Science Department – Chemistry

Topics 11 & 12: Acids, Bases and Salts

Name: ……………………………………… Class: …………… Date: ……………

Checklist

Lesson Objectives
Topic 11 Acids and Bases
describe the meanings of the terms acid and alkali in terms of
(a) the ions they produce in aqueous solution and their effects on
Universal Indicator
describe how to test hydrogen ion concentration and hence
(b)
relative acidity using Universal Indicator and the pH scale
describe qualitatively the difference between strong and weak
(c)
acids in terms of the extent of ionisation
describe the characteristic properties of acids as in reactions
(d)
with metals, bases and carbonates
state the uses of sulfuric acid in the manufacture of
(e)
detergents and fertilisers; and as a battery acid
describe the reaction between hydrogen ions and hydroxide
(f)
ions to produce water, H+ + OH–  H2O, as neutralisation
describe the importance of controlling the pH in soils and how
(g)
excess acidity can be treated using calcium hydroxide
describe the characteristic properties of bases as in reactions
(h)
with acids and with ammonium salts
classify oxides as acidic, basic, amphoteric or neutral based
(i)
on metallic / non-metallic character
describe tests to identify the following gases: ammonia,
(j)
carbon dioxide, chlorine, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur dioxide
Topic 12 Salts
describe the techniques used in the preparation, separation
and purification of salts as examples of specified in
Experimental Chemistry and Separation Techniques
(a)
(methods of preparation should include precipitation and
titration together with reactions of acids with metals, insoluble
bases and insoluble carbonates)
describe the general rules of solubility for common salts to
include nitrates, chlorides (including silver and lead), sulfates
(b)
(including barium, calcium and lead), carbonates, hydroxides,
salts of Group I cations and ammonium salts
suggest a method of preparing a given salt from suitable
(c)
starting materials, given appropriate information

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At the end of this topic, the difficulty/difficulties I faced is/are…

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Acid
 Definition

Acids are substances which ionizes (or dissociates) in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+).
They are known as proton donor (Bronsted-Lowry acid-base Theory).

It is the hydrogen ions (H+) which attributes to the acidic characteristics.

 Common acids

 Hydrochloric acid, HCl

 Nitric acid, HNO3
 Sulfuric acid, H2SO4
 Organic acids, e.g. ethanoic acid (CH3CO2H; commonly known as vinegar)

 Strength of acids

 The strength of the acid depends on the amount / concentration of the hydrogen ion produced.
 Strong acids dissociate completely in water to produce high concentration of hydrogen ions. They
measure a pH of 0 to 2.5 on the pH scale.
Ionization equation
E.g. HCl  H+ + Cl–
2–
H2SO4  2H+ + SO 4
 Weak acids dissociate partially in water to produce low concentration of hydrogen ions. They
measure a pH of 2.6 to 6.9 on the pH scale. Most acid molecules remain as molecules in water.
Ionization equation
E.g. CH3COOH CH3COO– + H+

 Additional Information

 Acids only exhibit its acidic characteristics when it dissolves in water (aqueous states).
 Acid molecules in solid, liquid or gaseous states cannot exhibit acidic characteristics as the
hydrogen ions (H+) are not ‘free and mobile’.
 Not all substances containing hydrogen are acids. For example, ammonia (NH3) contains hydrogen
but it does not produce hydrogen ions when dissolved in water.

Base
 Definition

Bases are substances which are able to accept / receive the hydrogen ions from the acids.
They are known as proton acceptor (Bronsted-Lowry acid-base Theory).

 Types of bases and some examples

 There are mainly 2 different types of bases – soluble and insoluble bases.
 Insoluble bases are mainly metal oxides, such as copper(II) oxide (CuO), magnesium oxide (MgO),
zinc oxide (ZnO), aluminium oxide (Al2O3) etc.
 Soluble bases (that can dissolve in water) are known as alkalis. Examples of such
soluble bases are sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), aq. ammonia (NH3) etc.

