E-payment in Integrated Public Transport Modes:

Case Study of Public Transports in Greater Jakarta

Sri Bramantoro Abdinagoro, Mohammad Hamsal

School of Business Management
Bina Nusantara University
Jakarta, Indonesia
sabdinagoro@binus.edu, mhamsal@binus.edu

Abstract—Jakarta Capital Regional Government has MRT/Subway + Train

determined that the provision of public transport is one of the Mass Public
Transport LRT/Monorail
answers to solve urban traffic problems, such as congestion, the Development
BRT/Busway
use of private vehicles (motorcycles) are constantly increasing.
There are three main options of public transportation, i.e. BRT Motor Vehicle Uses Restriction

(busway), LRT and MRT (rail-based). Seeing the current Macro

Traffic
Road Pricing/ERP
Transportation
situation, the public transport operators in large numbers as well Scheme
Restriction Parking Control

as e-payment services providers need to collaborate. Therefore, Park and Ride Facilities

not only integrating important transportation modes, integrating ITS

the e-payment system is also important. This study proposes the Network Road Widening/FO/UP
conceptual thinking about the factors that affect the successful Capacity
Enhancement Road Network Development
integration of e-payment in public transport in Greater Jakarta. Sources:
Province Regulation No. 12/2002 Pedestrian Development
Governor Regulation No. 103/2007
Keywords—public transport, e-payment, integrated modes
Fig. 1. Macro Transportation System of DKI Jakarta
I. INTRODUCTION

Public transportation in Jabodetabek Integration is not only the use but also includes a mode
Jakarta administration has set a policy that encourages the trasnportasi territory. Not only in Jakarta, but also in Bogor,
use of public transport to overcome the problem of congestion Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi. To maintain the integration of
in the city of nation's capital. In the design of the Macro public transport services, the President issued Presidential
Transportation System (MTS), one of the strategies is the Decree No. 103/2015 of Jabodetabek Transportation Agency
development of mass transportation (Fig. 1). This strategy business as a legal basis.
integrates all modes of mass transit, such as the MRT /
Looking ahead, in the provision of integrated transport
Subway, Train, LRT / Monorail and BRT / Busway.
services, the payment system is not only limited to the main
Currently the mass transit that has operated is BRT / service ticketing system (fare), but also includes the support
busway which began operating in 2014 under the name of services such as parking space and more.
Transjakarta with ticket prices are set by the local government.
The payment system for Transjakarta done via e-money card II. PUBLIC TRANSPORT’S E-PAYMENT SYSTEM
issued by the six banks (Bank DKI, BCA, BNI, Bank Mega,
BRI, Bank Mandiri) and in the future it was likely to increase. A. Integrated Transaction Payment
Commuter transport modes in an integrated manner has Integration in payment system is also required in order to
also been started since 2000 (www.krl.co.id), and continues to create an integrated transport infrastructure as a whole.
change either the route or payment systems. Commuter current Nowadays, countries around the world are moving towards
payment system, made through the card (card) daily, multi- cashless transactions for their transport payment (e-ticketing),
trip, and e-money card from the bank BCA, BNI, BRI, Bank in this case using smart card. As shown in Figure 1, compared
Mandiri, and will increase again. to the other countries, such as Australia, Singapore, and South
Korea who have utilized noncash payment instrument for
The mode of transport MRT construction was started in transactions, Indonesia has just started its cashless journey.
2013, and is expected to operate in 2018. The payment system
is in the process of designing, planning and also integrating
with other modes of transport, so in addition to its own issued
cards, e-money cards from other banks can also be used.

