therefore there is a gain.

Gain = S.P – C. P = Rs. 565 – Rs. 500 = Rs. 65
Profit
Gain percentage =  100
C.P.
Rs.65
=  100 = 13%
Rs.500
ii) S. P < C.P. Therefore there is a Loss
Loss = C.P – S. P = Rs. 700 – Rs. 630 = Rs. 70
Loss Rs.70
Loss percentage =  100 =  100 = 10%
C.P. Rs.700
Example 15: Vikram bought 150 dozens pencils at Rs. 10 a dozen. His overhead expenses
were Rs. 100. He sold them at Rs.1.20 each. What was his profit or loss percent?
Solution: Cost of one dozen pencil = Rs. 10

Cost of 150 dozen pencils = 150 × Rs. 10 = Rs 1,500.
Over head expenses = Rs 100
Effective cost price = Rs. 1500 + Rs. 100 = Rs, 1600
Selling Price of one pencil = Rs. 1.20.
Selling Price of one dozen pencil = Rs. 1.20 x 12
= Rs. 14.40
Selling price of 150 dozens pencils = 150 x Rs. 14. 40
= Rs. 2160
Here S.P > C.P . So, there is a profit.
Profit = S.P – C.P = Rs. 2,160 – Rs. 1600 = Rs 560
Profit 560
Profit Percentage = ×100% =  100% = 35%
E.C.P. 1600

Example 16: A vendor purchased 40 dozen bananas for Rs.250. Out of these, 30 bananas were
rotten and could not be sold. At what rate per dozen should he sell the remaining
bananas to make a profit of 20 %
Solution: C.P of bananas = Rs. 250

Gain required = 20 %
20
Gain = 20 % of C.P =  250
100
= Rs. 50
Now, S.P = C.P + Gain = Rs. 250 + Rs. 50 = Rs. 300
No. of good bananas = (40 x 12 – 30 ) = 450
S.P of 450 bananas = Rs. 300
Rs.300
S.P of 12 bananas =  12 = Rs.8
450
Hence the vendor should sell the remaining bananas at the rate Rs. 8 per dozen to
make a profit of 20 %
Example 17: A farmer sells his product at a loss of 8 %. If his S.P was Rs. 27600, What was
his actual loss? What was his cost price?
Solution: Let the C.P of the product be Rs. 100
Loss = 8 % = 8 % of C. P
8
=  100 = Rs.8
100
S.P = C. P – Loss = Rs. 100 – Rs. 8 = Rs. 92
Thus if S.P is Rs. 92, then C. P is Rs. 100
 100 
If S. P is Rs. 27600, then C P. =   27600  = Rs.30000
 92 
Hence Actual C. P = Rs. 30000.
Actual loss = C. P – S. P
= Rs. 30000 – Rs. 27600
= Rs. 2400
8.7 Simple Interest
Principal: The money borrowed by a borrower from a lender is known as the principal or sum.
Interest: The additional money paid by the borrower to the lender for having used his money is
called the interest.
Amount: The total money which the borrower pays back to the lender at the end of the
specified period is called the amount. i.e., Amount = Principal + Interest.
Simple Interest: If interest is calculated uniformly on the original principal throughout the
loan period, then it is called simple interest.

Formula for Calculating Simple Interest: If P denotes Principal, R denotes rate of

interest per year, T denotes time (Number of years) , then
P×R×T
Simple Interest =
100
Example 18: Anita borrowed Rs.400 from her friend at the rate of 12 % per annum for 2.5
years. Find the interest and amount paid by her.
Solution: Here P = Rs. 400 R = 12% per annum and T = 2.5 years
P×R×T 400  12  2.5
Simple interest = = = Rs.120
100 100
Amount paid by her =P + I = Rs. 400 + Rs. 120 = Rs. 520
Example 19: In how many years will Rs. 750 amount to Rs. 900 at 4 % per annum?
Solution: Here P = Rs. 750 R = 4 % per annum T = ? and

Amount = Rs. 900
S.I = Amount – P = Rs 900 – Rs. 750 = Rs. 150
P×R×T
Simple interest =
100
S .I 100 150 100
T    5 years
P R 750  4
8.8 Discount
1. Marked Price (M.P.): The printed price or the tagged price of an article is called the
marked price or list price.
2. Discount: The deduction allowed on the marked price is called discount. It is always
calculated on the M.P. of an article.
3. Net Price: The selling price at which the article is sold to the customer after deducing the
discount from the M.P. is called the net price.
4. (a) S.P. = M.P. – discount
Discount
(b) Rate of discount = Discount % =  100%
M.P.
M.P.  (100  Discount %)

(c) S.P.=
100
S.P. 100
(d) M.P.=
(100  discount %)

THINGS TO REMEMBMER
 Increase 
1. Increase % =   100  %
 Decrease 
2. Decrease % =   100  %
 S.P.  C.P. 
3. Profit % =    100%
 C.P. 
 C.P.  S.P. 
4. Loss % =    100 %
 C.P. 
Discount
5. Discount % = 100 % [Discount = M.P. – S.P.]
M.P.
P×R×T
6. S.I. =
100


LEVEL - I
2
1. A box contains 600 eggs. Out of which 16 % are rotten ones. How many eggs are rotten?
3
2. A Ravi obtained 410 marks out of 500 in CBSE XII examination while his brother Anish gets 536
marks out of 600 in IX class examination. Find whose performance is better?
3. 3/4 of the salary per month is Rs.600. What is the salary per month?
4. Find x in the following proportions:

i) 16 : 18 = x : 96 ii) x : 92 = 87 : 116
5. Divide `351 into two parts such that one may rebate to the other by 2 : 7.
6. Two numbers are in the ratio 7 : 11. If 7 is added to each of the numbers, the ratio becomes 2 : 3.
Find the numbers?
7. The ratio of income of a person to his savings is 10 : 1. If his savings of one year are Rs.6000,
what is the income per month.
8. A car can cover a distance of 522 km on 36 litres of petrol. How much it can travel on 14 litres of
petrol.
9. What should be added to each term of the ratio 7 : 13 so that the ratio becomes 2 : 3?
10. The yield of wheat from 6 hectares is 280 quintals. Find the number of hectares required for a
yield of 225 quintals?
11. If x : y = 3 : 5, find the ratio 3x + 4y : 8x + 5y?
12. Mr. Virmani saves 12% of his salary. If he receives Rs.15900 per month are salary, find his
monthly expenditure?
13. Rajdhani College has 2400 students, 40% of whom are girls. How many boys are there in
college?
14. Rahim obtained 60 marks out of 75 in Mathematics. Find the percentage of marks obtained by
Rahim in Mathematics?
15. Ravi purchased a house for Rs.45200 and spent of Rs.2800 on its repairs. He had to sell it for
Rs.46800. Find his loss and loss percent?
16. Shikha purchased a wrist watch for Rs.840 and sold it to her friend Vidhi for Rs.910. Find her
gain percent?

LEVEL - II
1. Naresh bought 4 dozen pencils at Rs.10.80 a dozen and sold them for 80 paise each. Find his gain
or loss percent?
2. Mr. Virmani purchased a house for `365000 and spent `135000 on its repairs. If he sold it for
`5,50,000, find his gain percent?
3. A grain merchant sold 600 quintals of rice at a profit of 7%. If a quintal of rice cost him `250 and
his total overhead charges for transportation etc., where `1000 find his total profit and the selling
price of 600 quintals of rice?
4. A sum of `400 is lent for 3 years at the rate of 6% per annum. Find the interest?
1
5. A man borrowed `8,000 from a bank at 8% per annum. Find the amount he has to pay after 4
2
years?
6. Anita deposits of `1,000 in a savings bank account. The bank pays interest at the rate of 5% per
annum. What amount can Anita get after one year?
7. Rohit borrowed `60,000 from a bank at 9% per annum for 2 years. He lent this sum of money to
Rohan at 10% annum for 2 years How much did Rohit earn from this transaction?
8. If the marks of Rohit in a test increased from 20 to 30, find the percentage increase?
9. If the price of a shirt decreased from `80 to `60, find the percentage decrease?
10. A person invests money in three different schemes for 6 years, 14 years at 10%, 12% and 15%
simple interest respectively. At the completion of each scheme, he gets the same interest. What is
the ratio of his investments?
11. A trader marks has goods at 40% above the cost price but allows a discount of 20% on the
marked price. Find the profit percentage?
12. An article is listed at `900 and two successive discounts of 8% and 8% are given on it. How much
would the seller gain or lose, if he gives a single discount of 16%, instead of two discounts?
13. A sum of `725 is lone in the beginning of a year at a certain rate of interest. After 8 months, a
sum of `362.50 more is lent but at the rate of twice the previous. At the end of the year, `33.50 is
earned as interest from both the loans. What was the original rate of interest?
14. A man invested `1,000 on simple interest at a certain rate and `1,500 at 2% higher rate. The total
interest in three years is `390. What is the rate of interest for `1,000?

1. If 2, x and 8 are in continued proportion, then x is:

(a) 2 (b) 8 (c) 16 (d) 14
3
2. when expressed in % is:
5
(a) 40% (b) 50% (c) 60% (d) 70%
3. An article was for `120 and sold for `150. The gain/loss % is:
(a) 25% gain (b) 30% gain (c) 25% loss (d) 39% gain
1
4. The S.I. on `500 for 2 years at 2 is:
2
(a) `30 (b) `25 (c) `20 (d) `15
5. x% of x is the same as 10% of:

x x2 x3 x2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 10 100
3 2
6. 40% of 60% of th of a number is 504. What is 25% of th of that number?
5 5
(a) 180 (b) 175 (c) 360 (d) 350
7. Which of the following multiples will cause a number to be increased by 25.3%?

(a) 12.53 (b) 125.3 (c) 1.253 (d) 1253
8. An article passing through two hands is sold at a profit of 35% at the original cost price. If the
dealer makes a profit of 20%, then the profit per cent made by the second is:
(a) 15 (b) 12 (c) 10 (d) 5
9. In what ratio must a grocer mix tea at `60 a kg and `65 a kg, and `65 a kg, so that by selling the
mixture at `68.20 a kg, he may gain 10%:
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 2 : 3
10. A man bought two goats for `1008. He sold at a loss of 20% and the other a profit of 44% each goat was
sold for the same price, the cost profit of the goat which was sold at a loss was :
(a) `648 (b) `360 (c) `568 (d) `440
11. `6000 becomes `7200 in 4 years at a certain rate of interest. If the rate becomes 1.5 times of itself,
the amount of the same principal in 5 years will be:
(a) `8000 (b) `8250 (c) `9000 (d) `9250

9
12. Simple interest on a certain amount is of its principal. If the number representing the rate of
16
interest in percent and time in years are equal, then the time for which the principal amount is lent
out is
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
13. If the simple interest on a certain sum of money for 15 months at 7 % p.a. exceeds the simple
2
1
interest on the same sum for 8 months at 12 % p.a. by `32.50, the sum is:
2
(a) `312 (b) `312.50 (c) `3120 (d) `3120.50
14. A person lent a certain sum of money at 4% simple interest and in 5 years, the interest amounted
to `520 less than the sum lent. The sum lent was:
(a) `600 (b) `650 (c) `700 (d) `750
15. What sum of money will amount to `520 in 5 years and to `568 in 7 years at simple interest?
(a) `400 (b) `120 (c) `510 (d) `220
16. In how many years `150 will produce the same interest at 8% p.a. as `800 produce in 3 years at
1
4 p.a.?
2
(a) 6 (b) 8 (c) 9 (c) 12


LEVEL - I
1. 100 2. The performance Anish is better 3. `800 per month

256 49
4. (i) , (ii) x = 69 5. 78 and 273 6. 7. 60000
3 77
135 29
8. 203 km 9. x = 5 10. h 11. 12. `13992
28 49
1
13. 1440 boys 14. 80% 15. Loss 1200, Loss% 2.5 16. 8 %
3
LEVEL - II
1. gain % 255.5 2. 10% 3. `140430 4. `72 5. 10,880

6. `1050 7. `1200 8. 50% 9. 25% 10. 14 : 7 : 4
1300
11. 12% 12. Gain of `2.24 14.
253
Multiple Choice Questions
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a)
16. (c)


9
Rational Number
p
Any number which can be expressed in the form of , where p and q are integers and q  0 is known
q
as a rational number.
Note: p is called numerator, q is called denominator.
Venn Diagram Depicting the Relationship between the following set of Numbers
Rational Numbers 1
3
- 0.45 5
Integers
- 47 -3 2.5
3 Whole Number
-
7
0
Standard form of a Rational Number
A rational number is said to be in the standard form if its denominator is a positive integer and the
numerator and denominator have no common factor other than 1.
If a rational number is not in the standard form, then it can be reduced to the standard form.