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 Strength of alkalis

 Strong alkalis dissociate/ionizes completely in water to produce high concentration of hydroxide

ions. They measure a pH of 12 to 14 on the pH scale.
Ionization equation
E.g. KOH  K+ + OH–
Ca(OH)2  Ca2+ + OH–
 Weak alkalis dissociate/ionizes partially in water to produce low concentration of hydroxide ions.
They measure a pH of 7.1 to 11.9 on the pH scale. Most alkali molecules remain as molecules in
water.
Ionization equation
+
E.g. NH3 + H2O NH 4 + OH–

Concentration
 Terms used

“Dilute” and “Concentrated” are the common terms used to describe the concentration of acid or alkali.

 What does “dilute” and “concentrated” mean?

A “dilute solution” is defined as low amounts of acid or alkali molecules dissolved in large
amount of water.

A “concentrated solution” is defined as high amounts of acid or alkali molecules dissolved in

small amount of water.

 Misconceptions

“Dilute strong acid / alkali” does not mean that the acid / alkali dissociates partially in water.
 Strong acid / alkali dissociates completely in water, just that the number of acid / alkali molecules
are lesser in the solution (as it is diluted).

“Concentrated weak acid / alkali” does not mean that the acid / alkali dissociates completely in water.
 Weak acid / alkali dissociates partially in water, just that the number of acid / alkali molecules are
higher in the solution (as it is concentrated).

Indicators
 What are they?

Acid-base indicators, also known as pH indicators are chemical substances that are able to give
different colors corresponding to different pH values.

 Common indicators and their pH transition range

 Electronic pH meter
 Litmus solution

0 7 14
red blue

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  Universal Indicator
red orange yellow blue dd violet
0 2 4 6 7 8 10 12 14

 Bromothymol blue solution

yellow green blue
0 6 7.6 14
 Thymolphthalein solution
colorless light blue
blue
0 9.3 10.5 14
 Screened Methyl Orange

violet grey green

0 3.5 5 14
 Methyl Orange solution
red peach yellow

0 3.5 5 14

 The pH scale

It is the measure of the amount/concentration of hydrogen ions compared to

amount/concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution.

Table of pH values and its significance

 pH value of
Significance of the pH value
solution

0–2 Strong acid

Concentration of hydrogen ions is higher than
3–6 Weak acid hydroxide ions in the solution

Concentration of hydrogen ions equals

7 Neutral
to the hydroxide ions in the solution

8 – 12 Weak base/alkali
Concentration of hydrogen ions is lower than
13 – 14 Strong base/alkali hydroxide ions in the solution
Note

 The color change observed when an indicator is added to an acid/alkali is due to the change in color
of the indicator. It is not the color change of the acid or the alkali solution!

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Properties and Uses of Acid
 Physical Properties of Acid

 pH < 7
 Turns damp blue litmus paper red
 Sour taste
 corrosive when concentrated
 Are electrolytes: can conduct electricity in aqueous state
Strong acids are better electrical conductors than weak acids.
 dissociates/dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+)
that can act as charge carriers to conduct electricity.

 Chemical Properties of Acid

 Reaction of Acid with Metal

 metal salt and hydrogen gas are produced.
 Reactivity of Metals
Most reactive K
Na
Ca
Mg
Al All acids contain and will produce
(C) Chemical
Reactivity H+ ions when dissolved in water.
Zn
Fe decreases As such, copper, silver and
Sn
Pb gold cannot react with acids as
(H) they are less reactive than ‘H’ in
Cu the series.
Ag
Least reactive Au

 Some examples with chemical equation:

1. Magnesium metal + Hydrochloric acid  Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen gas
Mg + HCl  MgCl2 + H2

2. Aluminium metal + Sulfuric acid  Aluminium sulfate + Hydrogen gas

Al + H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2

3. Zinc metal + Nitric acid  Zinc nitrate + Hydrogen gas

Zn + HNO3  Zn(NO3)2 + H2

 Note:
Name of salt corresponds to the names of the metal + the acid used.

