Semester, Spring 2023

﷽
Code: 5646

Course: Resource Sharing and Networking – II

ASSIGNMENT: 1

Q.1 Explain data transmission. Discuss different types of data

transmission with examples.

Answer:

Data transmission has become an essential part of our daily lives. It is used
everywhere, from sending emails to streaming videos online.

Types of Data Transmission:

Data transmission is the process of sending data from one device to another.
It can be done through wired or wireless methods using different types of
transmission technologies. The data can be in different forms like audio,
video, text, and images.

1. Wired Transmission

Wired transmission involves the use of cables to send signals from one device
to another. The cables can be made of copper, fiber optic, or coaxial
materials. Copper cables are commonly used in households and businesses to
provide internet and telephone connections. Fiber optic cables are used for
long-distance transmission of data due to their high-speed capabilities.

1
 Semester, Spring 2023
Coaxial cables are used in cable TV connections. Examples of wired
transmission include:

a. Ethernet

Ethernet is a wired transmission technology used to create local area

networks (LANs). It uses twisted-pair copper cables to connect devices like
computers, printers, and servers. Ethernet has different speed options like 10
Mbps, 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps, and 10 Gbps.

b. USB

USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a wired transmission technology used to

connect devices like keyboards, mice, printers, and cameras to a computer. It
uses copper cables, and the data transmission speed depends on the USB
version.

2. Wireless Transmission

Wireless transmission involves the use of electromagnetic waves to send

signals from one device to another. The waves can be radio waves,
microwaves, or infrared rays. Wireless transmissions are popular due to their
convenience and ease of use. Examples of wireless transmission include:

a. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless transmission technology used to create wireless local area

networks (WLANs). It uses radio waves to connect devices to the internet.
Wi-Fi has different speed options like 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, and
802.11ac.

b. Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless transmission technology used to connect devices like

smartphones, headphones, and speakers. It uses radio waves and has a range
of up to 100 meters. Bluetooth has different versions like Bluetooth 1.0,
Bluetooth 2.0, Bluetooth 3.0, and Bluetooth 5.0.

2
 Semester, Spring 2023
3. Satellite Transmission

Satellite transmission involves the use of satellites in space to send and

receive signals from one location to another. The signals are sent from a
ground station to a satellite, which then sends the signals to another ground
station. Examples of satellite transmission include:

a. GPS

GPS (Global Positioning System) is a satellite transmission technology used

for navigation. It uses signals from satellites to calculate the position of a
device. b. Satellite TV

Satellite TV is a satellite transmission technology used to broadcast TV

signals to households. The TV signals are sent from a broadcasting station to
a satellite in space, which then sends the signals to a satellite dish on the
ground.

4. Cellular Transmission

Cellular transmission involves the use of cellular networks to send and

receive signals from one device to another. Cellular networks use a series of
interconnected cells to provide coverage in a particular area. Examples of
cellular transmission include: a. 3G

3G (Third Generation) is a cellular transmission technology used for mobile

internet and phone calls. It has a data transmission speed of up to 2 Mbps. b.
4G

4G (Fourth Generation) is a cellular transmission technology used for high-

speed mobile internet and video calls. It has a data transmission speed of up
to 100 Mbps.

3
 Semester, Spring 2023
Conclusion

In conclusion, data transmission is the process of sending data from one

device to another. It can be done through wired or wireless methods using
different types of transmission technologies. Examples of transmission
technologies include Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, satellite TV, 3G, and
4G. Each type of transmission technology has its advantages and limitations.
Understanding the different types of data transmission technologies is
essential for choosing the most appropriate method for a particular situation.

Q.2 Define Local Area Network with suitable examples.

Answer:

The primary purpose of a LAN is to allow devices to communicate with each

other and share resources such as files, printers, and internet connections.
LANs can be wired or wireless, and they can operate at various speeds and
levels of complexity.

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a computer network that connects devices in

a small geographic area such as a home, office building, or college campus.

Examples of LANs include:

1. Home Network: It is a small LAN that connects devices within a

household. Home networks can be wired or wireless and typically include a
router, modem, computers, smartphones, tablets, printers, and smart home
devices. A home network allows family members to share files and printers,
play online games, and stream videos.

