Networking Material (N+)

 What Is Network?
 Group of Computer which are Connected to each other through the network devices is called
network.
 There are two types of networks:-
 Server – base network
 Work group base network
 What is Networking?
 Group of computer which are connected to each other through the network devices and sending
or receiving information to each other is called networking.
 For Example:-
Switch Network Device

Cable

PC

 How Manny Types Of Network Devices Are Available?

1. Router
2. Switch
3. Bridge
4. Hub
5. Modem
6. Repeater
7. Nic
8. Access Point
9. Firewall
10. Cable
11. Connector

1) Hub:-
 It is use for LAN Configuration
 Speed Provide – 10mbps
 Ports Are 8 to 15
 Work as a Share Bandwidth
 There Are Three Types of Hub:-
a. Active Hub:-
 Required Power Supply
 Regenerate The Signal
b. Passive Hub:-
 Not required Power Supply
 Do not Regenerate The Signal
c. Smart Hub:-
 High Speed Provide
 Configure The Security
 Act like Switch

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 2) Switch:-
 It is used in Star Topology
 It Provides 100Mbps to 1Gbps speed
 Faster Then Hub
 Do not Share Bandwidth
 It Provides one to one communication
 It maintain the MAC address table
 There are 2 types of Switch
a. Manageable Switch
b. Un-Manageable Switch

 Note:-
 Messaging Package:
i. Broadcast :
 One To All
 Hub
ii. Unicast :
 One To One
 Switch
iii. Multicast :
 One To Many(Group)
 Router
3) Bridge:-
 To Support unicast
 Two or Four Port
 Use for connection between two different topology either same topology for high speed data
transmission.
 For Example:-
Bridge

Switch Switch

4) Router:-
 It is use for Communicate different – different network
 It support multicast
 For Example:-
Router Router

Switch Switch

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5) Modem [Modulator And Demodulator] :-
 It is use to convert analog signal to digital signal and digital to analog signal.
 It is use for internet connection.
 For Example:-

Telephone Line
Internet
Analog Signal

Modem

Digital
PC
Signal
LAN Cable
6) Repeater:-
 It is use to regenerate the signal
 For Example:-
Log Distance
Switch
Repeater PC

7) NIC [ Network Interface Card ] :-

 It is also known as LAN card.
 It is use for LAN Connection.
 For Example:-

Switch

LAN Card
PC
8) Access Point:-
 It is use for to Extend Wireless range
 For Example:-

Router Access
PC
Wireless Point
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9) Firewall:-
 It is use for protect the private network from unauthorized access user, service, device.
 For Example:-

Internet

Public Firewall
Network

Router

Private Switch
Network

10) Cable:-
 There are three types of cables are used in network
a. Twisted Pair Cable:-
 UTP[ Unshielded Twisted Pair ]
 STP[ Shielded Twisted Pair ]
b. Coaxial Cable:-
 Thick Net [ 100 Base 2]
 Thin Net [ 100 Base 5]
c. Fiber-optical Cable:-
 Single – Mode
 Multi – Mode
1. Twisted Pair:-
i. STP:-
 Used in Sever
 Four Pair Cable
ii. UTP:-
 Used In Star Topology
 Cat 1: - Used for tele - communication
- Speed 1Mbps of voice
- Speed data 126 kbps
- 2 pair of cable
 Cat 2: - Four Pair of wire
- Speed in token ring 10mbps
- Speed in Star Topology 4mbps
 Cat 3: - For Pair of wire
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 - Speed 10mbps
 Cat 4: - Four Pair
- 100mbps
 Cat 5: - Fore Pair
- 100mbps
 Cat 5E: - Four Pair
- 1000mbps for 100 meter
 Cat 6: - Four Pair
- 1000 mbps for 200 meter.
2. Coaxial Cable:-
i. Thin Net:-
 100 mbps speed
 500 meter
ii. Thick Net:-
 100 mbps speed
 200 meter
3. Fiber Optical:-
i. Single Mode:-
 1 to 10Gbps Speed
 10 Kilo miter
ii. Multi – Mode:-
 1 to 10Gbps Speed
 2Kilo meter