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  Reaction of Acid with Metal Hydrogen Carbonate/Carbonates
 metal salt, water and carbon dioxide gas are produced.
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. Sulfuric acid + Sodium hydrogen carbonate  Sodium sulfate + Water + Carbon dioxide gas
H2SO4 + NaHCO3  Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2

2. Nitric acid + Calcium carbonate  Calcium nitrate + Water + Carbon dioxide gas
HNO3 + CaCO3  Ca(NO3)2 + H2O + CO2

3. Hydrochloric acid + Iron(III) carbonate  Iron(III) chloride + Water + Carbon dioxide gas
HCl + Fe2(CO3)3  FeCl3 + H2O + CO2

 Reaction of Acid with Insoluble Bases (Metal Oxides)

 metal salt and water are produced.
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. Potassium oxide + Nitric acid  Potassium nitrate + Water
K2O + HNO3  KNO3 + H2O

2. Barium oxide + Hydrochloric acid  Barium chloride + Water

BaO + HCl  BaCl2 + H2O

3. Copper(II) oxide + Sulfuric acid  Copper(II) sulfate + Water

CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O

 Reaction of Acid with Soluble Alkalis (Metal Hydroxides)

 metal salt and water are produced.
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. Sulfuric acid + Sodium hydroxide  Sodium sulfate + Water
H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2SO4 + H2O

2. Hydrochloric acid + Calcium hydroxide  Calcium chloride + Water

HCl + Ca(OH)2  CaCl2 + H2O

3. Nitric acid + Iron(II) hydroxide  Iron(II) nitrate + Water

HNO3 + Fe(OH)2  Fe(NO3)2 + H2O

 Common uses of Acid

 Car batteries (Sulfuric acid)

 Fertilizers (Sulfuric and Nitric acids)
 Foodstuffs (Organic acids)
 Soaps and Detergents (Sulfuric acid)

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Neutralization
 Definition

Neutralization is a reaction in which only a soluble salt and water are produced
as by-products.

 What does it involves?

It involves the reaction between the hydrogen ions (H+) (produced from the acid) and
the hydroxide ions (OH–) (produced from the alkali).

 The ionic equation…

H+ (aq) + OH– (aq)  H2O (l) This equation is always true for all acids
from the from the with alkalis reaction.
acid alkali

 Importance of Neutralization

Slaked lime also known as calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) are usually added to soils to reduce acidity,
such that certain crops may grow at a more suitable pH environment.

Properties and Uses of Alkali

 Physical Properties of Alkali

 pH > 7
 Turns damp red litmus paper blue
 Soapy feeling
 corrosive when concentrated
 Are electrolytes: can conduct electricity in aqueous state
Strong alkalis are better electrical conductors than weak alkalis.
 dissociates/dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH–)
that can act as charge carriers to conduct electricity.

 Chemical Properties of Alkali

 Precipitation of Insoluble Salts using Alkalis (Covered more in Qualitative Analysis)

 This method is used mainly to produce insoluble salts.
 An example with chemical equation:
1. Iron(III) nitrate (aq) + Sodium hydroxide (aq)  Sodium nitrate (aq) + Iron(III) hydroxide (s)
Fe(NO3)3 (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + Fe(OH)3 (s)

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  Reaction of Acid with Soluble Alkalis (Metal Hydroxides)
 metal salt and water are produced.
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. Sulfuric acid + Potassium hydroxide  Potassium sulfate + Water
H2SO4 + KOH  K2SO4 + H2O

2. Hydrochloric acid + Zinc hydroxide  Zinc chloride + Water

HCl + Zn(OH)2  ZnCl2 + H2O

3. Nitric acid + Iron(II) hydroxide  Iron(II) nitrate + Water

HNO3 + Fe(OH)2  Fe(NO3)2 + H2O

 Reaction of Alkali with Ammonium salts

 metal salt, water and ammonia gas are produced.
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. Ammonium chloride + Sodium hydroxide  Sodium chloride + Ammonia gas + Water
NH4Cl + NaOH  NaCl + NH3 + H2O

2. Ammonium nitrate + Zinc hydroxide  Zinc nitrate + Ammonia gas + Water

NH4NO3 + Zn(OH)2  Zn(NO3)2 + NH3 + H2O

3. Ammonium sulfate + Magnesium hydroxide  Magnesium sulfate + Ammonia gas + Water

(NH4)2SO4 + Mg(OH)2  MgSO4 + NH3 + H2O

 Common uses of Alkali

 Indigestive tablets
 Dyes
 Toothpastes
 Soaps and Detergents

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Oxides
 What are they?

 It is either made up of metals with oxygen or non-metals with oxygen.

 When metals react with oxygen, basic or amphoteric oxides are produced.
 When non-metals react with oxygen, acidic or neutral oxides are produced.

