Influences during Hispanic REDUCCION

Structuring of the Colonial

• Forced urbanization and settlement
Urbanism
• Scattered barangays were brought
• RA 10066 – National Cultural Heritage
together, reduced in number, and made
Act of2009
into compact larger communities
ADAPTIVE RE-USE vs
• For easier facilitation
CONSERVATION vs RESTORATION
ENCOMIENDA
• Adaptive Re-use- Utilization of
buildings for purposes other than that • Colony was divided into parcels
for which they were intended originally assigned to a Spanish colonist called
Encomendero who was mandated to
• Conservation- All the processes and
“allocate, allot, or distribute” there
measures of maintaining the cultural
sources of the domain
significance of a cultural property
System of cities and towns
• Restoration- Action taken or the
technical intervention to correct CABECERA – city
deterioration and alterations
POBLACION – town, core of the
municipality
Great Fire of Manila, 1583 BARRIOS – adjacent barangays
-caused the change in INTRAMUROS
architecture from vernacular to the use
of STONE as building material, • Patterned after the walled fortress of
mandated by Governor-General Europe.
Santiago De Vera •Reserved for the nobility and the clergy.
-cathedral, monastery, hospital, EXTRAMUROS
fort, and government supplies.
• Living beyond the walls
• Pueblos – villages outside the walls
Decal Y Canto / desilleria
•Parian – separate urban quarter
• Use of stone masonry in construction designated to the Chinese community
• Ladrillos – bricks • Dilao – Japanese community
• Tejas – roofing tiles Laws of the Indies
• Baldosas – floor tiles • Document that regulated social,
Earthquake of 1645 political, religious, and economic life in
Spain’s colonies
• Destroyed almost all the stone
buildings in Manila except the San • Encapsulates the classicist theories of
Agustin Church. urban design proposed by Vitruvius and
Alberti
• Led to a hybrid type of construction
• Elevated location
• Orderly grid of streets •Civil Works
• Central plaza Fortress Architecture
• Defense wall • Garrisons, naval constructions, etc.
for military strategy to safeguard
• Zones for churches, shops,
colonial territories
government buildings, hospitals, and
slaughterhouses • Based on the principles of bastion
system in medieval citadels in Europe
A. Establish a plaza mayor – center of
political power. • Characteristics:
• Houses were arranged hierarchically • Polygonal configuration
with respect to the plaza mayor
• Protruding precincts/bastions
B. Principal Street traversing the Plaza
• 3-10 m thk perimeter wall called
Mayor
cortinas.
C. CUADRICULA – system of streets
• Little turrets called garitas
and blocks laid out in a grid pattern, with
uniform precision. • Moat called foso
PLAZA COMPLEX • Inside the fortress are living
quarters for the soldiers, jail,
• Main plaza at the center, surrounded
foundry, warehouse for
by
ammunitions, well, and chapel
• Church
Religious Architecture: CHURCH
• Convent
Church Complex
• Casa real (town hall)
• Venue for ideological transformation
• Tribunal and conditioning
• Official residence • Symbol of power and religious
governance
• Other important government building
• churches
Spanish Building Program
• belfry
• Aesthetics of Monumental • monastery
• Sturdier materials using • convents
imported methods of construction. • funeral chapel
Public works are done by engineers Parts of a Church
and institutional structures are done by
architects (Maestro de obras – usually A. Altar Mayor - Main altar of the church
priests) where Eucharist is celebrated.

• Fortress Architecture b. Sagrario - Tabernacle where the

consecrated host is kept.
• Religious Architecture
c. Pulpito - Pulpit, an elevated structure
• Civic Architecture usually of wood where homily is said.
d. Altar menores - Side altars formed by American Colonial Architecture
the arms of the transept to
Tropical Hybrid Design
accommodate other priests who can
celebrate mass.
- Familiar local architecture icons
e. Retablo - Elaborately ornamented from Hispanized colonial
altar screen structures overlaid with a
neoclassical massing.
f. Sacristia - Where the priest and his
assistants put on their robes before the Colonial Infrastructures
mass.
- Buildings were built to facilitate
g. Coro - Choir loft ventures in military control,
h. Tribunas - Screened gallery with public health, education, and
entry from the second floor of the commerce.
convent. Official Architectural Styles
Characteristics of Filipino Church ▪ Colonial Revival Mission
during Spanish Era
o Use of clay roof tiles,
a. Single nave adobe, concrete, stucco,
b. rectangular plan gabled roof, round arch
entrances, arcades,
c. Cruciform plan corridors, and mirador
d. Has 1 or 2 bell towers (campanario) towers.

e. Ornamented façade ▪Neoclassicism

Architectural Character of Religious o Revival of using Greek

Structures and Roman orders as
decorative motifs.
a. Philippine Tropical Motifs. It includes o
flora, fruits, and fauna.
Bureau of Public Works
b. Chinese Decorative Elements. Fu
Dogs, Lions, Stylized clouds, dragon- ▪The nerve center of colonial
like scroll work, geometric lattice work. architectural production

c. European Architectural Styles. ▪Function was confined to the

Classical, Romanesque, Gothic, construction of roads and public
Baroque, Rococo, Mudeja. buildings