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 modes and the transfer between them. Further, the system can
be extended to other areas like retail stores, library or tourist
sites. For an integrated fare collection system, interoperability,
common specifications and identical commercial structures
are important to introduce.
Other than smart cards, there are other modes of cashless
transaction: NFC (Near Field Communication), mobile wallet
application, and Smart Tags. Nevertheless, smart cards are still
the most common form of transport e-ticketing, which is being
used around the world. Smart cards are able to store enough
information to process monetary transactions and card
holder’s details for security purposes. There are two categories
of smart cards that can be used for public transport e-ticketing:
a single purpose transit pass and an electronic purse (e-purse)
card.
Fig. 2. Noncash Payment Growth around the World
To implement successful integrated e-ticketing, there is a
need to setup common goal and policies for all public
transport operators. Moreover, the key factors required for
Basically, noncash payment utilization is more benificial transport e-ticketing integration are:
than cash due to several reasons shown in Table 1. The
government, in this case Bank Indonesia, has also realized • Government authority with statutory control over all
these advantages. In August 2014, Bank Indonesia launched modes of transport and mandates to setup Common
Non-Cash National Movement to create “less cash society” Clearing House
within the country • High-level of coordination and co-operation between
all public transport providers and the suppliers
• Need to identify and establish common technology
TABLE I. ADVANCED OF INTEGRATED TRANSPORT E-TICKETING
platform for all key stakeholders, instead of compulsion
Easy to Use • Enables commuters to carry one card for to use old technology
use on all transit modes • It is important to ensure that the cost of technology
• Facilitates the multi-modal travel should be economical for all modes of transports and
behaviour shared by all stakeholders
Improve Boarding • Allows faster boarding and help to reduce • There should be integrated tariff for seamless transport
trip times for the passengers and gives discount to consumers for
• Just takes 150 milliseconds to complete use of multiple modes
the transaction Also, there are five critical success factors for Smart Card
Travel Data • Collects authentic data about travel adoption in transportation system [17], which are:
Collection pattern and behaviour
• Data can be used to inform transport o Network goods leverage
policy and the planning of service o Co-opetition Management (co-operative & competition)
Demand • Allows the operator to offer discounts to o Standardization tors
Management commuters for specific trips o It is a system not a product
• Can balance demand and increase o Contactless requirement
patronage in off peak periods
Reduce Revenue • Allows faster revenue reconciliation with Based on cases in other countries, e-ticketing system are
Pilferage recorded data on travel patterns implemented as result of the government effort, corporate
• Equips authorities to detect and deter fare effort, or the combination of both. Figure 3 shows the mass
evasion transit ticketing market in Asia Pacific, including the role of
Multiple Use of • Integrates with other transport service like government and corporate of each country.
Smart Cards parking, tolls and taxis
• Promotes cashless economy by
integrating with convenience stores

Public transport operators around the world have adopted

new electronic media replace paper-based tickets to introduce
electronic ticketing (e-ticketing) systems. They are
implementing multimodal transportation ticketing system or
Integrated Transport e-ticketing, combining all modes on a
single ticket using smart card and/or other technologies. E-
ticketing can be used as a tool to facilitate the combination of

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 Institutional Structure The government plays very critical role to facilitate
standardization and coordination among players,
which is missing in India.

Metro vs Bus Metro System has access to fund and can procure
technology from outside, whereas bus operators can
not adopt the same technologies.

Unorganized Market Bus Transport is still controlled by STUs and

Individual Operators. Further, most of the cities are
largely dependent on informal transport.

Transport Network Transport networks are complex and unorganized in

India. It is difficult to encompass every fare rate
Fig. 3. Modes of Cashless Transaction possible for every service provider across an entire
network.