 Acidic Oxides

 Chemically made up between a non-metal with at least two oxygen atoms.

 Reacts with alkalis to produce salt and water.
 They are very soluble in water and produces an acidic solution when dissolved in water.
 Examples of acidic oxides:
 Sulfur dioxide, SO2
 Carbon dioxide, CO2
 Nitrogen dioxide, NO2
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. CO2 + NaOH  Na2CO3 + H2O
2. KOH + SO2  K2SO4 + H2O

 Neutral Oxides

 Chemically made up between a non-metal with only one oxygen atom.

 does not react with either acids or alkalis
 They are mostly insoluble in water.
 Examples of neutral oxides:
 Water, H2O
 Carbon monoxide, CO
 Nitrous oxide, N2O

 Basic Oxides

 Chemically made up between a metal with oxygen atom(s).

 Reacts with acids to produce salt and water.
 They are mostly insoluble in water, however Group I oxides which
are very soluble in water, producing an alkaline solution when dissolved.
 Examples of basic oxides:
 Copper(II) oxide, CuO
 Sodium oxide, Na2O
 Magnesium oxide
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. CuO + H2SO4  CuSO4 + H2O
2. K2O + HCl  KCl + H2O

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 Amphoteric Oxides

 Chemically made up between a metal with oxygen atom(s).

 Reacts with both acids and alkalis to produce salt and water.
 The metals comprises of only zinc (Zn), aluminium (Al), lead (Pb).
 Examples of amphoteric oxides:
 Zinc oxide, ZnO
 Aluminium oxide, Al2O3
 Lead(II) oxide, PbO / Lead(IV) oxide, PbO2
 Some examples with chemical equation:
1. (showing acidic property) ZnO + NaOH  Na2ZnO2 + H2O
2. (showing alkaline property) ZnO + H2SO4  ZnSO4 + H2O

Test for Gases

 Hydrogen gas

The presence of hydrogen gas will extinguish a lighted splint with a ‘pop’ sound.

 Carbon dioxide gas

The presence of carbon dioxide gas gives a white precipitate when it is bubbled into limewater.
 Oxygen gas

The presence of oxygen gas will rekindle/relight a glowing splint.

This proves its combusting ability.

 Ammonia gas

The presence of ammonia gas will turn damp red litmus paper blue.
This proves its alkalinity characteristic.

 Chlorine gas

The presence of chlorine gas will bleach damp litmus paper. / turn damp blue litmus paper red and
then bleaches.

 Sulfur dioxide gas

The presence of sulfur dioxide gas will decolourises purple acidified potassium manganate (VII)
solution. / turns purple acidified potassium manganate (VII) colourless.
This proves its reducing power (reducing agent) characteristic.

Salts
 What is it?

 It is produced from the chemical reactions of acids and alkalis.

(Refer to chemical properties of acids and alkalis)
 Salts are neutral in their pH (having pH 7).
 Salts are made up of 1 cation and 1 anion.

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 Families of Salts

The five families of salts which you are required to memorise:

(a) Ammonium salts
(b) Chloride salts
(c) Sulfate salts
(d) Nitrate salts
(e) Carbonate salts

 Classification of Salts

 Salts can be classified as either soluble or insoluble (in water).

Soluble salts are represented with state symbols as (aq) whereas insoluble salts are represented
with state symbols as (s).

 Table of information

FAMILIES OF SALTS SOLUBLE SALTS INSOLUBLE SALTS

All soluble, which comprises only of

Ammonium (NH4+) None
NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, (NH4)2CO3

Mostly soluble, such as MgCl2, ZnCl2, Silver(I) chloride, AgCl

Chloride (Cl–)
FeCl3, CuCl2 etc. Lead(II) chloride, PbCl2

Lead(II) sulfate, PbSO4

Mostly soluble, such as MgSO4, CuSO4,
Sulfate (SO42–) Calcium sulfate, CaSO4
ZnSO4, K2SO4 etc.
Barium sulfate, BaSO4

Nitrate (NO3–) All soluble None

Only (NH4)2CO3 and Group I carbonates Mostly insoluble, such as

Carbonate (CO32–)
are soluble, such as Na2CO3, K2CO3 etc. ZnCO3, CuCO3, FeCO3 etc.