 Types of Connection Cable:-

Straight Cable:-
 Use Switch to hub
 Hub to pc
 Router to switch or hub
 Modem to pc
A B
1) Orange White 1) Orange White
2) Orange 2) Orange
3) Green White 3) Green White
4) Blue 4) Blue
5) Blue White 5) Blue White
6) Green 6) Green
7) Brown White 7) Brown White
8) Brown 8) Brown
Cross Cable:-
 Use PC to PC
 Switch to Switch
 Router to Router
 Hub to Hub
 Switch to Hub
 Router to PC
 [1–3]
 [2–6]
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 A B
1) Orange White 1) Green White
2) Orange 2) Green
3) Green White 3) Orange White
4) Blue 4) Blue
5) Blue White 5) Blue White
6) Green 6) Orange
7) Brown White 7) Brown White
8) Brown 8) Brown
Rolled over Cable:-
 Also Known as Console Cable
 Use for router & Switch Configuration

A B
1) Orange White 1) Brown
2) Orange 2) Brown White
3) Green White 3) Green
4) Blue 4) Blue White
5) Blue White 5) Blue
6) Green 6) Green White
7) Brown White 7) Orange
8) Brown 8) Orange White
 Types of Network Address:-
 There are 2 Types of Network Address
1. Physical Address
2. Logical Address

1. Physical Address:-
 Work on a data – link layer
 It is also known as hardware or MAC Address
 It is 48 bit in hexa – decimal
 For Example:-
FA : CA : 09 : AB : 90 : CA

Manufacture IP Interface IP

MAC : - Media Access Control

2. Logical Address:-
 Two Type of version
 IPV – 4 [ Internet Protocol Version - 4 ]
 IPV – 6 [ Internet Protocol Version - 6 ]

 IPV – 4:-
 It is 32 bit in decimal

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  Total range of IPV – 4 is 0.0.0.0 ( 255.255.255.255 )
 Total IP Address is 3.4 billion
27=128 26=64 25=32 24=16 23=8 22=4 21=2 20=1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

 How To Set IP Address?

 Control Panel
 Network Sharing Control
 Change Adapter Setting
 Logical Area Connection
 Right Click
 Properties
 Select IPV – 4
 Properties
 Use The Following IP Address & Click
 Ok
 Close

 To Check Connection b/w to PC:-

 Run cmd
 Ping <IP Address Of Other PC>
 IANA [ Internet Assigned Number Authority IPV – 4 IPV – 6 ]

Class Range USE Default Default No. Of

Subnet N=Network Address In
H=Host One
Network
A 0 .0 .0 .0 Big Network 255.0.0.0 N.H.H.H 224
126.255.255.255 (RIR)
B 128.0 .0 .0 Medium Level 255.255.0.0 N.N.H.H 216
191.255.255.255 Network (NIR)
C 192.0 .0 .0 Small Network 225.225.225.0 N.N.N.H 28
223.255.255.255 (LIR)
D 224.0 .0 .0 Multicast - - -
239.255.255.255
E 240.0 .0 .0 Feture Use - - -
255.255.255.255
 Private Ranges:-
 Class A  10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
 Class B  172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
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  Class C  192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255

 What Is Subnet mask?

