numerous journals (AJP), also became a leader in child study

and developmental psychology, popularizing the word

adolescence
- Francis Cecil Sumner
o First African American to earn a PhD in psychology
o He studies the relationship between psychology and religion and
served as the chair of the psychology department at Howard University
- Kenneth B. Clark & Mamie Phipps Clark
o Studied the effects of race and racial prejudice on
personality development.
o Their findings contributed to the U.S. Supreme Court’s decision in
Brown v. Board of Education to make the segregation of public
schools by race illegal in the USA.
- Mary Whiton Calkins
o One of the first women to overcome gender discrimination and establish
a career in psychology
o A student of James, she developed the paired-associated technique
for studying memory, and an influential system of self-psychology
o President of the American Psychological Association and the American
Philosophical Association
- Edmund C. Sanford
o Advised Calkins on how to equip her experimental psychology
laboratory at Wellesley College
- Edna Heidbreder
o Studied concept formation and wrote the highly acclaimed text, Seven
Psychologies, that covered the major systems of psychology to that
time, addressing their relationship to previous systems and conceptual
advances
- Edward Lee Thorndike
o Studied with James and went on to become the country’s best-known
psychologist after James’ death.
o He was famous for his studies of trial-and-error learning and
formulationof the law of effect, and his studies with Woodworth on the
transfer of training
o Functionalism (implicit in James’ pragmatic, utilitarian approach)
- Robert Sessions Woodworth
o Student of James and Cattell who investigated the transfer of
training theory with Thorndike and created an early personality test
called the Personal Data Sheet

Ch. 9

- Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

o Studied digestion and salivary responses, established the concepts of
unconditioned and conditioned responses
o His principles of classical conditioning became foundational
for behaviorism in psychology
- John Broadus Watson
o Promoter of behaviorism, who asserted that psychology’s proper
subject matter is observable behavior and that the goal of
psychologyis the prediction and control of behavior
- Vladimir M. Bechterev
o Studied conditioned responses in animals and humans and influenced
Watson’s work on conditioned emotional reactions
 - Rosalie Rayner
o Research assistant with Watson on the Little Albert experiment in
which they conditioned an infant to fear a white rat and other furry
stimuli
o Later married Watson and collaborated on Psychological Care of Infant
and Child
- Mary Cover Jones
o Under the supervision of Watson, conducted the first study using
systematic desensitization as a fear removal procedure
- Edward Chace Tolman
o Known for his experimental work with rats in mazes that led to the
formulation of the concepts of latent learning and cognitive
maps
o A position known as purposive behaviorism
- Clark Hull
o Known for his development of a mathematically based
mechanistic behaviorism
- B.F. Skinner
o Known for the development of operant conditioning and for his
application of the principles of reinforcement to education and
even social design