2. Office Network: An office network is a LAN that connects devices

within a workplace. Office networks can be wired or wireless and typically
include servers, desktops, laptops, printers, and other peripherals. An office
network also provides access to the internet, email, and software applications
that are needed for day-to-day business operations.

3. School Network: A school network is a LAN that connects devices

within an educational institution. School networks can be wired or wireless
4
 Semester, Spring 2023
and typically include computers, laptops, printers, and interactive
whiteboards. A school network also provides access to educational resources,
e-learning platforms, and administrative tools that are required for teaching
and learning.

4. Hospital Network: A hospital network is a LAN that connects devices

within a healthcare facility. Hospital networks can be wired or wireless and
typically include medical devices, computers, printers, and scanners. A
hospital network also provides access to electronic medical records, patient
information systems, and other healthcare applications that support clinical
operations.

5. Hotel Network: A hotel network is a LAN that connects devices

within a hospitality establishment. Hotel networks can be wired or wireless
and typically include computers, printers, televisions, and guest mobile
devices. A hotel network also provides access to in-room entertainment,
internet services, and other hospitality amenities.

6. Airport Network: An airport network is a LAN that connects devices

within an airport facility. Airport networks can be wired or wireless and
typically include computers, mobile devices, scanners, and surveillance
systems. An airport network also provides access to flight information
systems, baggage handling systems, and other airport operations.

7. Public Wi-Fi Network: A public Wi-Fi network is a LAN that

provides wireless internet access to the public in public places such as cafes,
restaurants, and libraries. Public Wi-Fi networks can be free or paid and
provide users with access to the internet, email, and social media.

In conclusion, a Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that connects

devices within a confined geographical area. LANs have become an essential
part of our daily lives, enabling us to work, learn, and communicate
efficiently. Whether we are at home, work, or school, we rely on LANs to
connect us with the world and to share resources with one another. As
technology continues to advance, LANs will continue to play a critical role in
connecting us and shaping the way we interact with each other.

5
 Semester, Spring 2023
Q.3 Explore practices and opportunities on cooperative collection
development and technical processing in libraries.

Answer:

Cooperative Collection Development

The concept of cooperative collection development is not new. Libraries have

been collaborating with one another to build shared collections for many
years. The traditional approach to this practice involves libraries agreeing to
share the costs associated with acquiring materials, such as books, journals,
and databases. This type of cooperation is particularly common in academic
libraries, where institutions often form consortia to leverage their collective
purchasing power.

In recent years, the concept of cooperative collection development has

evolved to include a broader range of activities. For example, libraries may
now work together to share expertise, develop joint programs, and build
digital collections. One of the most exciting developments in this area is the
emergence of shared print initiatives. These programs are designed to ensure
the long-term preservation of print materials by pooling resources and
distributing duplicates among participating libraries.

Cooperative collection development and technical processing are two of the

most important functions of libraries. The former refers to the process of
working collaboratively with other libraries to develop a shared collection,
while the latter involves the management and preparation of library materials
for use by patrons. These practices are critical for libraries because they help
to ensure that collections are comprehensive, well-organized, and accessible
to all users.

There are many benefits to cooperative collection development. By working

together, libraries can build more comprehensive collections than they could
individually. This is particularly important for smaller libraries, which may
not have the resources to purchase expensive materials on their own.
6
 Semester, Spring 2023
Collaboration also helps to reduce duplication, which means that libraries can
use their budgets more efficiently. In addition, cooperative collection
development allows libraries to share expertise and resources, which can lead
to more innovative approaches to building and managing collections.

Technical Processing

Technical processing is the behind-the-scenes work that goes into preparing

library materials for use by patrons. This includes activities such as
cataloging, classification, and metadata creation. Although these tasks may
not be visible to library users, they are critical for ensuring that materials are
organized in a way that makes them easy to find and use.

Like cooperative collection development, technical processing can be a

resourceintensive process. Libraries must invest in equipment, software, and
staff to manage these activities. However, there are many opportunities for
libraries to collaborate on technical processing tasks. For example, libraries
may be able to share metadata or cataloging records, which can save time and
resources. They may also work with vendors or other organizations to
outsource some technical processing tasks, such as digitization or
preservation.