 A Subnet Mask is Seperates the IP Address into network and host Address.
 What is Sub netting?
 To devide big network into Small – Small network is called Sub – netting.
 Benefit Of Sub – netting:-
 Easy management
 Reduce the waste of IP Address
 How To Share Data & Accessing:-
 Right Click on Folder
 Properties
 Sharing
 Advanced Sharing
 Share This Folder
 Permission
 Read
 Then Ok
 How to Accessing Folder Of 10.0.0.1 into 10.0.0.3
 Cmd
 Check Connection
 \\ 10.0.0.1
 Copy Folder into your PC
 How To Access Drive:-
 Cmd
 \\ 10.0.0.1 \ <c>$

PC PC PC
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.3

 How To Hidden Share:-

o Folder Right Click
o Properties
o Sharing
o Advanced Sharing
o Add $ after file name
o Ok
 How to Access Hidden Folder?
o CMD
o \\ 10.0.0.3 \ <File name>$
 How To Enable Remote Desktop Service:-
o My Computer
o Properties
o Remote Setting
o Select 2nd Option

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 o Apply
o Ok

 How to Access Remote System through the Remote desktop?

o Go To Remote Desktop Connection
o Enter IP Address Of Accessing PC
o Connect
o Enter Password
o Yes
o Ok
 Remote Assistance:-

Switch

80.0.0.11 80.0.0.13
80.0.0.12

o Start  Remote Assistance

o Invite Someone You Trust To help you
o Save This Invitation As a File
o Save The File
o Put That File On Shared Folder
o Now Access These File From Other PC ( i.e. 80.0.0.12)
o Copy That File On Desktop Of a 80.0.0.12
o Double click on file & Enter Password
o Click On Yes
o Request Control
o Click on Yes
 How to Setup a Network Drive :-

Switch

80.0.0.10 80.0.0.12
80.0.0.11

o For PC – 1 :-
 Create One Folder and share it with full control
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  Go to Run and Enter IP address of PC-1
 Right click on share folder and click on Map Network Drive
 Click on connect using different Credentials
 Click on finish
 Enter Username and Password of PC-1
o For PC – 2 :-
 Go to Run and Enter IP address of PC-1
 Right click on Share folder and click on Map Network Drive
 Click on connect using different Credentials
 Finish
 Enter Username and Password of PC-1
o For PC – 3 :-
 Perform same Steps as PC – 2
 OSI Reference Model (Open System Interconnection)
o It is developed by International Standard Organization(ISO) in 1970
o Advantages of OSI model :-
 To communicate different vendor devices
 High Speed
 To support multiple Hardware & Software
 Divide the Process
o There are Seven Layers in OSI model :-
 Layer – 7 Application Layer
 Layer – 6 Presentation Layer Software Layer
 Layer – 5 Session Layer
 Layer – 4 Transport Layer
 Layer – 3 Network Layer
 Layer – 2 Data Link Layer Hardware Layer
 Layer – 1 Physical Layer

o Application Layer :-
 It is responsible for providing Network Services to user
 It is also known as Desktop Layer
 Identification of Service i.e. Entry and Exit Point to the Layer
 Total Number of Ports :- 0 – 65,535
 Reserved Ports :- 0 – 1023
 Open Ports :- 1024 – 65,535
o Presentation Layer :-
 It is responsible for converting data into Standard Format
 Examples :- ASCII,EBCDIS,IPEG,MPEG,BMP,MIDI,WAV,MP3
 Following tasks are perform at Presentation Layer
 Encoding – Decoding
 Encryption – Decryption
 Compression – Decompression
o Session Layer :-
 It is responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating session
 Session ID also works at Session Layer
 Examples :- RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
SQL (Structured Query Language)
NFS (Network File System)

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 o Transport Layer :-
 It is responsible for End-to-End connectivity
 It is also known as heart of OSI Layers
 Following tasks are performed at Transport Layer :-
 Identifying Service (TCP/UDP)
 Multiplexing & De-multiplexing
 Segmentation
 Sequencing & Reassembling
 Flow Control
 Error Corrction