Ch. 10

- Franz Anton Mesmer

o Proposed the theory of animal magnetism to explain phenomena
nowcalled hypnosis
o Baquet
o Social contagion (spread of ideas, attitudes and behavior patterns
in a group through imitation and conformity), social facilitation
(stronger behavior in group setting)
o The term mesmerism was derived from this work
- Marquis de Puységur
o Student of Mesmer whose induction of perfect crises and artificial
somnambulism in patients led to the discovery of many now
standard hypnotic effects
o Posthypnotic amnesia, posthypnotic suggestion
- José Custódio de Faria
o Showed that hypnotic phenomena, such as inducing a deep trance
state he called lucid sleep, are more dependent on the
susceptibility of the subjects than on the powers of the hypnotist
- James Esdaile
o Practiced in India and demonstrated that mesmeric techniques
couldinduce anesthesia during surgery
- James Braid
o Confirmed Puységur’s and Faria’s research on mesmeric techniques
o Coined the term hypnotism and helped the practice achieve
scientific respectability
- Ambroise Auguste Liébeault
o Successfully treated his patients with direct hypnotic suggestion
o Founder of the Nancy School of hypnosis
- Hippolyte Bernheim
o Was influenced by Liébeault’s work with hypnotism
o Founder of the Nancy School, which argued that susceptibility to
 hypnosis is a normal human characteristic akin to general
suggestibility
- Jean-Martin Charcot
o His theories about hysteria and hypnosis, although proven
false,brought those subjects into the scientific mainstream
o Founded the Salpêtrière School and mentored Freud
- Blanche Wittmann
o Patient of Charcot whose spectacular performances of the stages of
grande hysterie and grand hypnotism earned her the nickname
Queen of the Hysterics
- Alfred Binet
o Promoted a faulty theory of hypnosis while working for Charcot, before
going on to conduct pioneering experimental studies of suggestibility
in children
o Along with Simon, he developed the first successful tests of intelligence
in children, based on the concept of intellectual level or mental age
- Joseph Delboeuf
o Was a strong supporter of the Nancy School of hypnosis after
disconfirming the magnetic theories of Binet and Charcot.
- Gustave Le Bon
o Wrote about the behaviour of crowds, likening it to the effect of
hypnosis (posthypnotic amnesia and suggestion - unconscious)
- Victor Henri
o Student and collaborator of Binet’s who worked with him on studies of
suggestibility in children and on developing the program of
individual psychology
- Norman Triplett
o Conducted one of the first controlled studies of social facilitation
- Floyd H. Allport
o Founder of experimental social psychology
o Wrote first American doctoral dissertation in the field on social
facilitation, co-edited the first journal devoted to it, and wrote its
firstmajor textbook
o Rejected group thinking (group fallacy)
o Discovered social conformity
- Morton Prince
o Founded the Journal of Abnormal Psychology, the first American
periodical specifically devoted to that subject
o Published early articles on Sigmund Freud and hired Floyd Allport as
co-editor when the journal expanded to cover social psychology
- Solomon Asch
o Conducted famous experimental studies of social conformity
and suggestibility in groups
o Gestalt-oriented
- Stanley Milgram
o Best known for his studies on conformity and obedience in which
subjects were told to deliver electric shocks to a confederate to test
their willingness to obey the orders of an authority
- Leon Festinger
o Studied with Lewin and later developed the theory of
cognitive dissonance
- Philip Zimbardo
o Known for his research on obedience to authority and his creation
 ofthe Stanford Prison Experiment
o Informed consent
- Elizabeth Loftus
o Her research program on the reconstructive nature of memory
demonstrated the reality of false memories and the fallibility
of eyewitness accounts

Ch. 11

- Sigmund Freud
o Created the therapy and general psychological theory that became
known as psychoanalysis
- Josef Breuer
o Treated Pappenheim (Anna O.) for hysteria
o Collaborated with Freud in writing Studies on Hysteria
- Bertha Pappenheim
o Patient treated for hysteria by Breuer and called Anna O. in publications
by Freud and Breuer
o Collaborated with Breuer in creating the cathartic method of treatment
- Franz Brentano
o Teacher of Freud known primarily for his theory of act psychology
and intentionality
- Ernst Brücke
o Studied under Müller with Helmholtz, and became one of Freud’s most
influential teachers during his medical school years
- Ida Bauer
o Freud’s patient, called Dora in his published account, from whom
he learned the importance of transference in psychoanalysis
- Anna Freud
o Freud’s daughter and an early child psychoanalyst, who further
developed her father’s theory of defense mechanisms
- Karen Horney
o Disputed Freud’s conception of female superego, seeing it as
theproduct of a male-dominated culture
o Emigrated to New York and promoted a theory and therapy that
emphasized cultural and social rather than biological factors
- Clara Thompson
o Focused on the psychology of women, and criticized Freud’s
theory asbeing the product of its particular and limited cultural
context
- Melanie Klein
o Child psychoanalyst practicing in London who emphasized the
importance of the earliest mother-infant relationship in
psychological development
o Laid the foundation for object relations theory
- Erik Erikson
o A child psychoanalyst who expanded Freud’s concept of
psychosexual stages of personality development to include
psychosocial factors
- Alfred Adler
o Early follower of Freud, who dissented and started his own school of
individual psychology, emphasizing the inferiority complex,
social interest, and the importance of guiding/leading fictions