Class VII: Rational Numbers Mathematics
45
Example 1: Reduce to the standard form.
30
45 45  3 15 15  5 3

Solution: We have,    
30 30  3 10 10  5 2
We had to divide twice. First time by 3 and then by 5. This could also be done as
45 45  15 3
 
30 30  15 2
In this example, note that 15 is the HCF of 45 and 30.
Thus, to reduce the rational number in its standard form, we divide its numerator and denominator by
their HCF ignoring the negative sign, if any. (The reason for ignoring the negative sign will be studied in
Higher Classes).
Equivalent Rational Number
If two rational numbers are reduced to their standard form and their standard forms are same, then they
2
are said to be equivalent rational numbers. Example and 40/100 are equivalent rational number
5
40 2
because can be reduced to .
100 5
Rule to obtain equivalent rational number: If we multiply the numerator and denominator of
a rational number by the same non zero integer, we obtain another rational number equivalent to the given
rational number.
14
Example 2: Find two equivalent rational number for .
9
Solution: We can find the equivalent rational number by multiplying or dividing the given rational
number by the common number.
First multiply the given rational number by 2 on both numerator and denominator.
14 14  2

9 9 2
14 28

9 18
To find the next rational number multiply the given ratio by the number 5.
14 14  5

9 95

14 70

9 45
14 28 70
The equivalent ratios of are ,
9 18 45
50
Example 3: Determine the least equivalent rational number for the ratio
100
50
Solution: The given rational number is
100
The denominator is a multiple of numerator
100 = 2 × 50
So, to get the least equivalent rational number we divide numerator and
denominator by 50.
50
50
= 50
100 100
50
50 50 1
 
100 100 2
50 1
So, the least equivalent rational number of 
100 2
Positive and Negative Rational Numbers
If in a rational number the numerator and denominator are of same sign, then the rational number is said
to be positive rational number.
If in a rational number both the numerator and denominator are of opposite signs, then the rational
number is said to be negative rational number.
Note: The number 0 is neither a positive nor a negative rational number.
Example 4: Which of these are negative rational numbers?

2 5 3 6 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0 v) vi)
3 7 5 11 9
Solution: (i) and (iii) are negative rational numbers.
(ii), (v) and (vi) are positive rational numbers
(iv) is neither positive nor negative rational number.
Representation of Rational Numbers on Number Line
The number line consists of negative numbers on its left, zero in the middle, and positive numbers on
its right.

Example,
Comparison of Rational Numbers
The two ways to compare two or more rational numbers are:
1. by graphing them on a number line.
2. by making their denominator common using L.C.M.
14 12
Example 5: Compare and
4 7
Solution: Method 1: Graph these points on a number line.
12 14
Hence 
7 4
Method 2: L.C.M. (7, 4) = 28
14 98

4 28
12 48

7 28
12 14
Hence 
7 4
Rational Numbers between two Rational Numbers
To find n rational numbers between x and y where x < y
y–x
d=
n 1
Rational numbers may be (x + d), (x + 2d), (x + 3d) ………………. (x + nd)
 We can find unlimited number of rational numbers between any two rational numbers.
Example 6: List three rational numbers between –2 and –1.
Solution: Let us write –1 and –2 as rational numbers with denominator 5.

5 10
We have, 1  and 2 
5 5

10 9 8 7 6 5 9 8 7 6
So,      or 2      1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
9 8 7
The three rational numbers between –2 and –1 would be,  
5 5 5
Example 7: Write four more numbers in the following pattern:

1 2 3 4
; ; ; ...
3 6 9 12
2 1 2 3 1 3 4 1 4

Solution: We have  ,  , 
6 3 2 9 3  3 12 3  4
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 1 4 4
or  ,  ,  , 
3 1 3 3 2 6 3 3 9 3  4 12
Thus, we observe a pattern in these numbers.
1 5 5 1 6 6 1 7 7
The other numbers would be  ,  , 
3  5 15 3  6 18 3  7 21
Operations on Rational Numbers
There are four operations on rational numbers:
1. Addition 2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication 4. Division
Addition of two or more Rational numbers:
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with + sign between them
Step – II: Find the L.C.M of denominators
Step – III: Convert each of the rational numbers such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M as their denominator.
Step – IV: Now add the numerators.
1 6
Example 8: Add 
3 7
1 6 7 18
Solution:    {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
(7  18) 25
= =
21 21
Subtraction of Two or More Rational Numbers

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with – sign between them
Step – II: Find the L.C.M. of denominators
Step – III: Convert each of the rational number such that each of the equivalent rational number must
have L.C.M. as their denominator.
Step – IV: Now subtract the numerators.

6 1
Example 9: Subtract from
7 3
1 6 7 18
Solution:    {Since L.C.M. (3, 7) = 21}
3 7 21 21
7  18 11
= 
21 21
Mixed Operations:
4 4 3
Example 10: Find the value of 6  3  4
5 15 10
4 4 3 (6  5  4) (3 15  4) (4 10  3)
Solution: 6 3  4   
5 15 10 5 15 10
34 49 43 204 98 129
=   =  
5 15 10 30 30 30
204  98  129 235 47 5
= =  =7
30 30 6 6
Multiplication of two or more Rational Numbers:

Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with ‘×’ sign between them.
Step – II: Multiply the numerator with the numerator and denominator with the denominator.
Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.
3 2
Example 11: Multiply and
5 7
3 2 3  2 6
Solution:   
5 7 5  7 35
Division of two Rational Numbers:
Step – I: Write the given rational numbers with sign between them.
Step – II: Multiply the first rational number by the reciprocal of the second.
Step – III: Simplify the result to its simplest form.
9  3
Example 12: Find  
16  4 
9  3  –3
Solution:   
16  4  4
(converting the second rational number into its reciprocal and multiplying it to the
first one)
Properties of Rational Numbers

 Closure Property:
(i) If a and b are rational numbers, then a + b is rational.

(ii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a × b is rational.

(iii) If a and b are rational numbers, then a – b is rational.
(iv) If a and b are rational, then a  b is not necessarily rational. So closure property does not hold
in case of division.
 The Commutative Properties:

(i) a + b = b + a (ii) a  b = b  a (iii) a – b  b – a (iv) a  b  b  a `
So, commutative property does not hold for subtraction and division of rational numbers.
 The Associative Properties:

(i) (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ii) (a  b)  c = a  (b  c) (iii) (a – b) – c  a – (b – c)
So, Associative property does not hold for subtraction.
 The Inverse Properties:

1
 a + (–a) = 0, a   1 (where a  0)
a
 The Distributive Property:
 a(b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
Additional Properties (Axioms) Used in Proofs:
 Addition Property of Equality

 If a = b, then a + c = b + c
 Subtraction Property of Equality

 If a = b, then a – c = b – c
 Multiplication Property of Equality

 If a = b, then a  c = b  c
 Division Property of Equality

 If a = b, then a  c = b c provided c  0.

LEVEL - I
1. Which of the following statement are true (T) or false (F)?

i) The quotient of two integers is always an integer.
ii) Every integer is a rational number.
iii) Every rational number is an integer.
iv) Every fraction is a rational number.
v) Every rational number is a fraction.
a a am
vi) If is a rational number and m is any integer, then 
b b bm
2 4
vii) is equal to .
3 6
2. If each of the following represents a pair of equivalent rational numbers, find the values
of x.
2 5 3 x 3 x 13 65
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
3 x 7 4 5 25 6 x
3. Which of the following rational numbers are equal?

9 8 16 20 7 3 8 13
i) and ii) and iii) and iv) and
12 12 20 25 21 9 14 21
4. Fill in the blanks by the correct symbol out of >, = or <:

6 7 3 5 2 5 2
i) ii) iii) iv) 0
6 13 5 6 3 8 5
5. The product of two rational numbers is 15. If one of the numbers is –10, find the other.
6. Mohan ate half pizza on Monday. He ate half of what was left on Tuesday and so on. He followed
this pattern for one week. How much of the pizza would he had eaten during the week?
2
7. of the packages in his van. After that he
At the first stop on his route, a driver unloaded
5
1
unloaded another 3 packages at his next step, of the original number of packages
2
remained. How many packages were in the van before the first delivery?
8. The product of three equal numbers is 343. Find the sum of three numbers.
9. Chandran gave one-fourth of his money to Suresh. Suresh in turn gave one-third of what he
received to Jayesh. If the difference between the amount of Suresh and Jayesh is 100. How much
did Chandran have?

1 1
10. A lamp post has half of its length in mud, rd of its length in water and 3 m above the water,
3 3
find the total length of the post.
3 7
11. What would be the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the numbers and ?
5 3
12. Sum of rational and irrational is always?
5 1
13. If a man spends th part of his money and then spends part of the remaining money, what
6 2
part of the money is with him now?
4 5 4 2
14. of of a number is less than of of the same number by 8. What is half of the number?
15 7 6 5
15. List 3 rational numbers between – 3 and – 2.
LEVEL - II
1. What is the missing figure in the expression given below?
16 16  9 9 9
     1
7 7 7 7 7 7
(a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 4.57 (d) 32
Find the value of 1  2 

1 1  1  1  1  1 
2. 1  2 1  2 1  2  1  2 1  2 
 2  3  4  5   9  10 
5 1 11 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 2 20 10
 1 1 1 1 
3. The expression      is a natural number:
1.2 2.3 3.4 n(n  1) 
(a) always greater than 1 (b) always less than 1
(c) always equal to 0 (d) always a negative integer
5 7
5 6
8  3 13  3
4. The expression 8 of 11   2   of equals
3 1 9  11 22  5
6 9
7 8
1 5 7
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
2 12 9
1 11
5. What is the value of x in 1   ?
1 7
1
1
1
x
1 7
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 11