TCP UDP
Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol
Connection Oriented Connection Less
Acknowledgement No Acknowledgement
Reliable Unreliable
Slower Faster
Port No :- 6 Port No :- 17
Ex:- HTTP,FTP,SMTP Ex:- DNS,DHCP,TFTP

o Network Layer :-
 It is responsible for providing best path to data to reach Destination
 Logical addressing sits on this layer
 Device working on Network Layer is Router, Layer 3 Switch
 It is divided into two parts :
 Routed Protocols :- Ex:- IP, IPX, Apple Talk
 Routing Protocols :- Ex:- RIP, IGRP, OSPF, EIGRP

o Data-Link Layer :-
 It is divided into two Sub-Layers
 LLC (Logical Link Control) :-
o It talks about WAN protocols. Ex:- PPP, HDLC, Frame-relay
 MAC (Media Access Control) :-
o It talks about Physical address
o It is 48 bit addressing. i.e. 12 digit hexadecimal number
o It is also responsible for Error Detection
o Device working :- Switch, Bridge, NIC
o Physical Layer :-
 It is responsible for Electrical, Mechanical or Procedural checks
 Data will be converted in binary that is 0’s and 1’s
 Data will be in the form of Electrical Pulses if it is Co-axial or Twisted Pair cable and in
the form of Light if it is Fiber Optic Cable.
 Devices working on physical layer are hubs, repeaters, cables, modem, etc.
 TCP/IP Layers:-
 Application Layer
 Transport Layer
 Internet Layer

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  Network Layer
 Protocols:-
 What Is Protocol?
o Rules & Regulations of network that how to data travel on network.
 HTTP [ Hyper Text Transfer Protocol ]:-
o It is used for accessing web – server.
o Port no – 80
 FTP [ File Transfer Protocol ]:-
o Port no – 21(server)
o It is used for transferring file
o Clint port no – 20
 Telnet (Telecom network):-
o It is used for accessing remote system through the terminal.
o Port no – 23
 SSH(Secure Sheal):-
o It is used for accessing remote system through the terminal but in secure format.
o Port no – 22
 SMTP(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):-
o It is used for file transferring.
o Port no – 25
 POP3(Post Office Protocol Version 3):-
o It is used for mail downloading but cut past format.
o Port no – 110
 IMAPE(Internet Message Access Protocol):-
o It is used for mail downloading but copy and pest format.
o Port no – 143
 TFTP(Trivial File Transfer Protocol):-
o It Is Older version of FTP & used for transferring small amount of data.
o Port no – 69
 LPD(Line Printer Demon):-
o It is used for printer sharing.
 LPR(Line printer Request):-
o It is used for handle the LAN request client to the printer.
 Netbios (Network Bios):-
o It is use for accessing remote computer through the computer name.
o Port no – 137
 TLS/SSL (Transport layer Security / Secure socket layer):-
o It Is used for encrypt the data or network.
o Port no – 465 (TLS)
o Port no – 587 (SSL)
 HTTPS(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure):-
o It is used for accessing secure web server.
o Port no – 443
 DNS(Domain Name System):-
o It is used for communication between FQDN to IP Address.
o Port no – 53
 DHCP(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol):-
o It is used for accessing dynamic IP Address.
o Port no – 67.
 ICMP(Internet Control Message Protocol):-
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 o It is used for network treble shutting.
o Example ping <IP Address>
o Port no – 1
 NTP(Network Time Protocol):-
o It is used for timing synchronization.
o Port no – 123

 SNMP(Simple Network Management Protocol):-

o It is used for gathering information of network device.
o Port no – 161
 TELNET(How to configure TELNET server):-
 For Win – 7
 Click on program & Features
 Turn on Features
 Telnet server/TELNET Clint (Tick mark)
 Go to run
 Services.msc
 Select any one & press T
 Start service
 For Server -2008
 Start
 Administrator tools
 Server management
 Add features
 Tick mark on TELNET/SERVER
 Go To Run
 Services.msc
 Double click TELNET
 Install
 Finish
 How To Access Remote Access Through TELNET:-
 Cmd
 TELNET <IP Address> of other PC
 Press yes
 Type user name / Password
 How to configure web server (HTTP Server):-
 Server 2008 Administrator tools
 Add rules
 Next
 Click on web server (IIS-Internet Information Service)
 Next
 Next
 Next
 Install
 How To Upload website?
 Start
 Administrator tools
 IIS Manager click on Computer name
 Right click on site
 Add website
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  Named & website Path
 Ok
 Click on website
 Select directory browsing
 Right click
 Open features
 Enable

 How to set default pages?