One of the most exciting developments in technical processing is the

emergence of linked data. This is a new approach to metadata that allows for
greater interoperability and connectivity between different library systems.
Linked data is particularly important for libraries because it allows them to
share information more easily and can lead to more accurate and
comprehensive search results.

Another important trend in technical processing is the increasing focus on

user experience. Libraries are recognizing that patrons want to be able to find
and use materials quickly and easily. This means that technical processing
activities must be designed with the user in mind. For example, libraries may
use standardized terminology or develop user-friendly interfaces to make it
easier for patrons to search and access materials.

7
 Semester, Spring 2023
Opportunities for Collaboration

There are many opportunities for libraries to collaborate on cooperative

collection development and technical processing activities. Some of the most
promising areas for cooperation include:

1. Shared Print Initiatives

Shared print initiatives are an exciting opportunity for libraries to collaborate

on collection development. By pooling resources and distributing duplicates,
libraries can ensure the long-term preservation of print materials.

2. Consortia

Library consortia have been around for many years, but they continue to be a
useful tool for cooperative collection development. Consortia can help
libraries to leverage their collective purchasing power and share expertise and
resources.

3. Digital Collections

Libraries can collaborate on the development of digital collections by sharing

resources, expertise, and technology platforms. Digital collections are an
important part of modern library services and can provide access to materials
that might not be available in print format.

4. Metadata and Cataloging

Libraries can collaborate on metadata and cataloging activities by sharing

records, developing best practices, and working together on new approaches
such as linked data.

5. Digitization and Preservation

Digitization and preservation are resource-intensive activities that can benefit

from collaboration. Libraries can work together to outsource these tasks or
share resources such as equipment and staff.

8
 Semester, Spring 2023
Conclusion

Cooperative collection development and technical processing are critical

activities for libraries. By working together, libraries can build more
comprehensive collections, reduce duplication, and share expertise and
resources. There are many opportunities for collaboration in these areas,
including shared print initiatives, consortia, digital collections, metadata and
cataloging, and digitization and preservation. As libraries continue to evolve
in the digital age, cooperation will be key to ensuring that they can continue
to provide high-quality services to their users.

Q.4 What do you understand by networking cables? Discuss major types

of networking cables with examples.

Answer:

Networking cables come in various sizes, shapes, and materials, and each one
has its own unique features and advantages. The major types of networking
cables include twisted-pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables.

Networking cables are the physical medium that connects devices in a local
area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). It is an essential
component of any network infrastructure as it allows data transmission from
one device to another.

Twisted Pair Cables

Twisted pair cables are among the most common and widely used type of
networking cables. They are made up of two copper wires that are twisted
together, which helps reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and
crosstalk. Twisted pair cables are typically used to connect devices such as
computers, printers, and modems within a LAN environment. There are two
types of twisted pair cables: unshielded twisted pair (UTP) and shielded
twisted pair (STP) cables.

9
 Semester, Spring 2023
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cables

Unshielded twisted pair cables are the most common type of networking
cables used in LAN environments. They do not have any additional shielding
and rely on the twisting of the wires to reduce the effects of EMI and
crosstalk. UTP cables are available in various categories, each with different
data transmission rates and bandwidth capacity. The most common categories
are Category 5 (Cat5), Category 5e (Cat5e), and Category 6 (Cat6) cables.

Cat5 and Cat5e cables have a maximum data transmission rate of 100 Mbps
and 1 Gbps, respectively, with maximum bandwidth capacity of 100 MHz
and 350 MHz, respectively. These cables are ideal for small LAN
environments and support basic data transmission needs. Cat6 cables have a
maximum data transmission rate of 10.

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cables

Shielded twisted pair cables are similar to UTP cables, but they have
additional shielding to further reduce EMI and crosstalk. This shielding can
be made up of foil, braided wire, or both. STP cables are typically used in
environments where there is a high level of electromagnetic interference,
such as near power cables or radio antennae. The added shielding does
increase the cost and complexity of these cables, however.