11
1. For what value of ‘a’ the number is not a rational number?
a
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 10
7 1
2. The product of two rational numbers is . If one of the number is . Find the other
8 6
37 42 21 7
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 8 4 4
9 8 5 5
3. Find the value of    .
5 5 2 4
21 21 21 21
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
40 40 40 40
1 1
4. The additive inverse of  is _______.
3 3
1 1
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d) None of these
3 3
1 3 2
5. The sum of three rational numbers is . If two of the numbers are and , find the
5 10 5
third number.
7 11 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
10 10 5 10
6. What is the quotient when a non-zero rational number is divided by its additive inverse.
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) None of these
7 5 5
7. The sum of and is equal to the product of and a number. Find the number.
3 6 3
35 5 25 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 3 6 10
3 5
8. What number should be subtracted from to get ?
7 7
2 2 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5 7
1 2
9. Product of 1 and the reciprocal of is _______.
7 7
2 1
(a) (b) 4 (c) 3 (d)
7 2
6
10. Which of the following is not equivalent to ?
21
20 10 9 26
(a) (b) (c) (d)
70 35 24 91

2
11. Find the additive inverse of
13
2 13 13 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
13 2 2 13
12. For any rational numbers a, b, c which among the following is false?
(a) a  b  b  a (b) a  (b  c)  (a  b)  (a  c)
(c) a  (b  c)  a  b  a  c (d) a  (b  c)  a  b  a  c
2 5
Find the value:       
8 4
13.
7 7  5 9 
4 6 18
(a) – 6 (b) (c) (d)
7 7 5
14. From a rope of 4 m 50 cm, pieces of equal size are cut. If each piece is 25 cm long, find
the number of pieces cut off?
(a) 15 (b) 18 (c) 22 (d) 9
3 2 4 25
15. Divide the difference of and by the product of and
7 5 5 2
2 9 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 35 350 75
16. ______ and ______ are reciprocals of itself

(a) 0, 1 (b) 0, –1 (c) 1, –1 (d) None of these
5 7
17. By what number should we multiply to get .
4 2
35 5 8 14
(a) (b) (c) (d)
8 14 35 5
1 5 1 3
18. Divide the sum of and by the sum of and
3 6 4 8
1 1
(a) (b ) 6 (c) 4 (d)
2 4
p r p r
19. If and are rational numbers, then is multiplicative inverse of if,
q s q s
p r p r p r p r
(a)  (b)  1 (c)  1 (d)  0
q s q s q s q s
3
20. Subtract  from is reciprocal.
5
16 34 29 8
(a) (b) (c) (d)
15 15 9 15

11
21. Standard form of is
39
12 11 11 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
78 39 39 39
22. Greatest rational number among the following

3 7 5 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
7 3 6 2
LEVEL - I
1. (i) False, (ii) True, (iii) False, (iv) True, (v) True, (vi) True, (vii) True
15 12
2. (i) , (ii)  , (iii) – 15, (iv) x = – 30
2 7
3. (ii) and (iii)
4. (i) Less than, (ii) Greater than, (iii) Less than, (iv) Greater than
127
5. – 1.5 6. 7. 30 packages
128
21
8. 21 9. 1200 10. 20 m 11.
44
1
12. Always irrational 13.
12
14. 105
LEVEL - II
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (b)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (c)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a)


10
Perimeter
A perimeter is a path that surrounds an area. The word comes from the Greek peri (around) and meter
(measure). The term may be used either for the path or its length. It can be thought of as the length of the
outline of a shape. The perimeter of a circular area is called circumference.
Area
Area is a quantity that express the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape in the plane.
Formulae to Find Area and Perimeter

1. Square
If ‘a’ is the length of side of a square, then its
i) Perimeter, P = 4a Units
ii) Area, A = a2 sq. unit
iii) Diagonal (d) = a 2 unit
Note:
i) If perimeter ‘P’ of a square is given, then its side, ‘a’ = P/4 units
ii) If area ‘A’ of a square is given, then its side, a  A
2. Rectangle
If ‘l’ is the length and ‘b’ is the breadth of a rectangle, then its
i) Perimeter, P  2(l  b) units
ii) Area, A = l x b square units
iii) Diagonal (d )  l 2  b2 units
Note
i) If perimeter ‘P’ and length ‘l’ of a rectangle are given, then its breadth, b = (P/2) – l units
ii) If perimeter ‘p’ and breadth ‘b’ of a rectangle are given, then its length, l = (P/2) – b units
iii) If area ‘A’ and length ‘l’ of a rectangle are given, then its breadth, b = (A/l) units
iv) If area ‘A’ and breadth ‘b’ of a rectangle are given, then its length, l = (A/b) units

Class VII: Perimeter and Area Mathematics
Generalising for Other Congruent Parts of Rectangles
If a rectangle is composed of ‘n’ number of congruent polygons, then area of each polygon = (Area of
rectangle/n)
3. Parallelogram
i) If ‘b’ is the base and ‘h’ is the height of a parallelogram then its area,
A = b × h sq. units
ii) Perimeter, P = 2(a + b) units
D C
a h
b B
Note:
i) If area ‘A’ and base ‘b’ of a parallelogram are given, then its height, h = (A/b) Units
ii) If area ‘A’ and height ‘h’ of a parallelogram are given, then its base b = (A/h) Units
4. Area of triangle
1
Area =  b  h
2
Where b is base and h is height
5. Right Angled Triangle
i) Perimeter = p + b + h
where p = perpendicular, b = base, h = hypotenuse
1
ii) Area =  b  p
2
iii) hypotenuse h  p 2  b2

6. Right Angled Isosceles Triangle

i) Hypotenuse = a 2  a 2  a 2 units.
ii) Perimeter = (2a  a 2) units.
1 a2
iii) Area = aa  sq. units.
2 2
7. Equilateral Triangle
i) Perimeter = 3a units C
3a
ii) Height = units
2 a a
h
3a 2
iii) Area = sq. units
4
a B
8. Scalene Triangle / Heron’s Formula
i) Perimeter (2s) = a + b + c
abc
ii) Semi-Perimeter s 
2 a
h
c
NOTE ; All congruent triangles are equal in area but the triangles equal in area need not be
congruent.
9. Circle
If r is the radius of the circle, then its
i) Circumference, C = π d = π× 2r units
ii) Area, A = π r2 square units  O
Note:
C
i) If Circumference of a circle is given, then its (a) diameter, d  units.

C
(b) radius, r  units or = (d/2) units.
2
ii) If Area of a circle is given, then its radius , r  ( A /  ) units.
10. Area of a ring (annulus)

A   r22   r12   (r22  r12 )
Where r1 is the radius of the inner circle
and r2 is the radius of the outer circle.

11. Cube

(i) T. S. A. = 6a2
(ii) L.S.A = 4a2
(iii) Vol = a3
12. Cuboid
(i) T. S. A. = 2(lb + bh + hl)
(ii) L.S.A. = 2h(l + b)
(iii) Vol = l × b × h
13. Cylinder :
(i) T. S. A. = 2r(r + h)
(ii) C.S.A. = 2rh
(iii) Vol = r2h
Conversion of Units KHDMDCM
Units of Length Units of Area

1 cm = 10 mm 1 cm = 100 mm2
2
1 m = 10 dm 1 m2 = 100 dm2
1 dm = 10 cm 1 m2 = 10000 cm2
1 m = 100 cm 1 dm2 = 100 cm2
1 hm = 100 m 1 hm2 = 10000 m2 = 1 hectare
1 km = 10 hm 1 hectare = 100000000 cm2
1 km = 1000 m 1 km2 = 100 hm2
1 km2 = 1000000 m2 = 100 hectares
SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 1: The perimeter of the top of rectangular table is 28 m, whereas its area is 48 m2. What is
the length of its diagonal?
Solution: Let x and y be the length and breadth of the rectangle.
xy  48, 2 x  2 y  28  x  y  14
2 2
x +y
( x  y)2  ( x  y)2  4 xy  142  4  48
 196 192  4 x
 ( x  y)  4  2
Now x + y = 14 and x – y = 2

 2 x  16  x  8  y  6
 Length of diagonal  x 2  y 2  64  36 = 10 m
Example 2: What is the area of the square ABCD shown in the diagram?
B
Solution: AD  122  52 cm  144  25 cm
12 cm
 169 cm  13cm
Q 90°
 Area of square ABCD = (13)2 cm2= 169 cm2 5 cm
D C
Example 3: Three circles of radii r1, r2 and r3 are drawn concentric to each other. The radii r1 and
r2 are such that the area of the circle with radius r1 is equal to the area between the
circles of radius r2 and r1. The area between the circles of radii r3 and r2 is equal to
area between the circles of radii r2 and r1. What is the value of r1 : r2 : r3?
Solution: Given,  r12   (r22  r12 )
r12 1
 2r12  r22  
r22 2
r1 1
  r1 : r2  1: 2 …(i)
r2 2
r2 2 3r 2
and  (r32  r22 )   (r22  r12 )  r32  2r22  r12  r32  2r22 –  r32  2  2r12  r22 
2 2
r22 2 r 2
 2
  2  r2 : r3  2 : 3 …(ii)
r3 3 r3 3
From (i) and (ii) r1 : r2 : r3  1: 2 : 3 .
Example 4: If the sides of an equilateral triangle are increased by 20%, 30% and 50% respectively
to form a new triangle, what is the percentage increase in the perimeter of the
equilateral triangle?

Solution: Let each side of the equilateral triangle be x cm. Then, after increase the three side are
20 30 50
x x, x  x and x  x,
100 100 100
i.e., x + 0.2x, x + 0.3x and x + 0.5x,
i.e., 1.2x, 1.3x and 1.5x
 Original perimeter = 3x,
Increased perimeter = 1.2x + 1.3x + 1.5x = 4x
Increase in perimter  4 x  3x 
% increase in perimeter  100    100%
Original perimeter  3x 
100 1
 %  33 %
3 3
Example 5: If the base of a parallelogram is (x + 4), altitude to the base is (x – 3) and the area is
(x2 – 4), then what is the actual area equal to?
Solution: Area of the parallelogram = base × altitude
= (x + 4) × (x – 3) = x2 + 4x – 3x – 12
= x2 + x – 12
Given, x2 + x – 12 = x2 – 4  x = 8
 Actual area = (8)2 – 4 = 64 – 4 = 60 sq. units.
Example 6: In the given figure, ABC is a right angled triangle with B as right angle. Three
semicircles are drawn with AB, BC and AC as diameters. What is the area of the
shaded portion, if the area of ABC is 12 square units?
Solution: Area of shaded portion = (Area of two semi -circles

– Area of biggest semicircle) + Area of ABC.