Market Penetration

A.2. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in Singapore

EZ-Link Card- 230% Penetration - Singapore Octopus Card- 250% Penetration – Hong Kong
Before 2009, e-payments landscape was driven by The
Land Transport Authority (LTA) with its EZ-link and The
T-Money Card- 98% Penetration – South Korea Network for Electronic Transfers Singapore (NETS) with its
CashCard, both of which are non-interoperable [1] EZ-link
Touch ‘n Go Card- 30% Penetration – Malaysia Suica Card- 30% Penetration – Japan
card dominated MRT ticketing, bus, and taxi fare collection
while CashCard for Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system,
retail payments, and private car park payment [1]. Infocomm
Government Effort Corporate Effort Development Authority of Singapore (IDA) then facilitate the
development of a new standard for an interoperable platform
that would bring these two operators together. In 2002, EZ-
Cash project, a collaboration between EZ-link and NETS,
which supported by IDA and LTA [1]. This project was
commenced to develop Contactless e-Purse Application
(CEPAS), Singapore’s specification for e-money smart card.
Fig. 4. Mass Transit Ticketing Market in Asia Pacific (2010) [1]
In 2004, the CEPAS draft was released for public comment,
then for feedback and new development notifications in 2005.
Finally, the Singapore Standard Specification for CEPAS was
A.1. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in India officially launched in 2006 [1]. Figure 5 shows the CEPAS
Delhi Metro has implemented Automatic Fare Collection initiative in Singapore.
system using Contactless Smart Card as multi-ride ticket in Both LTA and NETS were also contributed to CEPAS
2005. The contactless smart card compliant to Type A Mifare Smart Cards deployment in the country. Various efforts for the
Desfire (4Kbytes). Currently, DMRC is selling more than country to have a multipurpose-single-car, which include:
20,000 cards per day and currently has around 6.1 million
cards in circulation (70% of travellers are smart card users). • Infrastructure Leverage as a result of
Delhi Metro has introduced the smart card system in the city. interoperability between EZ-link and NETS which
However, DMRC is not ready to make any change in technical also reduced cost
specification and allows other modes to integrate with its • Cooperate with card vendors to meet operational
system. Delhi Metro has also integrated its system with requirements (faster and could withstand operating
Gurgaon Metro as they are using Thales Automatic Fare temperatures)
Collection, which is very costly for bus operators. India faces • Multiple easy access options for commuters to
several challenges in implementing its integrated e-ticketing replace their cards: having roving centres in schools,
system as shown in Table 2. This includes multiplicity of extending ticket office hours, and enabling card
authorities, institutional structure, unorganized market, which replacement at post offices, community centres, and
more or less the same as the case in Greater Jakarta. bus interchanges
• Top up channels expansion: self-service, auto top
TABLE II. CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTING E-TICKETING SYSTEM IN
ups, online top ups, mobile phone authorizations
INDIA • New backend system named Symphony for e-
Payments (SeP) needed for processing e-payment and
Multiplicity of Authorities Responsibility to plan, construct, operate and clearing settlements among the various parties.
manage different modes of transports are with • Partnerships with banks, taxi operators, and
different agencies. There is no single agency. merchants

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 1.On-Loan Octopus an Octopus the company lends to a customer
who needs to pay a refundable deposit that
covers the card and associated costs as well as
the negative value provision

2.Sold Octopus a specially designed Octopus the company sells

LTA NETS to a customer which holds no deposit
EZ-link farecard CashCard
(MRT ticketing, bus, and (ERP System, retail
taxi fare collection)
Infocomm Development payments, park payment) 3.Bank Issued a card or product with Octopus function issued
Authority Singapore Octopus by an authorized bank or financial services
(IDA)
company

4.Octopus Mobile consists of both Octopus function and mobile

SIM telecommunication function for use on NFC
EZ-Cash project (Near Field Communication) enabled mobile
to develop Contactless e-Purse phones as tested by Octopus.
Application (CEPAS)

Source: Octopus (2015)