 Golden Rule
All nitrates and ammonium salts as well as Group I salts/compounds are soluble in water.

 Practice Exercise
Determine if the following salts are soluble or insoluble by placing a ().
Salt Soluble () Insoluble ()
Potassium carbonate
MgCl2
CuSO4
Zinc carbonate
Aluminium nitrate
AgCl
Lead(II) sulfate
BaCO3
Na2SO4
Ca(NO3)2
Magnesium sulfate
Calcium carbonate
 Methods of Preparation of Salts
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  There are 3 methods to prepare salts.
 precipitation is used to prepare insoluble salts.
 titration and reaction of dilute acids with reactive metals, metal oxides or metal carbonates
are used to prepare soluble salts.

 Precipitation method

 It is used to prepare insoluble salt.

 Requires two soluble salts reacting together to prepare the desired insoluble salt.
 EXCEPTION: Insoluble salts can also be prepared by using at least one soluble salt and a
dilute acid / aqueous alkali. However, this method is rarely used and not encouraged as the
salt produced will be slightly acidic / alkaline.
 Process of preparation:
1. Add equal volume (25cm3) of (name/formula of 1st soluble salt) solution and (name/formula
of 1st soluble salt) solution into a beaker. Stir the solution and the precipitate,
(name/formula of the insoluble salt) will be formed.
2. Filter off the (name/formula of the insoluble salt) precipitate as the residue.
3. Wash the residue on filter paper with cold distilled water and leave the residue to dry
overnight.
 ‘O’ Level Type of Questions:
1. You are to prepare barium sulfate. You are given sodium sulfate as one of the starting
reagent. Give the chemical name of the other reagent which you can use to prepare the
above named salt.
Thinking Process
Barium sulfate salt – insoluble.
Insoluble salts require two soluble salts as starting reagents.
Given: sodium sulfate salt  soluble as all Group I salts are soluble
Sodium sulfate settles the “sulfate” side of the barium sulfate salt. Now we need a soluble
salt to settle the “barium” side of the barium sulfate salt.
Thus, for barium salts that are soluble, it will be either:
(a) Barium nitrate (as all nitrate salts are soluble)
(b) Barium chloride (as it is also soluble)

2. You are to prepare calcium carbonate. Suggest two appropriate reagents which you can use
to prepare the above named salt.
Thinking Process
Calcium carbonate salt – insoluble.
Insoluble salts require two soluble salts as starting reagents.
We need a soluble salt to settle the “calcium” side and another soluble salt to settle the
“carbonate” side of the calcium carbonate salt.
Thus, for “calcium” and “carbonate” salts that are soluble, it will be either:
(a) Calcium nitrate (as all nitrate salts are soluble) and Sodium carbonate
(b) Calcium chloride (as it is also soluble) and Potassium carbonate
(Sodium and Potassium are Group I elements, and gives soluble compounds.)

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  Practice Questions:

Prepare ZnCO3 MgCO3 CaSO4 AgCl

Starting
Na2CO3 Ag2SO4
Reagents

Prepare CuCO3 PbCl2 Ag2CO3 PbSO4

Starting
HCl
Reagents

 Titration method

 It is used to prepare soluble salts containing only Group I metals and ammonium ions.
 Requires a dilute acid and an aqueous alkali to prepare the desired soluble salt.
 Process of preparation:
1. Pipette 25cm3 of (name/formula of acid / alkali used) into a conical flask and add 5 drops of
methyl orange indicator into it.
2. Titrate, drop by drop of (name/formula of alkali / acid used) from burette into the acid/alkali
and swirl the flask constantly.
3. Stop titration and record volume of (name/formula of alkali / acid used) used when 1st
appearance of color change is observed. Repeat the experiment again with the same
exact volume of (name/formula of alkali / acid used) used but do not add any indicators.
4. Filter the salt solution to remove any presence of impurities present.
5. Warm and evaporate the 2nd set of solution to saturation in an evaporating dish. After
which, allow the solution to cool so that crystallization can take place.
6. Filter the mixture and obtain the crystals as residue. Wash the crystals with small amount
of cold distilled water to remove impurities.
7. Dry the crystals between sheets of filter paper.
 ‘O’ Level Type of Questions:
1. You are to prepare sodium chloride crystals. You are given sodium hydroxide as one of the
starting reagent. Give the chemical name of the other reagent which you can use to prepare
the above named salt.
Thinking Process
Sodium chloride crystals – soluble, a Group I salt/compound.
Group I salts requires an acid and an alkali as starting reagents.
Given: sodium hydroxide  an alkali
Sodium hydroxide settles the “sodium” side of the sodium chloride salt. Now we need a
soluble acid to settle the “chloride” side of the salt.
Thus, dilute hydrochloric acid will be used.