Coaxial Cables

Coaxial cables consist of a conductor, insulator, and a metallic shield

surrounding the conductor. The metallic shield helps protect the conductor
from EMI and crosstalk and also acts as a return path for the electrical signal.
Coaxial cables are commonly used to connect devices in LAN environments
such as cable modems and television equipment. There are two main types of
coaxial cables: thinnet and thicknet.

Thinnet Coaxial Cables

Thinnet coaxial cables, also known as RG-58 cables, are thin and flexible
cables that are ideal for short distance connections within a LAN

10
 Semester, Spring 2023
environment. They have a maximum data transmission rate of 10 Mbps and a
maximum distance of around 185 meters.

Thicknet Coaxial Cables

Thicknet coaxial cables, also known as RG-8 cables, are thicker and more
rigid than thinnet coaxial cables. They have a maximum data transmission
rate of 10 Mbps and a maximum distance of around 500 meters. These cables
are ideal for longer distance connections between LAN devices.

Fiber Optic Cables

Fiber optic cables are the most advanced and fastest type of networking
cables available. They are made up of a glass or plastic fiber core surrounded
by a protective cladding and a jacket. Fiber optic cables use light to transmit
data, which makes them immune to EMI and crosstalk. They are commonly
used to connect devices in WAN environments such as the internet backbone
and long distance telephone networks. There are two main types of fiber optic
cables: single-mode and multi-mode.

Single-Mode Fiber Optic Cables

Single-mode fiber optic cables are designed to transmit a single beam of light
over long distances. They have a small core diameter of around 9 microns,
which allows for faster data transmission rates and longer distances. Single-
mode fiber optic cables can transmit data over distances of up to 40
kilometers without the need for repeaters.

Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Cables

Multi-mode fiber optic cables have a larger core diameter than single-mode
fiber optic cables, typically around 50 or 62.5 microns. They are designed to
transmit multiple beams of light over short to moderate distances. Multi-
mode fiber optic cables are commonly used in LAN environments and can
transmit data over distances of up to 2 kilometers without the need for
repeaters.

11
 Semester, Spring 2023
Conclusion

Networking cables are an essential component of any network infrastructure.

There are several types of networking cables available, each with its unique
features and advantages. Twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic
cables are the major types of networking cables used in LAN and WAN
environments. Each type of cable is suited for different types of network
applications and environments. Understanding the advantages and
disadvantages of each type of cable is essential when designing and building
a network infrastructure.

Q.5 Write notes on the following:

a. Wireless transmission

Answer:

This method of communication has become increasingly popular over the

years, and it is now a ubiquitous part of modern technology. Wireless
transmission refers to the communication of information or data from one
device to another over the air or through space without the use of physical
connections.

History of Wireless Transmission

The first wireless transmission was made in 1895 when Guglielmo Marconi
used a spark gap transmitter to send a signal across a distance of 1.5 miles.
This simple radio signal marked the beginning of wireless communication
and paved the way for the development of modern radio and television.

Throughout the 20th century, wireless transmission technology continued to

evolve rapidly. In the early 1900s, radio communication was used to transmit
voice and music over long distances. During World War II, radio
communication played a crucial role in military communication and
intelligence.

In the 1970s, the introduction of the first mobile phone marked a significant
milestone in the history of wireless transmission. By the 1990s, mobile
12
 Semester, Spring 2023
phones had become commonplace, and wireless communication technology
was being used in a wide range of applications, including television
broadcast, satellite communication, and wireless internet.

Today, wireless transmission technology is used in a wide range of

applications, from smartphones and tablets to drones and autonomous
vehicles.

Wireless Transmission Technology

Wireless transmission technology uses electromagnetic waves to transmit

information or data from one device to another. Electromagnetic waves are a
type of energy that travels through space at the speed of light. These waves
are measured in frequency, wavelength, and amplitude.

The most common wireless transmission technologies include Wi-Fi,

Bluetooth, cellular, and satellite communication.

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices to connect to

the internet without the use of physical cables. Wi-Fi uses radio waves to
transmit data between devices and a wireless router. Wi-Fi networks can
operate on various frequency bands, including 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz.

Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a wireless communication technology that allows devices to

connect to each other over a short distance. Bluetooth uses lower-powered
radio waves to transmit data between devices, making it ideal for transferring
data between devices such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops.

Cellular Communication

Cellular communication is a wireless communication technology that allows

devices to connect to cellular networks to make phone calls and access the
internet. Cellular networks use radio waves to transmit data between devices

13
 Semester, Spring 2023
and cell towers. The most common cellular technologies include 3G, 4G, and
5G.

Satellite Communication

Satellite communication is a wireless communication technology that uses

artificial satellites to transmit data around the world. Satellite communication
is used in a wide range of applications, including television broadcast,
internet access, and military communication.

Applications of Wireless Transmission

Wireless transmission technology is used in a wide range of applications,

from smartphones and tablets to drones and autonomous vehicles. Some of
the most common applications of wireless transmission include:

Mobile Communication

Mobile communication is one of the most common applications of wireless

transmission. Mobile communication allows users to access the internet,
make phone calls, and send text messages wirelessly.

Television Broadcast

Television broadcast uses wireless transmission technology to broadcast

television programming to millions of households around the world.
Television broadcast uses radio waves to transmit signals from a satellite or
terrestrial transmitter to a television set.

Wireless Internet

Wireless internet allows users to access the internet wirelessly using Wi-Fi or
cellular technology. Wireless internet is widely used in homes, offices, and
public spaces such as cafes and airports.

14
 Semester, Spring 2023
Wireless Sensors

Wireless sensors are used in a wide range of applications, from industrial

automation to environmental monitoring. Wireless sensors use radio waves to
transmit data wirelessly from sensors to a central control system.

Autonomous Vehicles

Autonomous vehicles use wireless transmission technology to communicate

with other vehicles and infrastructure, such as traffic lights and road signs.
Autonomous vehicles use a variety of wireless technologies, including Wi-Fi,
5G, and satellite communication, to navigate and operate safely.

Drones

Drones use wireless transmission technology to transmit video and other data
wirelessly from the drone to a remote control or other device. Drones use a
variety of wireless technologies, including Wi-Fi and cellular
communication, to transmit data wirelessly.

b. OSI (ISO 7498)

model:

Answer:

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, also known as ISO 7498, is
a conceptual framework used to standardize communication between
different computer systems. It was created by the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) to provide a common language and understanding
of how networks operate.

Purpose of the OSI Model

The OSI model is designed to help different computer systems communicate

with each other. It provides a framework for communication between devices
in a network, regardless of their hardware, software, or vendor. The model
breaks down the communication process into smaller, more manageable

15
 Semester, Spring 2023
parts, known as layers. Each layer has a specific function and interacts with
the layers above and below it.

Using the OSI model, network engineers and administrators can design and
troubleshoot networks more easily. The model provides a common language
for networking professionals, making it easier to understand and
communicate about complex network configurations.

Another benefit of the OSI model is that it is vendor-neutral. It does not favor
any particular hardware or software manufacturer, making it an ideal standard
for the networking industry.

Layers of the OSI Model

The OSI model is divided into seven layers, each responsible for a specific
type of communication. These layers work together to ensure that data is
transmitted accurately and efficiently across the network.

The seven layers of the OSI model are as follows:

1. Physical Layer

The physical layer is the lowest layer of the OSI model. It deals with the
physical connection between devices and the transmission of raw data. This
includes the type of cable, connector, and physical topology used to connect
devices. The physical layer also defines the electrical and optical properties
of the data being transmitted.

Some common protocols used in the physical layer are Ethernet, Token Ring,
and Fibre Channel.

16
 Semester, Spring 2023
2. Data Link Layer

The data link layer is responsible for ensuring reliable data transfer across the
physical layer. It breaks the data into frames and adds a header and trailer to
each frame to ensure that the data is sent to the correct destination. It also
provides error detection and correction capabilities to ensure that data is
transmitted accurately.

Some common protocols used in the data link layer are Ethernet, HDLC, and
PPP.