 Click on default document
 Add
 Name of default web page
 How to configure DNS Server?

Web Server (www.mahadev.com)

10.0.0.3
DNS – 10.0.0.5

Switch

DNS Server

10.4 10.2 10.5

 Server Manager
 Add roles
 DNS Server 
 Next  Install  Close
 Administrator tools  DNS
 Click On Forward lookup zones
 Right click on new zone  next
 Click on primary zone  next
 Zone Name (Mahadev.com)  next
 Next  Click on allow
 Next
 Finish
 New click on reverse lookup zone(right)
 New zone  next
 Primary type  next
 Select IPV – 4  next
 Enter own network ID  next
 Next  click on allow both  next
 Finish
 How to add Host?
 Click on forward look up zoon
 Click on mahadev.com
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  Right click and new host
 Enter host name(www)
 IP Address of web server
 Add host
 Ok
 Done
 How to check DNS server is ready or not?
 Go to cmd
 Type nslookup
 Enter
 How to create workgroup based network?
 My Computer
 Properties
 Change settings
 Change
 Select workgroup & give name
 Give computer name
 Ok
 Restart

Switch

10.1 10.2 10.3

 Domain Base / Server Base Network:-

 What is Active Directory?
o It is a windows base directory to manage the central resource of network
 Pre – requirements of active directory:-
o Server operating system
o DNS
o IP Configuration
 How to check sever in configure or not?
 Go To Run
 Dsa.msc

Switch

10.1 10.2 10.3

Server 2008 win-7 win-7

 PC-1
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 o Set IP Address
o Go to run cmd type dc promo
o Next  Next  Create new domain
o Next  Give domain name (eg mahadev.com)
o Next  Next  Next  Yes  Next
o Give Password  Next  Next  Select reboot on complication
o Ok
 Configure proper DNS
o Administrator tools
o DNS
o Reverse Lookup zone (right click)
o New zone
o Next  Primary Zone
o Select Second Option  Next
o IPV – 4  Next
o Enter Network ID (eg. 10.0.0)
o Next  Select Second Option  Next
o Finish
o Right click on new zone
o Select new pointer
o Enter own IP Address & Host computer name
o Ok
 To Check DNS Server is ready or not?
o Go to run & type nslookup
o If it doesn’t mater whit your IP then check DNS IP Address & do I again
 How to Create User in Server?
 Start  Administrative tools
 Active directory users and computer
 Right click on mahadev.com
 New  user  give user name and user logon name
 Next
 Give password
 Finish
 How to make client:-
 Set IP Address & DNS give Server IP Address
 My computer
 Properties
 Change Setting
 Change
 Select Domain & Give Server name (eg. Mahadev.com)
 Ok
 Enter user name & Password of Server
 Policy:-
 Permit to logon hours:-
o Right click on user name
o Properties
o Account
o Logon hours
o Select any day
o Select logon denied
o Ok
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  To Update Policy:-
o Go to run
o Type gpupdate_/force
 How to Configure DHCP Server?
(Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
 Port no – 67
 It is used for assigning IP Address
 Install DHCP role
 Select DHCP Server
 Next
 Next
 Next
 Select wins is not required
 Add
 Enter scope name & starting & ending range of IP
 Ok
 Next
 Select DHCP V6 disable
 Select use current credentials
 Next
 Install
 Now goto
 Administrative tools DHCP
 Scope Configuration [Automatic assign IP & DNS]
 Right click on scope
 Configure
 For gateway select 003(Router IP Address)
 For DNS Select 006
 Apply
 Ok

 How to make IP Address Reservation?