CEPAS draft was released for
public comment

A.4. E-Ticket System in Seoul

The Singapore Standard
Specification for CEPAS was T-Money card, South Korea’s smart card for transportation
fares payment was the result of both government and
corporate effort. It can be used mainly in Seoul and other areas
Fig. 5. The CEPAS initiative in Singapore [1]
in South Korea. The market penetration rate of T-Money
reached 98% in 2010. With an integrated transportation
Currently, there are more than 10 million cards in system in the country, T-Money can be used for multiple
circulation and around 8 million transactions everyday are public tranport modes, such as BRT, MRT, and taxi. Figure 6
made on the system, primarily for public transport fares. The shows the system operation of Seoul T-Money.
multipurpose smart cards offered a wide range of transactions:
bus, taxi, and rail payments, ERP and parking fees, and also
for retail purchases [1] Moreover, the other impacts of CEPAS
smart cards are: higher sales and transactions volumes, easing
of congestion in transit and roads, minimization of revenue
leakage, move from zonal fares to distance-based fares, and
lowered card and reader cost.

A.3. E-Ticket Integration Efforts in Hong Kong

The effort for e-ticketing system in Hong Kong was
initiated in 1994 through Creative Star Limited (renamed as
Octopus Cards Limited in 2002), a joint venture established by
five major public transport operators in Hong Kong: Mass Fig. 6. Seoul T-money Conceptual Map of the System Operation
Transit Railway (MTR), Kowloon-Canton Railway
Corporation (KCRC), Kowloon Motor Bus (KMB), Citybus, Source: Mezghani (2008)
and Hongkong and Yaumati Ferry (HYF) to oversee the
contactless smart card system's development and B. E-Ticketing System in Jakarta
implementation [28]. In 1997, Octopus smart card system was Although cash is still dominantly used for transaction
launched, enabled commuters to use one single card for payment, government has started to encourage travelers and
multiple public tranport modes (bus, taxi, subway, train, tram, commuters to use noncash instrument, in this case, electronic
and ferry services) as well as small value payments in the money for their transport fares payment. However, Jakarta’s e-
retail sector, access control for residential and commercial ticketing system itself is yet to be integrated as it is still a
buildings. Currently, there are four types of Octopus card as fragmented network with different types of e-ticketing system
shown in Table 3. The market penetration rate of Octopus card for each public transport mode which run by different
reached 250% in 2010. It is the result of its highly-integrated operators.
system.
B.1 Transjakarta E-Ticketing System
Transjakarta has implemented multiissuer e-money-based
ticketing system since January 22, 2013. There are five e-
TABLE III. TYPES OF OCTOPUS CARDS moneys available for Transjakarta payment, which all are
issued by bank players.