3. Network Layer

The network layer is responsible for routing the data between different
networks. It determines the best path for data to travel based on the
destination address. It also provides logical addressing, which is used to
identify devices on the network.

Some common protocols used in the network layer are IP, ICMP, and IGMP.

4. Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for ensuring that data is transmitted reliably
between devices. It breaks the data into segments and adds a header and
trailer to each segment. It also provides flow control and error recovery
capabilities to ensure that data is sent and received successfully.

Some common protocols used in the transport layer are TCP and UDP.

5. Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for managing the communication sessions

between devices. It establishes, manages, and terminates communication
between devices. It also provides synchronization and recovery capabilities in
the event of a network failure.

Some common protocols used in the session layer are NetBIOS and RPC.

17
 Semester, Spring 2023
6. Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for transforming data into a format that
can be understood by the receiving device. It provides data compression,
encryption, and decryption capabilities to ensure that data is transmitted
securely.

Some common protocols used in the presentation layer are MIME and SSL.

7. Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing network services to

applications. It defines the protocols and interfaces that applications use to
communicate with the lower layers of the OSI model. This layer also
provides user authentication and data encryption to ensure that data is
transmitted securely.

Some common protocols used in the application layer are HTTP, FTP, and
SMTP.

Protocols and Examples

Several protocols are used in each layer of the OSI model. Below are some
examples of commonly used protocols in each layer:

Physical Layer: Ethernet, Token Ring, Fibre Channel

Data Link Layer: Ethernet, HDLC, PPP

Network Layer: IP, ICMP, IGMP

Transport Layer: TCP, UDP

Session Layer: NetBIOS, RPC

Presentation Layer: MIME, SSL

Application Layer: HTTP, FTP,

SMTP
18
 Semester, Spring 2023
c. OCLC:

Answer:

OCLC, or the Online Computer Library Center, is a global cooperative

organization that provides library services and resources to help libraries
worldwide better serve their communities. With over 50 years of experience,
OCLC has become a trusted leader in the library industry, offering innovative
solutions that enable libraries to be more efficient, effective, and responsive
to the needs of their users.

History

OCLC was founded in 1967 by Fred Kilgour, a librarian who recognized the
need for a shared cataloging system that would make it easier for libraries to
work together. Kilgour believed that by combining resources, libraries could
create a more comprehensive collection of materials that would benefit all
users.

Initially, OCLC focused on building a shared cataloging system called the

OCLC Online Union Catalog, which allowed libraries to contribute their
bibliographic records and access records from other libraries in the system.
Over time, OCLC expanded its services to include interlibrary loan, digital
preservation, and resource sharing.

Today, OCLC operates as a global cooperative with nearly 20,000 member

institutions in over 120 countries, working together to provide access to the
world's knowledge and information.

Services and Resources

OCLC offers a wide range of services and resources designed to help libraries
better serve their users. Some of these services include:

WorldCat: WorldCat is a global library catalog that allows users to search

for materials in libraries around the world. With over 2.6 billion items in its
database, WorldCat is the largest and most comprehensive online catalog of
library materials.
19
 Semester, Spring 2023
Interlibrary Loan: OCLC's interlibrary loan service allows libraries to
request materials from other libraries in the system, making it easier for users
to access materials that may not be available locally.

Digital Preservation: OCLC offers a range of digital preservation services

designed to help libraries preserve and protect their digital collections. These
services include hosting, storage, and migration of digital materials, as well
as consulting and training services to help libraries develop effective
preservation strategies.

Metadata Services: OCLC provides a range of metadata services designed to

help libraries manage and share their bibliographic data. These services
include cataloging, authority control, and metadata enhancement, as well as
customized metadata consulting services.

Library Management Systems: OCLC offers a range of library

management systems designed to help libraries of all sizes and types manage
their collections, circulation, and patron services. These systems are designed
to be flexible and customizable, allowing libraries to tailor their workflows to
their unique needs and requirements.

Impact

OCLC has had a significant impact on the library industry and on the
communities that libraries serve. By providing access to a shared catalog of
materials, OCLC has helped libraries build more comprehensive collections,
making it easier for users to find the materials they need.