 1  AB  1  BC  1  AC  
2 2 2

             12
2  2  2  2  2  2  
 


 ( AB 2  BC 2  AC 2 )  12
2

 ( AC 2  AC 2 )  12  0  12  12 sq. units.
2
Example 7: The quadrants shown in the given figure are each of diameter 12 cm. What is the area
of the shaded portion?
Solution: Area of shaded portion = Area of square – 4 × Area of

quadrant.
 1 
 (12 12)cm2   4     62  cm2
 4 
 (144  36 )cm2  36(4   )cm2
Example 8: A square circumscribes a circle and another square is D G

G C
inscribed in this circle with one vertex at the point of
contact. What is the ratio of the areas of the circumscribed H F
and inscribed squares?
Solution: Let each edge of the square ABCD = x units A E B
Then, area of square ABCD = x2 sq. units
For square EFGH, diagonal EG = x
x
  Side of square EFGH =
2
2
 x  x2
 Area of square EFGH =   = 2
 2
Area of square ABCD x2 2

  Required ratio =  2   2 :1
Area of square EFGH x / 2 1


LEVEL - I
1. A rectangular plank 2 m wide is placed symmetrically on the diagonal of a square of side

8 metres as shown. What is the area of the plank?
2. The diagonal of a square is 4 2 cm. Then find the diagonal of another square whose area is
double that of the first square.
3. A triangle and a parallelogram are constructed on the same base such that their areas are equal. If
the altitude of the parallelogram is 100 m, then find the altitude of the triangle.
4. The area of a rhombus is 128 cm2 and its perimeter is 32 cm. Then find the altitude of the
rhombus.
5. The perimeter of a rectangle and a square are 160 m each. The area of the rectangle is less than
that of the square by 100 square metre. Then find the length of the rectangle.
6. The height of an equilateral triangle is 10 cm. Find the area.
7. In the given figure PQRS is a rectangle of 8 cm × 6 cm inscribed in a circle. What is the area of
the shaded portion?
S R

8. A wire is bent into the shape as shown. It is made up of 5 semi-circles. What is the length of the
wire? (Take  = 3.15).
6m 3m E 3m F 3m
A B C D
9. In a rectangle, the difference between the sum of adjacent sides and the diagonal is half the length
of longer side. What is the ratio of the shorter to the longer side?
10. Four identical coins are placed in a square. For each coin, the ratio of area to circumference is
same as the ratio of circumference to area. Find the area of the square not covered by the coins.
C
A B
-----------
---

LEVEL - II
1. A circular disc of area A1 is given. With its radius as diameter, a circular disc of area A2 is cut out
of it. Find the area of the remaining disc denoted by A3.
2. ABCD is a square of side 5 cm. At the four corners, four circular arcs each of radius 1 cm are
drawn. A circle of radius 2.5 cm with centre O is drawn inside the square. What is the
approximate area of the shaded portion?
3. The length and breadth of a rectangle are in the ratio 3 : 2 respectively. If the sides of the
rectangle are extended on each side by 1m, the ratio of length to breadth becomes 10 : 7. Find the
area of the original rectangle in square metres.
4. The ratio of the outer and inner perimeters of a circular path is 23 : 22. If the path is 5 m wide,
what is the diameter of the outer circle? Also, find the area of path enclosed between the two
circles.
1. Find the area, in square metres, of a rectangle whose length = 5.5 m, breadth = 2.4 m
(a) 13.2 (b) 13.1 (c) 13.5 (d) 13
2. Find the area, in square centimetres, of a square whose side is 2.6 cm
(a) 6.86 (b) 6.76 (c) 5.76 (d) 5.66
3. A door of dimensions 3 m x 2m is on the wall of dimension 10 m x 10 m. Find the cost of
painting the wall if rate of painting is Rs 2.50 per sq. m.
(a) Rs. 234 (b) Rs. 230 (c) Rs. 200 (d) Rs. 235
4. One side of a square field is 179 m. Find the cost of raising a lawn on the field at the rate of Rs
1.50 per square metre.
(a) Rs. 48061.62 (b) Rs. 48061.50 (c) Rs. 48062.50 (d) Rs. 49061.50
2
5. The area of a trapezium is 540 m . If the parallel sides are 30 m and 24 m in length, then find the
distance between them.
(a) 20 m (b) 22 m (c) 25 m (d) None of these

6. A diagonal of a rhombus is 80% of the other diagonal. Then, area of the rhombus is how many
times the square of the length of the longer diagonal?
2 4 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5 5 4 4
7. Two sides of a parallelogram are 10 cm and 15 cm. If the altitude corresponding to the side of
length 15 cm is 5 cm, then what is the altitude corresponding to the side of length 10 cm?
(a) 5 cm (b) 7.5 cm (c) 10 cm (d) 15 cm
8. ABCD is a parallelogram P and R are two points on AB and BC respectively such that the area of
parallelogram ABCD is 8 times the area of DPR. If PR = 5 cm, then CD is equal to
(a) 10 cm (b) 5 cm (c) 20 cm (d) 12 cm
2
9. If the area of a triangle is 1176 m and base : corresponding altitude is 3 : 4, then the altitude of
the triangle is
(a) 42 m (b) 52 m (c) 54 m (d) 56 m
10. A typist uses a sheet measuring 20 cm by 30 cm lengthwise. If a margin of 2 cm is left on each
side and 3 cm margin on top and bottom, then the per cent of page used for typing is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (c) 64 (d) 72
11. The ratio between the length and perimeter of a rectangular plot is 1 : 3. What is the ratio between
the length and breadth of the plot?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 1 : 3
12. If every side of an equilateral triangle is doubled the area of the new triangle is K times the area
of the old one. Then K is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
13. An equilateral triangle is described on the diagonal of a square. What is the ratio of the area of the
triangle to that of the square?
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 4 : 3 (c) 3:2 (d) 3:4
14. This figure is made up of a semicircle and quarter of a circle. The
length of AB = 9.1 cm. The distance from A to the centre of the
semicircle is 3.5 cm. The area of the figure is
(a) 25 cm2
(b) 28.26 cm2
(c) 22.765 cm2
(d) 88 cm2
15. The area of an equilateral triangle is 400 3 m2. Its perimeter is
(a) 120 m (b) 150 m (c) 90 m (d) 135 m
----------

LEVEL - I
1. 14 m2 2. 8 cm 3. 200 m 4. 16 cm 5. l = 50 m
3
6. 100 7. 30.5 cm2 8. 134.67 n 9. 3 : 4 10. 4r(1  r)
3
LEVEL - II
2
1. 3A1/4 or 3A2 2. 2.235 cm 3. 54 m2 4. 230, 1125
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (a)


11
Beginning of Algebra
It is said that algebra a branch of Mathematics that began about 1550 BC, i.e. more than 3500 years ago,
when people in Egypt started using symbols to denote unknown numbers. Around 300 BC, use of letters
to denote unknowns and forming expressions from them was quite common in India. Many great Indian
mathematicians, Aryabhatt (born 476AD), Brahmagupta (born 598AD), Mahavira (who lived around
850AD) and Bhaskara II (born 1114AD) and others, contributed a lot to the study of algebra. They gave
names such as Beeja, Varna etc. to unknowns and used first letters of colour names [e.g., ka from kala
(black), nee from neela (blue)] to denote them. The Indian name for algebra, Beejaganit, dates back to
these ancient Indian mathematicians. The word ‘algebra’ is derived from the title of the book, ‘Aljebar
w’al almugabalah’, written about 825AD by an Arab mathematician, Mohammed Ibn Al Khowarizmi of
Baghdad.
Algebra
Algebra is about finding the unknown or it is about putting real life problems into equations and then
solving them. Unfortunately many textbooks go straight to the rules, procedures and formulas, forgetting
that these are real life problems being solved.
A branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic equation represents a scale,
what is done on one side of the scale with a number is also done to the other side of the scale. The
numbers are the constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices, vectors etc.
Why Do I Need Algebra?
Only you can answer this question. I've always said mathematics is an opportunity gateway and you can't
get to higher mathematics without taking algebra. Algebra develops your thinking, specifically logic,
patterns, problem solving, deductive and inductive reasoning. The more mathematics you have, the
greater the opportunity for jobs in engineering, actuary, Physics, programming etc. Higher mathematics is
often an important requirement for entrance to colleges or universities.
Algebraic Expression
An algebraic Expression is an expression formed from any combination of constants and variables by
using the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation (raising to powers),
or extraction of roots.
5 x3  1
For instance, 7, x, 2 x  3 y  1, , r 2 and r r 2  h2 are algebraic expressions. By an algebraic
4 xy  1
expression in certain variables, we mean an expression that contains only those variables, and by a
constant, we mean an algebraic expression that contains no variables at all. If numbers are substituted for

Class VII: Algebra Mathematics
the variables in an algebraic expression, the resulting number is called the value of the expression for
these values of the variables.
Key Facts
6
1. Constants and variables: A symbol such as 5, , 0.216 etc., in algebra having a fixed value is
7
called a constant whereas symbols x, y, a, p etc., whose values are not fixed are called variables.
2. Algebraic expressions: An expression formed by combination of constants and variables

connected by basic mathematical operators, i.e., +, –, ×, , is called an algebraic expression,
x
e.g., 7xy, 7b – 4c, etc.
z
3. Term: the various parts of an algebraic expression connected by + or – sign are called the terms
of the expression. E.g. 6a – 4b2 + 3c3 has three terms namely 6a, –4b2, 3c3.
4. Like terms and unlike terms: the terms having the same literal factors are called like terms and
these having different literal factors are called unlike terms.
5. Coefficient: The numerical part of a term is known as numerical coefficient and the variable
part is called the literal coefficient.
6. Types of algebraic expressions:
(i) Monomials: Expressions with a single term are called monomials.

E.g., 4x2, 7, 8abc.
(ii) Binomials: Expressions with two terms are called binomials.

E.g., 7 x  9 y,2a 2b  8c
(iii) Trinomials: Expressions with three terms are called trinomials.
E.g., 8ab  9a2b  7c, 4 x  7 y  2a 2
(iv) Multinomials: Expressions with two or more terms are called multinomials.
7. Polynomials:
(i) Polynomials in one variable:

An expression of the form a0 xn  a1 xn1  a2 xn2  ...  an  f ( x), where a0 , aa , a2 , ...an are
real numbers, n is non-negative integers and a0  0, is called polynomial of degree n. The
powers of the variable involved are non-negative integers. The degree of the polynomial is
the greatest power of the variable present in the polynomial.
E.g., –7 + 5x is a polynomial of degree 1.

5x3 + 3x2 + 2x – 8 is a polynomial of degree 3.

(ii) Polynomial in two or more variables: It is an algebraic expression involving two or more
variables with non-negative integral powers.
In such a polynomial, the degree of any term is the greatest sum of the powers of two
variables of that term.
E.g., 6x2y2 – 4x2y3 + 7 is a polynomial in x and y of degree 5.
Note: Terms where the powers of the variables are negative or fraction, i.e., x–2 or
1 1 z x 4  12
, , , , x etc., do not form a polynomial.
x2 y z 2 y
8. For addition or subtraction of algebraic expressions, first we collect the like terms and then
find the sum or difference of the numerical coefficients of these terms.
E.g., 8x  9 y 15x  6 y  (8x 15x)  (9 y  6 y)  7 x  15 y
9. Multiplication: Recall the following results.
( x)  ( y)  ( xy) ( x)  ( y)  ( xy)
( x)  ( y)  ( xy) ( x)  ( y)  ( xy)
x m  x n  x m n
(a) To multiply monomials
(i) Multiply numerical coefficient
(ii) Multiply literal coefficients
(iii) Multiply the results.
2 5 2 25 3 2  2 25  5 8 2 3
E.g., a b c  a xc       a5b2c  a3 xc 2   a b xc
5 8  5 8  4
(b) To multiply a polynomial by a monomial, multiply each term of the polynomial by the
monomial and then add the products to get the result.
E.g., – 7a2b2 (a2  b2  3abc)  (7a 2b2  a 2 )  (7a 2b2  b2 )  (7a 2b2  3abc)
 7a4b2  7a2b4  21a3b3c
(c) To multiply any two polynomials, multiply each term of one polynomial by each term of the
other. Finally add the products combining like terms together.
E.g., (a  2b)(a 2  4ab  b2 )
 a3  2a2b –9ab2  2b3

10. Division of algebraic expression
Recall, xm  xn  xmn , where m, n are rational numbers and m > n.
(a) To divide a monomial by a monomial:

(i) Divide the numerical coefficients
(ii) Divide the literal coefficients
(iii)Multiply the result
63x 4 y 2 z 4  63   x 4 y 2 z 4 
E.g., (63x 4 y 2 z 4 )  9 xyz 5    5 
9 xyz 5  9   xyz 
7 x3 y
 – 7 x 41 y 21 z 45  7 x3 yz 1  .
z
(b) To divide a polynomial by a monomial, divide each term of the polynomial by a
monomial.
24 x3 y 6 x 2 y 2 7 xy 10 xy 3
E.g., (24 x3 y  6 x 2 y 2  7 xy  10 xy 3 )  (4 x)    
4 x 4 x 4 x 4 x
3 7y 5 3
 6 x 2 y  xy 2   y .
2 4 2
(c) To divide a polynomial by a polynomial:

Step 1: Set up as a form of long division in which the polynomials are arranged in
descending order leaving space for missing terms.
Step 2: The first term of the quotient is obtained by dividing the first term of the
dividend by the first term of the divisor.
Step 3: Then, multiply each term of the divisor by the first term of the quotient and
subtract the result from the dividend.
Step 4: Now take the remainder as the new dividend and repeat steps 2 and 3.
Step 5: Repeat the above process till the remainder becomes zero or a polynomial
degree less than that of the divisor.
E.g. Divide (2x3 – 11x2 + 12x) by (x – 4)

2 x 2 – 3x
xD– 4 2 x 3 –11x 2 12 x
i 2 x 3 ( – ) 8 x 2
D
– 3 x 2 12 x
– 3 x 2 12 x
( ) (–)
0
Note: You can use the result Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder to check the result of
division.