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 Electronic payment are available in all busway corridors • Lack of socialization of e-ticketing for public
since February 12, 2015 to boost noncash payment. The tariff transportation, therefore many passengers does not
for the e-ticket is Rp 40.000,00 which include Rp 20.000,00 know the e-ticketing system.
card fee and Rp 20.000 beginning balance. This amount can • Lack of product and service knowledge.
be used for 5-6 trips with ticket price Rp 2.000,00 from 05.00 • Unreliable tools: machine / card error, lengthy time
am – 07.00 am and Rp 3.500,00 from 07.01 am – 04.59 am. for card identification, problem in ordering ticket.
Users can top up their e-money with minimum amount of Rp
20.000,00. Other than Transjakarta payment, the e-money can Meanwhile, one of Jakarta’s transport operators, PT KAI
be used for other purposes in accordance with the bank’s Commuter Jabodetabek (KCJ) has initiated the utilization of
policy. NFC technology for its e-ticketing system. KCJ collaborates
with Sony FeliCa in developing the system so that KRL e-
ticketing can receive all types of electronic chips. This also
B.2 PT. KAI E-Ticketing System facilitates the integration of intermode because any type of
The e-ticketing system of PT. KAI consists of the Rail electronic ticket card that will be developed by the operator or
Card and Rail Box which was the result of a synergy between other institutions will be able to be identified by KJC. The e-
three BUMNs: PT. KAI, BNI, and PT. Telkom. The Rail Card ticket can be integrated with a mobile phone (using mobile
is a prepaid card issued by BNI and is a result of co-branding system applied to the NFC e-Wallet on the smartphone) and a
with KAI member card. It can also be used to shop at special bracelet produced by KCJ.
merchants with BNI prepaid logo. Meanwhile, Rail Box is a
train ticket vending machines provided by Telkom and placed In discussions with public transport operators, it is known
in large stations or in Malls. It only serve transactions using that they basically agree with e-payment system integration
Rail Card or BNI prepaid card. Rail Box operates for 24 hours. decision of the city government. From their point of view, as
long as the revenue from passengers counted clearly. From the
consumer side, the survey showed that consumers are
B.3 Commuter Line E-Ticketing System
basically want to be convenience payment with the card can
Jabodetabek Commuterline implements e-ticketing system be used in all transportation modes and all e-money provider.
for commuters using Commuter Electronic Ticketing That is, today almost all sides, both from operators and
(Commet) which consists of three types as shown in Table 4. consumers are still have egocentric trait.
The current fragmented network of e-ticketing system is an
TABLE IV. COMMUTER LINE E-TICKETING SYSTEM
obstacle to the public transport integration and immediate
o Used for one-way trip on the date of purchase actions are needed to overcome it. Learning from other
Secured o Rp 10,000 deposit (grace period) 7 days countries’ experiences in implementing e-ticketing system
Daily Ticket
(THB) beforehand, it is ideal to have a multipurpose card, one that
can be used across multiple public tranport modes. Not only
o Prepaid card is rechargeable and can be used for more
Multitrip card than one trip for transport fares payment, it can also be used for retail
(KMT) o Current balance at the destination station should be payments, parking, or other purposes. Therefore people are
above Rp 11,000. motivated using noncash payment, which support
o No obsolete date government’s program and the public transport integration
o Card fee Rp20.000 plus beginning balance Rp 13.000 itself.
o Flazz BCA, Mandiri e-Money, Brizzi BRI, BNI Tapcash,
Bank Issued Bank Mega
E-Money o Can be used for Transjakarta TABLE V. JAKARTA’S TRANSPORT MODES E-TICKETING SYSTEM
o Cannot be recharged at all stations in Jabodetabek KRL,
only at related merchants. Transjakarta KAI Commuter Line
III. ISSUES ON JAKARTA’S E-PAYMENT SYSTEM
E- E-Money Bank Rail Card & THB, KMT, E-
Based on the explanation of each e-ticketing system on Ticketing (BCA, BNI, BRI, BNI Prepaid Money Bank (BCA,
previous sub-chapters, the following Table 5 shows the Mandiri, Bank BNI, BRI, Mandiri)
comparison between three transport modes’ ticketing systems. DKI, Bank
Mega)
So far, the implementation of e-ticketing also has several
Fare Rp 2.000 – Rp Progressive rates
constraints. Based on the feedback from the travelers and 3.500
commuters, those constraints are:
• E-ticket rates are considered expensive (price Price Rp 40.000 Rp 20.000 – Card fee Rp20.000
(beginning Rp 500.000 + beginning
includes the cost of the card plus the initial balance), balance Rp balance Rp 13.000
especially by single-trip passengers or passengers 20.000) (Multitrip card)
with low frequency of usage.
Where to • Banks and • BNI branch • ticket counter at
• Unavailability of e-ticket for a single trip on Purchase their branch offices KRL station
Transjakarta, so passengers must still pay Rp 40,000 offices • BNI prepaid • Automatic ticket
for e-ticket. • Transjakarta card machines
ticket counter partnered • Related bank

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 • Partnered merchants and its branches ACKNOWLEDGMENT
merchants • Customer Researchers would like to thank BINUS University which
Service at
railway
provides Research Grants in 2016 so that the research can be
station executed.
Where to • Ticket • ATM BNI • Ticket counter at
TopUp counter • BNI commuter
• ATMs and partnered station
bank branch merchants • Automatic ticket
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