Additionally, OCLC's interlibrary loan service has made it possible for

libraries to share materials with each other, regardless of their physical
location, increasing access to materials and reducing duplication of effort.

OCLC has also played a key role in the development of digital preservation
strategies for libraries, helping to ensure that valuable digital materials are
preserved for future generations. By providing hosting, storage, and
migration services, OCLC has helped libraries of all sizes and types to
manage their digital collections more effectively.
20
 Semester, Spring 2023
Finally, by offering a range of library management systems, OCLC has
helped libraries to streamline their workflows, automate routine tasks, and
provide better services to their patrons. These systems have helped libraries
to become more efficient and effective, enabling them to better serve their
communities.

d. MAN vs WAN

Answer:

The world of networking is divided into two primary domains, namely Local
Area Network (LAN) and Wide Area Network (WAN). A LAN is a group of
computers and other devices that share a common network medium, allowing
them to communicate with one another. On the other hand, a WAN is a
network that spans a larger geographical area, connecting various local
networks and remote devices. The primary difference between these two
types of networks is their size and scope.

LAN- What is it?

A LAN is a network of devices that are located within a limited area, usually
confined to a building or site. The local network can be composed of a few
devices or thousands of them, all of which are connected to a common
network medium, such as a wired or wireless network. A Local Area
Network typically includes devices like desktop computers, laptops, printers,
and other connected devices like smartphones and tablets. The primary
function of a local network is to share data and resources such as printers and
files between different devices.

Key Characteristics of LAN

- Limited geographical area

- High-speed connectivity

- Private network

- Typically owned and managed by a single entity

21
 Semester, Spring 2023
Advantages of LAN

- High-speed data transfer

- Easy to set up and maintain

- Cost-effective

- Efficient resource sharing

Disadvantages of LAN

- Limited scope and

scalability - Limited

geographical coverage

WAN- What is it?

A Wide Area Network is a type of network that spans large geographical

areas, connecting different local networks and remote devices. WANs are
used to connect geographically dispersed locations, such as different offices,
data centers, and cloud services. A WAN can be composed of multiple local
networks that are connected via routers and other networking devices. The
primary function of a WAN is to enable large-scale data transfer and
communication between different devices and networks.

Key Characteristics of WAN

- Large geographical coverage

- High-speed connectivity

- Connects multiple local networks

- Can be public or private

22
 Semester, Spring 2023
Advantages of WAN

- Large geographical coverage

- High-speed data transfer

- Can support a large number of users and devices

- Enables remote access and collaboration

Disadvantages of WAN

- Complex to set up and maintain

- Vulnerabilities to security threats

- Expensive to set up and maintain

Differences between LAN and WAN

- Geographical Coverage: One of the primary differences between a

LAN and WAN is the geographic area they cover. A LAN connects devices
located within a single building, campus, or site. A WAN, on the other hand,
covers a much larger area, connecting devices that can span multiple cities,
countries, and continents.

- Ownership: LANs are typically owned and managed by a single entity,

such as a company or organization.

- WANs, on the other hand, can be owned by multiple entities, including

third-party service providers that offer network connectivity services to
businesses and individuals.

- Speed: LANs typically offer high-speed connectivity, with data

transfer rates of up to 1000 Mbps. WANs, on the other hand, offer slower
data transfer rates, typically ranging from 1 Mbps to 100 Mbps.

- Scope: LANs have a limited scope and connectivity, allowing them to

serve a small group of users and devices. WANs, on the other hand, offer a

23
 Semester, Spring 2023
much larger scope, allowing them to serve a vast number of users and
devices.

- Connectivity: LANs are typically connected using wired connections,

such as Ethernet cables, while WANs use both wired and wireless
connections, including satellite connections, leased lines, and mobile
networks.

Similarities between LAN and WAN

- Network Devices: Both LANs and WANs require networking devices

such as routers, switches, and modems to connect different devices and
networks.

- Data Transfer: Both LANs and WANs transfer data between different
devices and networks, enabling users to share data and resources across
different devices.

- Internet Access: Both LANs and WANs can connect to the internet,
allowing users to access online services and content.

*****The End******

24