Key Facts
Identities or Special products are equations or formulae consisting of variable / variables which are true
for all real values of the variable / variables.
They can be thought of as shortcuts for multiplying binomials.
Identity 1: ( x  a)( x  b)  x2  (a  b) x  ab
E.g., ( x  5)( x  2)  x2  (5  (2)) x  5(2)  x2  3x  10
Identity 2: (a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2
E.g., (4 x  5 y)2  (4 x)2  2  4 x  5 y  (5 y)2  16 x2  40 xy  25 y 2
Identity 3: (a  b)2  a 2  2ab  b2

2 2
 1  1 1  1
E.g.,  3a  b   (3a)2  2  3a  b   b   9a 2  3ab  b 2
 2  2 2   4
Identity 4: (a  b)(a  b)  a 2  b2
2
1 1 1  1
E.g., ( xy  a 2 )( xy  a 2 )  ( xy)2   a 2   x 2 y 2  a 4
2 2 2   4
Identity 5: (a  b  c)2  a2  b2  c2  2ab  2bc  2ca
E.g., (2 x  4 y  3z)2  (2 x)2  (4 y)2  (3z)2  2(2 x  4 y  4 y  (3z)  (3z)  2 x)

 4 x2  16 y 2  9 z 2  2(8xy)  12 yz  6 zx  4 x 2  16 y 2  9 z 2  16 xy  24 yz  12 zx
Identity 6: (a  b)3  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3  a3  b3  3ab(a  b)
E.g., (a  3b)3  a3  3  a2  3b  3  a(3b)2  (3b)3  a3  9a 2b  27ab2  27b3
Identity 7: (a  b)3  a3  3a2b  3ab2  b3  a3  b3  3ab(a  b)

3 3 2 2 3
p q  p  p q p q q
E.g.,        3      3       
 3 2  3  3 2 3 2 2
p3 p2 q p q 2 q3 p3 p 2q pq 2 q3
  3   3      
27 9 2 3 4 8 27 6 4 8
Identity 8: a3  b3  (a  b)(a2  ab  b2 )
E.g. x3  8  x3  23
 ( x  2)( x2  2 x  22 )
 ( x  2)( x2  2 x  4)

Identity 9: a3  b3  (a  b)(a 2  ab  b2 )
E.g. x3  13  ( x  1)( x2  1  x)
Identity 10: a3  b3  c3  3abc  (a  b  c)(a 2  b2  c2  ab  bc  ca)

If a  b  c  0, then
a3  b3  c3  3abc
E.g. x3  y3  1  3xy
 x3  y3  13  3  x  y 1
 ( x  y  1)( x2  y 2  12  xy  x  1)
----------

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Example 1: Add 3x + 11 and 7x – 5
Solution: (3x + 11) + (7x – 5) = 3x + 11 + 7x – 5

= 3x + 7x + 11 – 5 (rearranging terms)
= (3x + 7x) + (11 – 5) (grouping like terms) = 10x + 6
Hence, 3x + 11 + 7x – 5 = 10x + 6
Example 2: Add 3x + 11 + 8z and 7x – 5.
Solution: (3x + 11 + 8z) + (7x – 5) = 3x + 11 + 8z + 7x – 5

= (3x + 7x) + (11 – 5) + 8z (grouping like terms) = 10 x + 6 + 8z
Therefore, the sum = 10x + 6 + 8z
Example 3 : Subtract a – b from 3a – b + 4
Solution: (3a – b + 4) – (a – b) = 3a – b + 4 – a + b
= (3a – a) + (b – b) + 4 (grouping like terms )
= (3 – 1) a + (1 – 1) b + 4 (using Distributive law ) = 2a + (0) b + 4 = 2a + 4
Example 4: Collect like terms and simplify the expression:

12m2 – 9m + 5m – 4m2– 7m + 10
Solution: Rearranging terms, we have
12m2 – 4m2+ 5m – 9m – 7m + 10 = (12 – 4) m2 + (5 – 9 – 7) m + 10
12m 2 – 4m 2+ 5m – 9m – 7m + 10 = 8m2 + (– 4 – 7) m + 10
= 8m2 + (–11) m + 10 = 8m2 – 11m + 10
Example 5: Subtract 24ab – 10b – 18a from 30ab + 12b + 14a.
Solution: 30ab + 12b + 14a – (24ab – 10b – 18a) = 30ab + 12b + 14a – 24ab + 10b + 18a
= 30ab – 24ab + 12b + 10b + 14a + 18a
= 6ab + 22b + 32a
Alternatively, we write the expressions one below the other with the like terms appearing
exactly below like terms as:
30ab + 12b + 14a
24ab – 10b – 18a
(– ) (+ ) (+)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
6ab + 22b + 32a
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Example 6: From the sum of 2y2 + 3yz, – y2 – yz – z2 and yz + 2z2, subtract the sum of
3y2 – z2 and –y2 + yz + z2.

Solution: We first add 2y2+ 3yz, – y2 – yz – z2and yz + 2z2.

2y2 + 3yz
– y2 – yz – z2
(+) + yz + 2z2
––––––––––––––––
y2 + 3yz + z2 (1)
––––––––––––––––
We then add 3y2 – z2 and –y2 + yz + z2
3 y2 – z2
(+) – y2 + yz + z2
––––––––––––––––
2y2 + yz (2)
––––––––––––––––
Now we subtract sum (2) from the sum (1):
y2 + 3yz + z2
2y2 + yz
(–) (–)
––––––––––––––––
– y2 + 2yz + z2
--------------

LEVEL - I
1. Subtract:
i) –5y2 from y2
ii) 6xy from –12xy
iii) (a – b) from (a + b)
iv) a (b – 5) from b (5 – a)
v) –m2 + 5mn from 4m2 – 3mn + 8
vi) – x2 + 10x – 5 from 5x – 10
vii) 5a2 – 7ab + 5b2 from 3ab – 2a2– 2b2
viii) 4pq – 5q2 – 3p2 from 5p2 + 3q2 – pq
2. a) What should be added to x2+ xy + y2 to obtain 2x2 + 3xy?
b) What should be subtracted from 2a + 8b + 10 to get – 3a + 7b + 16?
3. What should be taken away from 3x2 – 4y2 + 5xy + 20 to obtain – x2 – y2 + 6xy + 20?
4. a) From the sum of 3x – y + 11 and – y – 11, subtract 3x – y – 11.
b) From the sum of 4 + 3x and 5 – 4x + 2x2, subtract the sum of 3x2 – 5x and –x2 + 2x + 5.
5. If m = 2, find the value of: (i) m – 2 (ii) 3m – 5 (iii) 9 – 5m (iv) 3m2 – 2m – 7
6. If p = – 2, find the value of: (i) 4p + 7 (ii) – 3p2 + 4p + 7 (iii) – 2p3 – 3p2 + 4p + 7
7. Find the value of the following expressions, when x = –1:

(i) 2x – 7 (ii) – x + 2 (iii) x2 + 2x + 1(iv) 2x2 – x – 2
8. If a = 2, b = – 2, find the value of: (i) a2 + b2 (ii) a2 + ab + b2 (iii) a2 – b2
9. When a = 0, b = – 1, find the value of the given expressions:
(i) 2a + 2b (ii) 2a2 + b2 + 1 (iii) 2a2b + 2ab2 + ab (iv) a2 + ab + 2
10. Simplify the expressions and find the value if x is equal to 2
(i) x + 7 + 4 (x – 5) (ii) 3 (x + 2) + 5x – 7; (iii) 6x + 5 (x – 2) (iv) 4(2x – 1) + 3x + 11
11. Simplify these expressions and find their values if x = 3, a = – 1, b = – 2.
(i) 3x – 5 – x + 9
(ii) 2 – 8x + 4x + 4
(iii) 3a + 5 – 8a + 1
(iv) 10 – 3b – 4 – 5b
(v) 2a – 2b – 4 – 5 + a
12. (i) If z = 10, find the value of z3 – 3(z – 10); (ii) If p = – 10, find the value of p2 – 2p – 100
13. What should be the value of a if the value of 2x2 + x – a equals to 5, when x = 0?
14. Simplify the expression and find its value when a = 5 and b = – 3. 2(a2 + ab) + 3 – ab
15. The product of 4a 2  6b2 and 3a 2b2 is
1 1 
16. The product of  x 2  y 2  (5 x 2  6 y 2 ) is
5 6 

2
 1
17.  3m    ______
 5
18. If P  3x  4 y  8z, Q  10 y  7 x  11z and R  19 z  6 y  4 x, then P  Q  R is equal to
19. ( x  4)( x  3)  ( x  4)( x  3) is equal to
1 1
20. If x 4  4
 727, then x  is equal to
x x
1 1
21. If x 2  2
 7, the value of x 4  4 is
x x
22. What must be added to the sum of 2a2  3a  7, 5a2  2a 11 and 3a2  5a  8 to get 0?
23. The area of a rectangular courtyard is (10 x3  11x2  19 x  10) sq units. If one of its sides is
(2 x2  3x  5) units, then the other side is
24. (24 x2 yz  28x2 y 2 z 3  32 y 2 z 2 )  (4 xy) is equal to
LEVEL - II
a 2  b2  c2
1. If a  b  c  0, then the value of is
bc  ca  ab
2. Find the product: (a2  b2 )(a4  b4 )(a  b)(a  b) .
1 1
3. If p   4, find the value of p 4  4 .
p p
3.7  3.7  2.3  2.3  2  3.7  2.3

4.  _______
4.6  4.6 – 3.4  3.4


1 1
1. If x   m, then find the value of x 2  :
x x2
m2
(a) (b) m2  2 (c) 2m2  1 (d) 2m2  1
4
2. ( x  4)( x  4)( x2  16) 

(a) x2  64 (b) x4  64 (c) x4  256 (d) x2  256
1
3. The value of (5x  3 y)2  (5x  3 y)2 when x  1, y  is
25
1
(a) 12 (b) (c) 10 (d) –30
15
4. a3  3a2b  3ab2  b3 divided by a2  2ab  b2 is