 Right click non reservation
 Give reservation name
 Enter reserved IP Address
 Enter MAC Address of reserver PC
 Ok

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  ICS [ Internet Connection Sharing ]:-
 It is use for internet sharing.
Internet
Internet Line

PC

LAN Switch

 Printer Sharing:-

Switch

Printer
20.1 20.4 20.5
For Server Side :-
 Install Printer in Server
 Go to devices & Printer
 Right click on Printer & Click Printer Properties
 Sharing
 Click on Share this Printer
 Apply  Ok
For Client Side :-
 Go to Run
 Type <IP Address of Server>
 Press Ok
 Right Click on Printer
 Connect
 Install Drivers
 Ok
How to Add Additional Drivers :-
 Right Click on Printer & Select Properties
 Sharing
 Additional Drivers
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  Select 32-Bit or 64-Bit System
 Browse and give Drive Source Path

 FTP Server :-
 Go to Start
 Administrator Tool
 Server Manager
 Add Roles
 Web Server  Next  Next  Click on FTP Server  Next  Install  Close
 Administrative Tools  IIS  Right Click on Site  FTP Site  Give Path of Shared Document
 IP Address  No SSL  Next  All Users  Finish FTP Authentication  Select anonymus
authentication  Enable

 NAT (Network Address Translation) :-

 It is Use for Security
 Also use for Internet Sharing
 To Translate Private IP address to Public and Public to Private
 For Example,

Internet

Route
r
Switch

 Three Types of NAT:-

o Static :-
 It is use for Translate One Private IP to One Public IP
 For Example :- 10.0.0.1  100.1.1.100
o Dynamic :-
 It is use for Translate multiple Private IP to One Public IP
 For Example :- 10.0.0.20  100.1.1.100
o Overloading (PAT – Port Address Translation) :-
 It is use for Translate Many Private IP to Many Public IP
 For Example :- 10.0.0.1 – 10.0.0.20  100.1.1.100 – 100.1.1.110

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  Proxy Server :-

Internet Connection
Internet

Proxy Server

Win - 7
100.0.0.100
Switch
WAN LAN


Server Side :-
o Install CCPROXY(Proxy Software) on Proxy Server
o Option  autodetact  Own IP address  Ok
 Client Side :-
o Go to Web browser
o Tools  Internet Option  Connections  LAN Setting  Select Proxy Server 
Advanced  Give IP Address of Proxy Server and Port number (Port Number - 808) 
Click On Use the same Proxy Server for all Protocols  Ok.
 VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network):-
o It is layer two security
o For example:-

Switch

10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5

Marketing Sales
VLAN-2 VLAN-3

o VLAN-2 member can not communicate with VLAN-3 member.

o Two type of VLAN:
1. Port base VLAN
 One port cane member only one VLAN.
 For Example:-
20/22 Created by:- Devvrat H Trivedi
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VLAN – 2 VLAN – 3

2. MAC Base VLAN:

 One MAC address can member multiple.
 For Example:-

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FA FB FD FC FF

VLAN – 3 VLAN - 2
 Firewall:-
o It is used to protect private network.
o There are two type of firewall.
 Hardware Firewall:- Cyber Rom, Sonic, Pix(CISCO).
 Software Firewall:- Check point.
o Attacks that can prevent from Firewall:-
 Command Channel Attacks
 Denial or service Attacks
 False Authentication
 Hijacking
 Third – level Attacking
 Data injection & Modification Attacks
 Data – driven Attacks
 Packet sniffing Attacks
 Replay Attacks

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 How to Configure Firewall?

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10.1 10.2 10.3

 How to configure firewall for accessing Telnet when firewall is on?
 Go to windows firewall with advanced security
 Inbound rules (Right Click)
 New Rules
 Select Port Next  Type Port No.(eg.23)
 Next Select allow connection next
 Next  Give Name (eg. Telnet) Next

22/22 Created by:- Devvrat H Trivedi