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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It explains concepts like the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, and percent composition. These concepts allow chemists to calculate the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions.

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42 views27 pages

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the branch of chemistry that deals with quantitative relationships between reactants and products in chemical reactions. It explains concepts like the mole, molar mass, empirical and molecular formulas, and percent composition. These concepts allow chemists to calculate the amounts of substances involved in chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

Aikaterine Smith
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Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry

(stoi·chi·om·e·try - stoi'kē-ŏm'ĭ-trē)

- is a branch of chemistry that deals with the


quantitative relationships that exist among the
reactants and products in chemical reactions.
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Why was the mole of oxygen molecules
excited when he left the single’s bar?

He got

Avogadro's Number!!!!!
Formula Weight (FW)

• Sum of the atomic weights for the atoms in a


chemical formula
• The formula weight of calcium chloride,
CaCl2 , would be
Ca: 1(40 g/mole)
+ Cl: 2(35 g/mole)
= 110 g/mole

• Formula weights are generally reported for


ionic compounds
Molecular Weight (MW)

• Sum of the atomic weights of the atoms


in a molecule
•For the molecule ethanol, CH3OH, the
molecular weight would be

C: 1(12g/mole)
+ H: 4(1 g/mole)
O: 1(16 g/mole)
32 g/mole
Calculate the molecular mass of the following:

Atomic mass: Ca = 40, O = 16, H = 1


N = 14, S=32, C=12

1.calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2= 74 g/mole


2. ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4 = 132 g/mole
3. ethanoic acid (acetic acid), CH3COOH= 60. g/mole

Molecular/atomic mass = mass


mole
Mass = molecular mass x mole

Mole = mass
molecular mass
Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass of a


compound that comes from each of the elements
in the compound by using this equation:

% element = (number of atoms)(atomic weight) x 100%


(FW of the compound)
Percent Composition

So the percentage by mass of carbon in


methanol (CH3OH ) is…

%C = (1)(12g/mole)
(32 g/mole)

= 0.0375 x 100

= 3.75 %
A mole is defined as the number of 12C atoms in
12 g of 12C.
= the amount of the substance which contains
the same number of units as are in 12 g of 12C
OR
= 6.022 x 1023 units of the substance
= avogadro’s number

Symbol for mole is n

a unit is an atom, a molecule or a formula unit.


One H2O molecule weighs 18.0 amu;
1 mol of H2O weighs 18.0 grams
One NaCl ion pair weighs 58 amu;
1 mol of NaCl weighs 58 grams
Calculations:

1.Calculate how many mol are in 10.0 grams


of glucose (C6Hl2O6).
Calculations:

How many molecules of glucose there in 10.0 grams of C6Hl2O6?

Molecules C6Hl2O6 =
1 𝑛C6H12O6 6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6
=10 g C6H12O6 x x
180 𝑔C6H12O6 1 𝑛𝐶6𝐻12𝑂6

= 3.35 x 10 22 molecules
Calculations:
How many oxygen atoms are there in 10.0 g of C6Hl2O6?

Atoms Oxygen =
1 𝑛C6H12O6 6𝑛𝑂
= 10 g C6H12O6 x x x
180 𝑔C6H12O6 1𝑛 C6H12O6

6.022 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑂


1𝑛𝑂

= 2.007 x 10 23 atoms
What amount of each of the following substances would be
needed to obtain 2.00 g of N ?

a. Moles of N2F2

b. Grams of P3N3Cl6
What amount of each of the following substances
would be needed to obtain 2.00 g of N ?

c. Molecules N2
Determine the number of moles of 12.5 g tin(II) fluoride,
the active ingredient in fluoride toothpaste.
Carbon dioxide, CO2, is one of the greenhouse gases. If 95.28 g of CO2
is released in the atmosphere, how many molecules of CO2
are added in the atmosphere?
Empirical Formula

From percentage to formula


The Empirical Formula

The lowest whole number ratio of elements


in a compound.
The molecular formula gives the actual
ratio of elements in a compound
The two can be the same.
CH2 empirical formula
C2H4 molecular formula
C3H6 molecular formula
H2O both
Calculating Empirical
. Find the lowest whole number ratio
1

C6H12O6 , EF = CH2 O
CH4N, EF = CH4N
It tells not just the ratio of atoms, it is also the ratio of
moles of atoms
 In 1 mole of CO2 there is 1 mole of carbon
and 2 moles of oxygen
 In one molecule of CO2 there is 1 atom of C
and 2 atoms of O
Calculating Empirical

1. Basis of 100 gram sample of the compound.


2. Change the % to grams.
3. Convert the grams to moles for each element.
4. Divide each number of moles by the least number
to get the number of atoms.
5. Write the number of atoms as a subscript in a
chemical formula.
6. Multiply the result to get rid of any fractions
 Calculate the empirical formula of a compound composed of 38.67
% C, 16.22 % H, and 45.11 %N.
Assume 100 g so
1mol C
mole C = 38.67 g C x = 3.220 mole C
12g C
1mol H
mole H = 16.22 g H x = 16.220 mole H
1g H
1mol N
mole N = 45.11 g N x 14g N = 3.220 mole N

The ratio is 3.220 mol C = 1 mol C


3.220 mol

The ratio is 16.22 mol H = 5.04 mol H


3.220 mol

The ratio is 3.220 mol = 1 mol N


3.220 mol

C1H5N1 is the empirical formula = C H5N


A compound is 43.64 % P and 56.36 % O.
What is the empirical formula?
43.64 g P x 1mol P = 1.41 mole P
31.00 g P
56.36 g O x 1mol O = 3.52 mole O
16 g O
P1.41 O3.5

Divide both by the lowest one


atom P = 1.41 = 1 atom O = 3.52 = 2.5
1.41 1.41
Multiply the result to get rid of any fractions.
2(P1O2.5 ) = P2O5
 A compounds molar mass is 240.28 g/mol. Its percentage
composition is 75.0% carbon, 5.05% hydrogen and 20.0% oxygen.
What is the compound’s molecular formula? Given the
MW = 240.28 g/mol.

75 𝑔 5.05 𝑔 20 𝑔
 nC = = 6.25 nH= = 5.05 nO= = 1.25
12 𝑔/𝑛 1 𝑔/𝑛 16 𝑔/𝑛

6.25 5.05 1.25


 atom C = =5 atom H = = 4.04 atom O = =1
1.25 1.25 1.25

 EF = C5 H4 O1 EFmass = 80 g/mole

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 240.28𝑔/𝑛


X= = = 3
𝐸𝑚𝑝𝑖𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 80 𝑔/𝑛

 MF = (x)(EF) = 3(C5 H4 O1) MF = C15 H12 O3


Determine the empirical and molecular formula for chrysotile asbestos. Chrysotile
has the following percent composition: 28.03% Mg, 21.60% Si, 1.16% H, and
49.21% O. The molar mass for chrysotile is 520.8 g/mol.
Thank you
 Brown, L., Holme, T. (2015). Chemistry for Engineering Students, 4th ed., Cengage
Learning Asia Pte. Ltd.

 Masterton, W. et al, (2012). General Chemistry, Cengage Learning Asia Pte. Ltd.

 https://4.files.edl.io/1fd0/02/23/20/164410-bf677dc3-0019-45a9-8f96-ec98737281d8.pdf

 https://www.unf.edu/~michael.lufaso/chem2045/Chapter3.pdf

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