(a) a 2  b2 (b) a  2b (c) 2a2  b2 (d) a  b
5. (a  b)(b  a) is
(a) a 2  b2 (b) b2  a 2 (c) a 2  b2 (d) b2  a 2
6. ( x2 – 24 )( x2  24 ) = ________.
(a) x2  14 (b) x4  64 (c) x4  256 (d) x2  256
7. ( z 2  13)( z 2  5)  _______
(a) 2 z 4  18z 2  8 (b) z 4  8z 2  65 (c) z 4  8z 2  65 (d) z 4  8z 2  65
8. ( x  4)( x  4)( x2  16)  _____.
(a) x2  64 (b) x4  64 (c) x4  256 (d) x2  256
9. x4  81  ______.
(a) ( x2  81)( x2  1) (b) ( x2  9)( x2  9)
(c) ( x  3)( x  3)( x2  9) (d) ( x2  9)( x  3)
(0.35)2  (0.03)2
10. =
0.19
(a) 2.6 (b) 0.64 (c) 2.33 (d) 2.8



LEVEL – I
1. (i) 6y2 (ii) –18xy (iii) 2b (iv) 5a + 5b – 2ab
(v) 5m2 – 8mn + 8 (vi) x2 – 5x – 5 (vii) 10ab – 7a2 – 7b2
(viii) 8p2 + 8q2 – 5pq
2. (i) x2 + 2xy – y2 3. 4x2 – 3y2 – xy 4. (a) 11 – y
(ii) 5a + b – 6 (b) 2x + 4
5. (i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) –1 (iv) 1
6. (i) –1 (ii) –13 (iii) 3
7. (i) –9 (ii) 3 (iii) 0 (iv) 1
8. (i) 8 (ii) 4 (iii) 0
9. (i) –2 (ii) 2 (iii) 0 (iv) 2
10. (i) –3 (ii) 15 (iii) 12 (iv) 29
11. (i) 10 (ii) –6 (iii) 11 (iv) 22 (v) –8
12. (i) 1000 (ii) 20
13. –5 14. 38 15. 12a4b2 – 18a2b4
11 2 2 1 6
16. x 4  x y  y4 17. 9m 2   m
30 25 5
18. 0 19. 14x 20. 29 21. 47
22. 12 23. 5x + 2 24. 6 xz  7 xyz 2  8 yz 3 x 1
LEVEL – II
15
1. –2 2. (a8 – b8) 3. 322 4.
4

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)



12
EXPONENTS AND POWERS
What is an Exponent?
An exponent is simply shorthand for multiplying that number of identical factors.
So 4³ is the same as (4 × 4 × 4).
Caution: Remember the order of operations. Exponents are the first operation (in the absence of grouping
symbols like parentheses), so the exponent applies only to what it’s directly attached to. 3x³ is 3(x)(x)(x),
not (3x)(3x)(3x). If we wanted (3x)(3x)(3x), we’d need to use grouping: (3x)³.
Negative Exponents: 4– 3 is the same as 1/(43), and x –3 = 1/x3.
Note: As you know, you can’t divide by zero. So there’s a restriction that x−n = 1/xn only when x
is not zero. When x = 0, x−n is not defined.
Fractional Exponents: A fractional exponent specifically, an exponent of the form 1/n — means to
take the nth root instead of multiplying or dividing. For example, 4(1/3) is the 3rd root (cube root) of 4.
(4)1/3  3 4 .
Arbitrary Exponents: You can’t use counting techniques on an expression like 60.1687 or 4.3π.
Instead, these expressions are evaluated using logarithms.
Operations on Exponents
(i) Two Powers of the Same Base: Suppose you have (x5)(x6); how do you simplify that? Just
remember that you’re counting factors.
x5 = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x) and x6 = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)
Now multiply them together:
(x5)(x6) = (x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x)(x) = x11 i.e. x5 × x6 = x5 + 6 = x11
Note : When the bases are the same, you find the new power by just adding the exponents:
(ii) Powers of Different Bases:
(x3)(y4) = (x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y)(y)
If you write out the powers, you see there’s no way you can combine them.
Except in one case: If the bases are different but the exponents are the same, then you can
combine them. Example:
(x³)(y³) = (x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y)
But you know that it doesn’t matter what order you do your multiplications in or how you group
them. Therefore,
146
AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14
Class VII: Laws of Exponents Mathematics
(x)(x)(x)(y)(y)(y) = (x)(y)(x)(y)(x)(y) = (xy)(xy)(xy)

But from the very definition of powers, you know that’s the same as (xy)³. And it works for any
common power of two different bases:
(x3) (y3) = (xy)3
(iii) Dividing Powers: What about dividing? Remember that dividing is just multiplying by one
over-something. So all the laws of division are really just laws of multiplication. The extra
definition of
x m  x n  x m n
Example: Find x8 ÷ x6?
x8÷x6 = (xxxxxxxx)÷(xxxxxx) = (xx)(xxxxxx)÷(xxxxxx) = (xx)(xxxxxx÷xxxxxx) = (xx)(1) = x2.
For division with like bases you subtract exponents, just as for multiplication of like bases you
add exponents:
(iv) Negative Powers on the Bottom: What about dividing by a negative power, like y5/x−4?
Use the rule you already know for dividing:
y5/x−4 = y5 × x4
1. Powers of Powers
When you have a power of a power, the combined exponent is formed by multiplying. i.e. (xm)n =
xm × n = xmn
Example : Perform the operations to remove parentheses:

1. (x4)-5 = x4×–5 = x–20
2. (5x²)³ = 5x2  5x2  5x2 = 125x6
2. The Zero Exponent
You probably know that anything to the 0 power is 1. But now you can see why. Consider x0.
By the division rule, you know that x3/x3 = x(3−3) = x0. But anything divided by itself is 1, so
x3/x3 = 1. Things that are equal to the same thing are equal to each other: if x3/x3 is equal to both 1
and x0, then 1 must equal x0. Symbolically,
x0 = x(3−3) = x3/x3 = 1
There’s one restriction. You saw that we had to create a fraction to figure out x0. But division by 0
is not allowed, so our evaluation works for anything to the zero power except zero itself:
Evaluating 00 is a separate advanced topic
Example : What is the value of each of these?
a. (a6b8c10 / a5b6d7)0 = 1
b. 17x0 = 17 × 1 = 17

3. Laws of Exponents:
1. x1 = x 6. (xm)n = xmn
2. x-1 = 1/x 7. (xy)n = xnyn
3. x0 = 1 8. (x/y)n = xn/yn
4. xmxn = xm+n 9. x-n = 1/xn
m
5. xm/xn = xm-n 10 x n  n xm
4. Radicals
The laws of radicals are traditionally taught separately from the laws of exponents, and frankly
I’ve never understood why. A radical is simply a fractional exponent: the square (2nd) root of x is
just x1/2, the cube (3rd) root is just x1/3, and so on.
Example: You know that the cube (3rd) root of x is x1/3 and the square root of that is (x1/3)1/2.
Then use the power-of-a-power rule to evaluate that as x(1/3)(1/2) = x(1/6) which is the 6th root of x.
Example: Because the square root is the 1/2 power, and the product rule for the same power of
different bases tells you that (x1/2)(y1/2) = (xy)1/2.
Fractional or Rational Exponents So far we’ve looked at fractional exponents only where the top
number was 1. How do you interpret x2/3, for instance? Can you see how to use the power rule?
Since 2/3 = (2)(1/3), you can rewrite x2/3 = x(2)(1/3) = (x2)1/3 It works the other way, too: 2/3 =
(1/3)(2), so x2/3 = x(1/3)(2) = (x1/3)2
When a power and a root are involved, the top part of the fractional exponent is the power and
the bottom part is the root.
You Try It!

1. Write x 5 as a single power.
2. Simplify 3
(a 6 b9 ) (That’s the cube root or third root of a6b9.)
3. Find the numerical value of 274/3 without using a calculator.
THINGS TO REMEMBER
Laws of exponents
am
(a) am  an  amn (b)  a mn (c) (a m )n  a mn (d) (ab)n  a n  bn
an
n
a a
n
1
(e)    n (f) a0  1 (g) a  n  (a  0)
b b an

LEVEL - I
1. If 5x3  253 x4 , then find x.
(34 )4  96
2. Evaluate:
(27)7  39
3. Evaluate: 3
0.000729  3 0.008
4. Find the value of
(i) 26 (ii) 93 (iii) 112 (iv) 54
5. Express the following in exponential form:
(i) 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 (ii) t × t (iii) b × b × b × b (iv) 5 × 5 × 7 × 7 × 7
(v) 2 × 2 × a × a (vi) a × a × a × c × c × c × d
6. Express each of the following numbers using exponential notation:
(i) 512 (ii) 343 (iii) 729 (iv) 3125
7. If (ab1 )2 x1  (ba 1 ) x2 then what is the value of x?
8. Identify the greater number, wherever possible, in each of the following?
(i) 43 or 34 (ii) 53 or 35 (iii) 28 or 82 (iv) 1002 or 2100
9. Express each of the following as product of powers of their prime factors:
(i) 648 (ii) 405 (iii) 540 (iv) 3,600
2n4  2.2n
10. Evaluate:  23
2.2n3
11. Simplify:
(i) 2 × 103 (ii) 72 × 22 (iii) 23 × 5 (iv) 0 × 102
(v) 24 × 32 (vi) 32 × 104
12. Simplify
(i) (–4)3 (ii) (–3) × (–2)3 (iii) (–3)2 × (–5)2 (iv) (–2)3 × (–10)3

13. Compare the following numbers
(i) 2.7 × 1012; 1.5 × 108 (ii) 4 × 1014 ; 3 × 1017
14. Simplify
(25 ) 2  73 25  52  t 8 35  105  25
(i) (ii) (iii) 
83  7 103  t 4 57  65
15. If the cube root of 132651 is 51, then what is the value of
3
132.651  3 0.132651  3 0.000132651 ?
LEVEL - II
x
1. If  3 0.008 , then find the value of x.
0.0064
2176 x
2. What is the value of x in the equation 1  1   1 ?
2401 7
3. If a, b, c are real numbers, find the value of a 1b  b1c  c 1a .
(225)0.2  (225)0.3
4. Calculate .
(225)0.5  (225)0.2
5. Assertion (A): A number90356294 is divisible by 4.
Reason (R): A number with an even digit in the units place is always divisible by 2.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c) A is true but R is false.
(d) A is false but R is true.