Horror Vacui ▪Consultations, repair, design and

supervision of construction
• Fear of empty space
▪Consulting architects: William Parsons,
• Characterized by monopoly of George Fenhagen, and Ralph
ornaments, repetition of ornaments, Harrington Doane.
articulated parts such as doors,
windows, entrances, etc.
Camp John Hay structural principles and modern
materials that gave premium to light,
- Baguio. ventilation, and drainage
■ Protected Baguio and the
nearby gold mines and projected ■ Constructed of wood or ferroconcrete.
the American military presence ■ Steps leading to a veranda, floor to
in northern Luzon ceiling partitions, bedrooms, living and
■ Also served as a rest and dining room, kitchen, and toilet and bath.
recreation camp for officers and Urban Planning
men.
Fort William McKinley
- Proposed ideas of organized
comprehensive urban planning
- Manila. based on the principles of the
■ Home of the Philippine City Beautiful Movement.
Division Formulaic Elements
■ The main American ground
unit inthe Philippines. ▪ A civic core
▪ Wide radial avenues
Improvements in Sanitation ▪ Landscaped promenades
▪ Visually arresting panorama
Cubeta
▪ Also known as “pail system”. Improvements in Construction
▪ Way of introducing the concept of Importing American Architecture and
toilet among the dwellers of the Bahay building technology.
Kubo.
New Materials and Systems
▪ Public toilet sheds were also installed ▪ Use of steel-framed skeleton
in congested nipa districts. construction, reinforced concrete
(ferroconcrete), and concrete hollow
▪ A latrine system was also developed blocks.
for remote areas.
▪ The Kahn Truss System, trussed
The Sanitary Barrio bars were placed within concrete
■ Neighborhood concept molds for floor slabs and beams.

■ Nipa houses built on highly regulated ▪ Production of prefabricated

blocks of subdivided lots. components and precast concrete
ornaments.
■ Built-in system of surface drainage,
public latrines, public bath houses and ▪ Adoption of standardized plans and
laundry, and public water hydrants, modularized systems for building
which are free of charge. types.

Tsalet
Gabaldon Schoolhouses
■ “The healthy housing alternative.” ■ Set of mass-produced model
schoolhouses.
■ Tropical features of vernacular
buildings combined with hygienic
Filipino Architects Felix Rojas Y. Arroyo

- Pensionado Program, - maestro de obra (master in

scholarship launched by the construction during the Spanish
government that allowed colonialization)
Filipino students to pursue - first Filipino architect
university education in the Arcadio Arellano
United States.
First Generation
- Gota de Leche Building, Manila.
■ First Filipino to be employed
▪ Carlos Baretto by the Americans as one of their
architectural advisors.
▪ Antonio Toledo
■ Pioneered in the
▪ Tomas Mapua establishment of an
architectural and surveying
▪ Arcadio Arellano office in the country.
▪ Tomas Arguelles Tomas Arguelles
▪ Juan Arellano
- Heacock’s Building.
Carlos Baretto ■ One of the major
▪ First Filipino architect with an departmentstores of the period.
academic degree from abroad; first ■ Advocated the enforcement of
pensionado. theBuilding Code of Manila

▪ Became one of the pioneering Juan Arellano

staff of the Division of Architecture. Metropolitan Museum, Manila.
Antonio Toledo Art Deco.

- Manila City Hall. ■ Promoted the shift to] proto-

modern (art deco and
■ Regarded as the master of streamline modern) and nativist
the Neoclassic style. phase of Philippine architecture.
■ Among the first architect- Second Generation
educators.
▪ Andres Luna de San Pedro
Tomas Mapua
▪ Pablo Antonio
■ First registered architect in
the Philippines ▪ Fernando Ocampo

■ Established the Mapua ▪ Juan Nakpil

Institute of Technology in 1925, Andres Luna de San Pedro
the first architectural school in
the Philippines. - Regina Building, Manila.
■ Introduced new architectural
forms in the Philippines by
incorporating modern and exotic
 design motifs through the Barrio Obrero
grammar of art deco.
▪ Homesite project
Pablo Antonio
▪ Aims to provide the workingmen and
- FEU Main Building. Art Deco. permanent employees with homes at
■ National Artist for reasonable cost.
Architecture. ▪ Will serve as model residential and
■ His buildings were community center.
characterized by clean lines,
plain surfaces, and bold
rectangular masses.
. ■ He also became president of
the Philippine Institute of
Architects.
Fernando Ocampo

- Manila Cathedral. Neo-

Romanesque
■ Designed with straightforward
simplicity, synthesizing
traditional designs with art-deco
ornaments.
■ co-founded the UST School of
Fine Arts and Architecture in
1930.
Juan Nakpil

- Gonzalez Hall, UP Diliman.

Main Library.
■ National Artist for
Architecture. ■ Worked largely
in the Art Deco style, combining
stylized flora and angular forms.
The Commonwealth■

- Transition government.
■ Increasing population in
Manila.
■ A new city was being
contemplated to cushion the
impending urban sprawl.