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 2. You are to prepare ammonium nitrate crystals. Suggest two appropriate reagents which you
can use to prepare the above named salt.
Thinking Process
Ammonium nitrate crystals – soluble, an ammonium salt.
Ammonium salts requires an acid and an alkali as starting reagents.
We need an alkali to settle the “ammonium” side and an acid settle the “nitrate” side of the
ammonium nitrate salt.
Thus, aqueous ammonia and dilute nitric acid will be used to prepare ammonium nitrate salt.
 Practice Questions:

Prepare Cs2SO4 NaNO3 K2SO4 NH4Cl

Starting
NaOH HCl
Reagents

Prepare KCl (NH4)2SO4 LiNO3 Na2SO4

Starting
HNO3
Reagents

 Reaction of dilute acids with reactive metals, metal oxides or metal carbonates

 It is used to prepare most soluble salts, excluding ammonium and Group I salts.
 Requires excess solid reactive metals, metal oxides or metal carbonates and a dilute acid
to prepare the desired soluble salt.
 EXCEPTION: Soluble salts containing copper(II) and silver(I) cannot be prepared by using the
metal and an acid because their metals are chemically unreactive towards the acid.
 Process of preparation:
1. Add excess solid (name/formula of metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate) to a fixed volume
of (name/formula of acid used). Stir and warm to ensure all the acid is used up in the
reaction.
2. Filter and remove excess (name/formula of metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate) from the
(name/formula of salt produced) solution. The (name/formula of salt produced) solution
collected is the filtrate.
3. Evaporate filtrate to saturation in an evaporating dish. Allow the solution to cool so that
crystallization can take place.
4. Filter the mixture and obtain the crystals as residue. Wash the crystals with small amount
of cold distilled water to remove impurities.
5. Dry the crystals between sheets of filter paper.

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  ‘O’ Level Type of Questions:
1. You are to prepare copper(II) sulfate crystals. You are given dilute sulfuric acid as one of the
starting reagent. Give the chemical name of the other reagent which you can use to prepare
the above named salt.
Thinking Process
Copper(II) sulfate crystals – soluble, and does not belong to titration salts.
Filtration salts requires an acid with either a metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate as starting
reagents.
Given: dilute sulfuric acid
Dilute sulfuric acid settles the “sulfate” side of the copper(II) sulfate salt. Now we need a
copper(II) oxide or copper(II) carbonate to settle the “copper(II)” side of the copper(II) sulfate
crystals.
Copper metal cannot be used as it is unreactive toward all dilute acids.

2. You are to prepare zinc chloride crystals. Suggest two appropriate reagents which you can
use to prepare the above named salt.
Thinking Process
Zinc chloride crystals – soluble, and does not belong to titration salts.
Filtration salts requires an acid with either a metal / metal oxide / metal carbonate as starting
reagents.
We need hydrochloric acid to settle the “chloride” side and zinc oxide or zinc carbonate or
zinc metal to settle the “zinc” side of the zinc chloride salt.
 Practice Questions:

Prepare FeCl3 Al(NO3)3 Ca(NO3)2 MgCl2

Starting
Al2O3 Mg
Reagents

Prepare BaCl2 CuCl2 Ag2SO4 ZnSO4

Starting
HCl
Reagents

Prepare Zn(NO3)2 FeSO4 Pb(NO3)2 MgSO4

Starting
HNO3 PbCO3
Reagents

 Additional Information

 Crystallization is a key step, in filtration and titration method, when preparing soluble salts.
 Precipitation keeps the residue as the salt product required whereas filtration and titration uses
the filtrate (with crystallization) as the salt product required.
 A soluble salt, in this context, refers to salts that can dissolve in water.

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