1. First find the number in place in P in the following number series and then find the value of the
expression given after the series.
173, 176, P, 194, 218, 266
The value of P  13 is
(a) 14.03 (b) 14.10 (c) 13.00 (d) 13.67
2. Find the value of 437  14  4
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 21
3. If 4x  4x1  24 , then the value of (2 x) x is:

1
(a) (5)3/2 (b) 4 (c) (5)5/2 (d)
5
x y 10
4. If   and x + y = 10, then the value of xy is:
y x 3
(a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 16 (d) 9

t m n
 2m   2n   2t 
5.  n    t    m  is equal to:
2  2  2 
(a) 1 (b) 2
1
(c) (d) 0
2
2 3
6. The value of  is:
3 5 2 1
 of 1
6 3 4
1 12
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) (d)
2 5
(5)0.25  (125)0.25
7. The value of is:
(256)0.10  (256)0.15
5 5 25 25
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 16
2x  1
8. In the equation  14, the value of x is:
(7) 1  (2) 1
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 15 (d) 7

1
9. The value of  (0.0001)1/2  (1000) 2/3 is:
4
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
2 4 8
10
 3 5 a5 
10.   is equal to:
 
(a) a2 (b) 1 (c) a10/3 (d) a5
11. If (28)2 is added to the square of a number, the answer so obtained is 1808. What is the number?
(a) 34 (b) 26 (c) 36 (d) 32

rx  s px q
 p q
12. If     , then the value of x is:
q  p
qs
(a) 1 (b)
pr
qr qr
(b) (c)
qs ps
3(12n )  9(2 n7)

13. The value of is:
35 n
1 9 1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 13 9 3
14. The value of 10  25  108  154  225 is:

(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 10
15. The value of x, if 2x  2x  2x  192 is:

1
(a) 5 (b) (c) 6 (d) None of these
6
7 5
 a 1b 2   a 3b 5 
16.  2 4    2 3  is equal to:
a b  a b 
(a) a 4b2 (b) a 2b4 (c) a3b 2 (d) a 2b3
LEVEL – I
11 1 29
1. 2. 3. 4. (i) 64, (ii) 729, (iii) 121, (iv) 625
5 9 100
5. (i) 64, (ii) t2,, (iii) b4, (iv) 52 × 73, (v) 2a2, (vi) a3 × c3 × d

6. (i) 29, (ii) 73, (iii) 93, (iv) 55 7. x = 1

8. (i) 34 > 43, (ii) 35 > 53, (iii) 28 > 82, (iv) 2100 > 1002
9. (i) 23 × 34, (ii) 51 × 34, (iii) 22 × 33 × 5, (iv) 24 × 32 × 52
10. 1 11. (i) 2000, (ii) 196, (iii) 40, (iv) 0, (v) 144, (vi) 90000
12. (i) – 64, (ii) 24, (iii) 225, (iv) 8000 13. (i) 2.7 × 1012 > 1.5 × 108, (ii) 3 × 1017 > 4 × 1014
1071
15.
100
LEVEL – II
2/5
1
1. 0.0256 2. x = 1 3. 1 4.   5. (d)
 15 
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a)
6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (a)



13
Circle
A circle is a set of points all of which are at a certain constant distance from a fixed point. The fixed point
is known as centre.
Radius of the circle: A line joining the centre of a circle to any of the points on the circle is known
as its radius.
Circumference of a circle: The circumference of a circle is the length of the boundary of the circle.
The circumference of a circle = 2 × π × radius = 2 π r units.
A
A
Minor
O Sector O segment
(i) B
AB is part of the circumference B (ii)
and is known as an arc Major segment
Chord: A line which touches the circle at two distinct points is called a chord. The line AB in the second
diagram represents a chord. It divides the circle into a major segment and a minor segment.
Length of the Perpendicular: The length of the P
perpendicular from a point P to a line (l) is the distance of the line

from the point. i.e. PF l
F
Tangents
A tangent to a circle is a straight line which touches the circle at only one point (so it does not cross the
circle- it just touches it).
Constructions of triangles :
There are four types of constructions of triangles.
(1) SSS Triangle Construction : Here, it is necessary that sum of any two sides of a triangle must be
greater than the third side.
(2) SAS Triangle Construction : It means construction of triangle when two sides and the included
angle are given.
(3) ASA triangle Construction : It means construction of triangle when two of its angles and an
included side is given.
(4) RHS Triangle Construction : Construction of a right triangle when its hypotenuse and one side
is given.

Class VII: Practical Geometry Mathematics
1. Draw XYZ with XY = 5.5 cm, YZ = 6 cm and ZX = 5.5 cm. Measure Y and Z. Name the
type of triangle constructed.
2. Construct JKL such that JK = 3 cm, KL = 4 cm and JL = 5 cm.
3. Construct an isosceles triangle in which the lengths of each of its equal sides is 7 cm and the
angle between them is 120°.
4. Construct LMN with MN = 4.5 cm, LN = 6.5 cm and mN = 135°.
5. Examine whether you can construct PQR such that QR = 4.3 cm, mQ = 85°, and mR = 115°.
Justify your answer.
6. Construct a right angled triangle with hypotenuse 7.6 cm long and one of the legs 5.2 cm long.
7. Construct an isosceles right-angled triangle PQR, where mPRQ = 90° and PR = QR = 4.7 cm.
8. Draw a line l. Draw a perpendicular to l at any point on l. On this perpendicular, choose a point X,
5.5 cm away from l. Through X, draw a line m parallel to l.
9. Construct UVW where UV = 7 cm, mUVW = 120°, and VWU = 40°.
10. Construct a XYZ where XY = 5 cm, YZ = 7.6 cm and ZX = 3.5 cm. Also find the type of
triangle formed.
11. Draw a line parallel to a given line at a distance of 3 cm from it.
12. Draw a line parallel to a given line l and passing through a given point P.

1. The complement of 80º is
(a) 100º (b) 10º (c) 135º (d) 155º
2. In the figure, what value of x will make AOB a straight line?
(a) x = 30 (b) x = 35 (c) x = 25 (d) x = 40
3. In ABC, if A = 65º and C = 85º, then B = ?

(a) 25º (b) 30º (c) 35º (d) 40º
4. The sum of all angles of triangle is :

(a) 90º (b) 100º (c) 150º (d) 180º

5. In ABC, B = 90º, AB = 5 cm and AC = 13 cm, Then BC = ?
(a) 8 cm (b) 18 cm (c) 12 cm (d) None of these
6. In the given figure, PQ | | RS, PAB = 60º and ACS = 100º then BAC = ?
(a) 40º (b) 60º (c) 80º (d) 50º



1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)

6. (a)


14
Symmetry is an important geometrical concept, commonly exhibited in nature and is used almost in every
field of activity. Artists professionals, designers, architects make use of idea of symmetry. The beehives,
flowers, rugs, handkerchiefs, everywhere you find symmetrical designs.
Line Symmetry
A figure, has a line symmetry, if there is a line about which the figure may be folded so that the two parts
of the figure will coincide.
In both the figures, line of symmetry is marked with dotted lines.
Note : The shapes that have a line of symmetry are known as “symmetrical”, while those which do not
possess any kind of line of symmetry, are termed as “asymmetrical”
A line parallel to horizontal plane is known as horizontal line of symmetry. The line of symmetry
perpendicular to horizontal plane is called vertical symmetry.
Lines of Symmetry for Regular Polygons
 Equilateral Triangle
It has 3 lines of symmetry. One is vertical line and other 2 is remaining corners. It has no horizontal
symmetry.
 Square
It has 4 lines of symmetry.

Class VII: Symmetry Mathematics
 Pentagon
Regular pentagon has 5 lines of symmetry. One vertical and 4 corners.
Note : Regular polygon has as many lines of symmetry as it has sides.
Some other examples for line of symmetry.

 Circle has infinite number of lines of symmetry.
 Rectangle have two lines of symmetry.
Diagonals of rectangle are not line of symmetry.

 Angle with equal arms has one line of symmetry i.e. the internal angle bisector.
 Rhombus has two lines of symmetry i.e. the two diagonals

 Kite has single line of symmetry.
Rotational Symmetry :
Rotation can be clockwise or anti-clockwise. When an object rotates, its shape and size, do not change.
The rotation turn an object about a fixed point. This fixed point is the CENTRE OF ROTATION. The
angle of turning during rotation is called the ANGLE OF ROTATION. A full turn means 360º.
For Eg. Windmill has a rotational symmetry. If you rotate a windmill by 90º about the fixed point, the
windmill will look exactly the same.
In a full turn, there are precisely four positions, when windmill looks exactly the same,. So it has
rotational symmetry of order 4.
Eg. Consider a square with P as one of its corners.
Here we performed quarter-turns about centre .

So, square has rotational symmetry of order 4 about its centre.
Line Symmetry and Rotational Symmetry

Circle is the shape that have both line and rotational symmetry. It has unlimited numbers of lines passing
through the centre that forms line of symmetry and has rotational symmetry around the centre for every
angle.
Note : Every object has a rotational symmetry of order 1, as it occupies same position after a rotation
of 360º.

1. List all the letters of English alphabets and show how many of them have
(a) Vertical lines of symmetry? (b) Horizontal line of symmetry ?
(c) Both lines of symmetry? (d) Unlimited lines of symmetry?
(e) No line of symmetry?
2. Draw a rough figure of the following shapes and show how many lines of symmetry they possess:
(a) scalene triangle (b) Isosceles triangle
(c) Equilateral triangle (d) Kite
3. Complete the sketch so that it has 90º rotational symmetry about O.
4. Complete the sketch so that it has line symmetry about l.
5. How many lines and symmetry are there in following figures?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e) (f)

6. Given the lines of symmetry, find the other holes.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
7. Give three examples of shapes with no lines of symmetry.
8. Name any two figures that have both line symmetry and rotational symmetry.
9. After rotating by 60º about a centre, a figure looks exactly the same as its original position. At
what other angles will this happen for the figure?
10. Draw mirror image of following words
(a) C ________ (b) J________ (c) U__________ (d) T___________
11. Give the order of rotational symmetry for each figure.
(a) (b) (c)
1. Which of the following has a horizontal line of symmetry?

(a) P (b) 3 (c) M (d) W
2. What is the number of lines of symmetry for regular pentagon?
(a) 5 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2
3. A rhombus is symmetrical about its
(a) Diagonals (b) Sides (c) Angles (d) None of these
4. In the word “MATHS’ which letter shows rotational symmetry.
(a) M (b) A (c) H (d) S

5. Which of the lines in the picture are lines of symmetry of the given figure?
(a) only m (b) l and n (c) m and o (d) l, m, n, o
6. Which of the lines are lines of symmetry of the given figure?
(a) q & s (b) only t (c) r and t (d) q, r, s, t
7. Fill in the blanks :

(a) A semi circle has order of rotation ……………..
(b) A regular hexagon has order of rotation ……………
(c) A rectangle has order of rotation ……………..
(d) A Rhombus has order of rotation …………….
8. How many lines of symmetry are there in equilateral triangle?

(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 0 (d) 2
9. A solid that has only one vertex is

(a) Pyramid (b) Cube (c) Cone (d) Cylinder
10. Total number of edges a cylinder has?

(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
11. A solid that has two opposite identical faces and other faces as parallelogram is a
(a) Prism (b) Pyramid (c) Cone (d) Sphere
12. The solid with one circular face, one curved face and one vertex is known as
(a) Cone (b) Sphere (c) Cylinder (d) Prism



1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (c) 7. (a) 1, (b) 6, (c), 2, (d) 2 8. (a) 9. (c)
10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (a)


OLYMPIAD SEGMENT
1. The following expression can be factorised as

4x2 – 72y + 9xy – 32x
(a) (4x – 9y) (x – 8) (b) (4x + 9y) (x – 8) (c) (4x + 9y) (x + 8) (d) (4x – 9y) (x + 8)
2. Factorise the following algebraic expression:

a2 – 16b2 + 16 – 8a
(a) (a + 4 + 4b) (a + 4 – 4b) (b) (a + 4 + 4b) (a – 4 – 4b)
(c) (a – 4 + 4b) (a + 4 – 4b) (d) (a – 4 + 4b) (a – 4 – 4b)
3. Mahesh drives from his residence 10 km northward, turns left and drives 6 km and then turns
right and drives 5 km. Now he turns right and travels another 6 km. From this position, how far
and in what direction is his residence ?
(a) 16 km northward (b) 15 km southward (c) 15 km northward (d) 16 km southward
4. The ratio of ages of father and son is 5 : 1. After two years this ratio would become 4 : 1. What
was the ratio of their ages two years earlier ?
(a) 6 : 1 (b) 13 : 2 (c) 7 : 1 (d) 8 : 1
5. Which one of the following relations is not correct ?

(a) 1 dm3 = volume of 1 litre (b) 1 m3 = 109 mm3
(c) 1 cm3 = volume of 1 mL (d) 1 m3 = volume of 10 kilo-litres
6. The following expression, on simplification, gives

8x  4 8x  3
 3   4.7
5 10
(a) x = 0.75 (b) x = 0.50 (c) x = 1.25 (d) x = 0.25
7. In the following expression

9 20  x 20  y 40  z
  
21 35 56 91
the sum of (x + y + z) is equal to
(a) zero (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2
8. On simplification, the following expression reduces to

352  243  213
123  142  1052
(a) 21 (b) 42 (c) 63 (d) 84

Class VII: Olympiad Segment Mathematics
9. Tap A can fill a water tank in 60 minutes while tap B can fill the same tank in 80 minutes. The
cleaning hole below the tank can empty this full tank in 2 hours. In how much time taps A and B
can fill the empty tank when the hole below tank remains unplugged ?
(a) 40 minutes (b) 45 minutes (c) 48 minutes (d) 50 minutes
10. The ratio of the length and the breadth of a rectangular plot of land is 4 : 3. If each side of this
plot is increased by 50 m, then the ratio of the length and the breadth of the new plot becomes
5 : 4. The difference between the areas of the two plots would be equal to
(a) 16,000 m2 (b) 18,000 m2 (c) 20,000 m2 (d) 24,000 m2
11. The sum of one-half, three-tenth, and three times the difference between one-half and three-tenth
of a number exceeds this number by 24. The number is
(a) 60 (b) 48 (c) 72 (d) 90
12. ABCD is a parallelogram. Sides AD and BC are divided into three equal parts each and sides AB
and DC are divided into two equal parts each. The ratio of areas of DBGF, rectangle AFGE,
rectangle EGCH and DEHD are, respectively,
(a) 1 : 2 : 6 : 3 (b) 1 : 3 : 6 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 : 5 : 3 (d) 1 : 2 : 5 : 4
13. If surface area of a cube is 1350 cm2, then the volume of this cube would be equal to
(a) 1,728 cm3 (b) 3,600 cm3 (c) 3,375 cm3 (d) 3,456 cm3
14. Find the next two missing numbers in the following number series:
0, 3, 8, 15, 24, 35, ....., .....
(a) 48 and 63 (b) 48 and 65 (c) 46 and 63 (d) 46 and 65
15. Arrange the following fractions in increasing value :

11 9 7 3 1
, , , ,
24 16 12 8 2
11 3 1 9 7 3 11 7 1 9
(a)     (b)    
24 8 2 16 12 8 24 12 2 16
3 11 1 9 7 3 11 1 7 9
(c)     (d)    
8 24 2 16 12 8 24 2 12 16

16. Simplify the following expression:

1 2 3
 
2 3 4
3 2 3
 
4 3 5
27 25
(a) (b)
41 41
27 25
(c) (d)
31 31
17. When 77 is divided by 17, the result, correct upto 4 places of decimal, is
(a) 4.5296 (b) 4.5292
(c) 4.5294 (d) 4.5284
18. Find the value of the following expression :

5 5 5 1
 0.1875  0.375   
8 16 4 8
(a) zero (b) 0.5 (c) 1 (d) 2
3 2 3
 21  25  8 24
19. The expression :          on simplification, gives
16  7 15  7
(a) 15 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 1
20. Four squares of sides 4 cm, 8 cm, 16 cm and 32 cm, respectively, are placed symmetrically within
themselves, as shown under. What is the ratio of areas marked I, II, III and IV ?
(a) 1 : 3 : 24 : 48 (b) 1 : 3 : 18 : 48
(c) 1 : 3 : 12 : 48 (d) 1 : 3 : 9 : 48

21. In the following relation:

56 72 A  6 A  B  38
  
91 87  A 19  B 106  C
the value of (A + B – C) is equal to
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 19 (d) 21
22. Which one of the following relations is incorrect ?

(a) 312 – 292 = 120 (b) 372 – 332 = 280 (c) 582 – 522 = 660 (d) 732 – 632 = 1260
23. (x – y – z) (x + y – z) is equal to
(a) x2 + y2 + z2 – 2xz (b) x2 – y2 + z2 – 2xz (c) x2 – y2 + z2 + 2xz (d) x2 + y2 – z2 – 2xz
24. Three years earlier, father’s age was 5 times his son’s age. At present, the age of father has
2
becomes 3 his son’s age. The difference between the ages of father and son is
3
25. The sum of ages of son and father is fifty years. But 5 years later the age of son would be
one-third the age of his father. The difference between the ages of father and son is
26. ABC is an equilateral triangle of perimeter 18 cm. If G is the centroid of the triangle, than area of
the triangle BGC would be equal to
(a) 3 3 cm2 (b) 4 3 cm2 (c) 6 3 cm2 (d) 6 / 3 cm2
27. If 4021 × D = ABBBD, then the sum of the digits of ABBBD × D IS _______.
(a) 19 (b) 20 (c) 25 (d) 26
5
28. What is the 2019th digit to the right of the decimal point, in the decimal representation of ?
28
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) 7

29. If X is a 1000 digit number, Y is the sum of its digits, Z the sum of the digits of Y and W the sum
of the digits of Z, then the maximum possible value of W is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 22
30. Let x be the number 0.000 … 001 which has 2019 zeroes after the decimal point. Then which of
the following numbers is the greatest?
10000 1
(a) 10000  x (b) 10000  x (c) (d)
x x2
31. If 7 Rasagullas are distributed to eaah boy of group, 10 Rasagullas would be left. If 8 are given to
each boy then 5 Rasagullas would be left. So the person who distributes the Rasagullas brought
15 more Rasagullas and distributed the same number (x) Rasagullas to each. There is no
Rasagullas left. Then x is
(a) 10 (b) 11 (c) 12 (d) 14
32. The sum of 5 positive integers is 280. The average of the first 2 numbers is 40. The average of the
third and fourth number is 60. The fifth number is ______.
(a) 60 (b) 70 `(c) 80 (d) 90
33. If a, b, c are reals such that a  b  4 and 2c2  ab  4 3c  10, find the numerical values of a, b
and c
(a) a  2, b  2, c  3 (b) a  1, b  1, c  2
(c) a  3, b  3, c  5 (d) a  4, b  4, c  2
34. The length of a rectangular sheet of paper is 33 cm. It is rolled along its length into a cylinder so
that its width becomes height of the cylinder. The volume of the cylinder is 1386 cubic cms. The
width of the rectangular sheet (in cm) is
(a) 14 (b) 15 (c) 16 (d) 18
 1 1 1 3 1 
35. 1        
 2 3 6 4 3
30 20 1
37 17 5
2 4 3
36. 870  5  4  1  x
3 3 5
1 2 3 2
(a) 4933 (b) 4930 (c) 4932 (d) 4934
3 5 5 5

37. How many positive integers smaller than 400 can you get as a sum of eleven consecutive positive
integers?
(a) 37 (b) 35 (c) 33 (d) 31
38. Let x, y and z be positive real numbers and let x  y  z so that x  y  z  20.1. Which of the
following statements is true?
(a) Always xy < 99 (b) Always xy > 1 (c) Always xy  75 (d) Always yz  49
39. A sequence [an] is generated by the rule, an  an1  an2 for n  3. Given a1  2 and a2  4, then
sum of the first 2019 terms of the sequence is given by
(a) 8 (b) 2692 (c) – 2692 (d) – 8
40. In the given below, ABC and CDE are two identical semi-circles of radius 2 units. B and D are
the mid-pints of the arc ABC and CDE respectively. What is the area of the shaded region?
B
A E
C
D
1
(a) 4  1 (b) 3  1 (c) 2  4 (d) (3  1)
2
41. In a triangle ABC, AB = 6 cm, AC = 8 cm median AD = 5 cm. Then, then area of the triangle
ABC in cm2 is ______.
(a) 21 (b) 22 (c) 23 (d) 24


1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (b) 24. (a) 25. (d)
26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (d)
31. (c) 32. (c) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (d)


7th Mathematics DLP Study Package Final

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Delhi Centres: • E-23, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110024. Ph.: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-02.

Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals .............................................. 15 – 35

Chapter 3 Data Handling ............................................................ 36 – 53

Chapter 4 Simple Equation ......................................................... 54 – 63

Chapter 5 Lines and Angles ....................................................... 64 – 73

Chapter 6 The Triangles and its Properties ................................. 74 – 83

Chapter 7 Congruence of Triangles ............................................. 84 – 93

Chapter 8 Comparing Quantities ............................................... 94 – 107

Chapter 9 Rational Numbers ................................................... 108 – 119

Chapter 10 Perimeter and Area................................................. 120 – 131

Chapter 11 Algebra .................................................................. 132 – 145

Chapter 12 Laws of Exponents ................................................. 146 – 153

Chapter 13 Practical Geometry .................................................. 154 – 157

Chapter 14 Symmetry .............................................................. 158 – 163

Olympiad Segment .................................................................. 164 – 171

Representation of integers on number line

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 1

We are going to learn the following operations on integers:

Example 1: Find the value of (–8) – (–13).

Solution: (–8) – (– 13) = –8 + 13 = 5

Example 2: Find the value of (–8) – (–3).

Solution: (–8) – (–3) = – 8 + 3 = –5

Properties of addition and subtraction of integers:

2. Associative Property : If a, b, and c are integers, then

Properties of Multiplication and Division of integers

1. Closure property : If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers, then

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 2

2. Commutative property : If a and b are integers, then

3. Associative property : If a, b and c are integers, then

4. Role of 1 : If a is an integer, then

5. Multiplicative Inverse : If a is an integer, then 1/a is called multiplicative inverse of a,

6. Distributive property of multiplication over addition and subtraction:

Solution: (–5) + (–4) + (–3) + (–2) + (–1)

Example 4: Find the value of (–25) + (13) + (–49).

Solution: (–25) + (13) + (–49) = {(–25) + (13)} + (–49) (By grouping)

Example 5: Find the value of (–5) – (–4) – (–3) – (–2) – (–1).

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 3

= [(–1) – (–3)] – (–2) – (–1)

Example 6: Find the value of 100 – 1 – 99.

Solution: 100 – 1 – 99 = (100 –1) – 99 {Grouping first two}

2 6 24 120 72 0 [even number of negative integers]

This rule is abbreviated as DMAS. It holds good for integers also.

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 4

This is abbreviated as BODMAS

Absolute Value of an Integer

7. –a and a are negative or additive inverse of each other.

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 5

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 6

2. Verify the following:

3. Find each of the following products:

4. Using the sign of >, <, = in the box

5. Find the value of:

ii) (3)  (4)  (2)  (1)

iii) (40)  (1)  (28)  7

6. Simplify each of the following:

7. Simplify each of the following :

AMITY INSTITUTE FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS : Ph. : 24336143/44, 25573111/12/13/14 7

(ii) Simplify: 5  {28  (29  7)}

9. Simplify each of the following :

11. Simplify: 10 – {5 + (–3) + 8 – (–11)}