CHAPTER

Ho1 11o gen eou s Lin ear

4 Eq uat ion s or Eul er-
Cau chy 's Eq uat ion s

4.1 HOMO GENEO US LINEA R EQUATIONS

A linear differen tial equatio n of the form:
dn dn-1 dn- 2
a xi ___z + a xi - i y + a xi - 2 y + + X ... (1)
O dxn I dxn-1 2 dxn- 2 ··· an Y =

or (a o 'Xi nn + a 1 'Xi - l nn - l + ···

+ a n-1 X D + a n ) y = X ' D = !!:._
dx'
... (2)

where a 0 , a 1 , a 2 , ... , an are constan ts, and Xis either a function of x or constan t, is called a
homogen eous linear differen tial equation or Euler-C auchy's equation .
Note. The index of x and the order of derivati ve is same in each term of such equation s.

4.2 METHOD OF SOLUT ION OF HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
d
d n + a _.,i - 1 dn-1 y + + y + =X (1)
a 0 ~_.,i ___z
dxn 1 ~ dxn-1 ... an - 1 X dx any ...
d
or Cao 'Xi nn + al 'Xi - 1 nn - 1 + ... + an - 1X D + a,) y = X; D = dx ' ... (2)

In order to solve (1), we introduc e a new indepen dent variable z such that
x = ez or log x =z
dz 1 ...(3)
dx
= X

dy dy dz l dy
Now -- (by (3))
dx dz dx -~ dz
dy _ dy d ... (4)
or x- or xD = D 1 ; D 1 = -
dx dz dz

Again
d2y _ -~ ( dy) _ !!:_ ( 1 1 dy + 1 d ( dy) 4.Y) __
2 - dx dx dx x dz x 2 dz x dx · dz
dx
2
d2y 1 dy 1 d (dy) dz 1 dy 1 d y
3
2 = - x 2 dz + ~ dz
or dz dx = - x 2 dz + x 2 · dz 2 [by ( )]
dx
 Engineering ~.,
286 "~01~111.;

or

or
and soon.
Proc eedin g simil arly, we can show
3 } Note
x 3D = D 1 (D1 -1) (D1 - 2)
resol
;;;Dn = D 1 (D1 -~-i).(D1 - 2) .. . (D1 - n + l) .

2 D 3, ... , xL D n in (1), and thus changin

Now subs titut ing the valu es of xD, x2 D , x3
inde pend ent varia ble from x to z, we have
-1) ... (D1 - n + 2) + ...+ a 1L_ 2 D 1(D 1 -l)+o
g
J
[a0 D 1(D 1 -1) ... (D 1 - n + l) + a 1 D 1 (D 1
D 1 + a 1J y = Z
or f(D 1) y = Z ,
wher e Z is now a func tion of z only.
The meth od of solvi ng (6) is exac tly the same as
done in linea r diffe renti al equatiorur
j
cons tant coefficients.
OGE NEO US
4.3 WO RKI NG RUL E FOR SOL VING LINE AR HOM 1
DIFF ERE NTIA L EQU ATIO N
D 2 + aIL - l X D + a IL ] y = X
[a 0 XL D'L+ a 1 XL - l D/L - l + . . . + a IL - 2 X:-
d
J
I
I
wher e

Step I. Put x =tr or z =

D=-.
dx
log x, (x > O)
d
Step II. Assu me that D 1 = -dz , then we have
I
xD =D1 ,
2
x2D = DI(D I -1)
3 3
x D = DI (D1 - l)(DI - 2)
4.5
xLD IL = DI (DI - l )(Dl - 2) ... (DI - n + l) J
Then (1) redu ces to f(D) y =Z,
whe re Z is now a func tion of z only.
Let the gene ral solut ion be
Step III. Solv ing equa tion (2) by usua l meth ods.
y = I.Jl(Z)
Sinc e z = log x, there fore the solut ion is
y = 1.J10og x) (x > 0)
fl 1 ogroc 11..'i /.,meor r4uatio11 s or E11ler-Cauchy 's Equations (Uu it-l/1) 28i

4.4 DEFINITION OF {,r~,J} X, WHERE D1 = ! and XIS A FUtlCTlOtl OF x

1 .
The function f(Di) X lS defined to be that function which when operated upon by / (D 1) gives X.

1
Not.e that the operator f (Di) can be resolved int.a factors which can occur in any order a n d can be
resolved into partial fractions.
1
To find the value of - - - X, where D 1 =xD:
D1 -a.
1
Let - - - X =u
D1 -a.
or (D 1 - a.)u = X
du
or x dx -au =X
du a X
or - - -u =
dx X X
which is linear differential equation in x and u.

I.F. = eJ-~x d:r = e - a log x = x- a.

Its solution is
= J -~ .x-adx
or u = xf'- J x- a -
1 X dx.

Thus I~X=x" Jx- 0

-•x dx I ...(1)

Now replacing a by - a in the above result, we have

If;, J
1+ a X = x -a x" - IX dx I ... (2)

4.5 AN ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF GETTING P.I. OF HOMOGENEOUS

d
EQUATION((D1 ) y = X, WHERE D 1 = dz AND XIS ANY FUNCTION OF x

PI =- { 1 } X can be obtained in either of the following two ways.

f<D1)

(i'J The operator 1 may be expressed in factorial form . Then

f(D1)
 Engineenng Ma•

1 _ 1 1 1
PI = - - ~\ = D -a
f (D )
D -a'.? D 1 -a , .Y,
1 1 1
1
where in the operations indicated by factors are to~ taken in succession b e ~
the first on the right (making use of the previous art:Icle).
1
(u) The operator ma, be :resol.ed into partial :fractions.
f (D 1) -

1 [ A1 . ~ . . ·'¾ -,
Then Pl = f(D 1) X= D1 - a1 . D i - ~ •... - D1 - an_X

=A1x-a1 J x- a1-l X d:c+~x~2 I x-a2-lxd:c-:- _

[by pretio-us a: I
Particular Cases:
1
Case I. To find - - xfTl where f(m) ...s. O
f (D 1 ) ' -,-- •

d
Weha.-e D I :,;!11 = X - :,;!11 = m,:x!1l
dx

In general,
Hence

Operating both sides of the above result b 1

Y f(DI) , we have

1 1
f(D ) f(D1) r'1
I
=- - [f(m) x'n]
f<D1)
or x1n = f(m) 1 r"
f(D 1 )
or 1
PI = --.x'll - 1 JII
f(D 1 ) - f (m ) x , where f(m,);:: o

1...e., _ 1 xm _ l 11
F (Di) - f(m) x 1.f(m) :t: 0
Case II. If / (m) = 0, the formula (~l)~fa~i~ls~.----..:'.__.:..'..::..__ _ __J
Then we s hall use the following formula :

__ l - xm _ (log x )1'
(D1 -mr· - U.!: xm

I
 I , '" • , 1 11l , ( m 1tv;, ]'41wtw111 (lftul Ill) 2 [}

~
IJ1 m

1 tn f xm ' :r!' rl x [·: f) ,I a. X x' JY

mt l

=
1
( D1 - m)n-1
x'11 J 1 dx =
-
X
1
(D1 - m )n-1
(x"1 Ir.Jg ,:)

1 1
= x'n log x
(D 1 - mr- 2 (D1 -m)

= 1
(D 1 -mr- 2
x7n
J x- m - 1 (x'"
log x} dx

1 1 (log.x-)2
= 1
(D1 -mr-2
x7n
J x
log x. - dx =
mri-2
.i"
~(Di -

1 1 xm(logx) 2
=
(D 1 -m)n- 3 · D 1 -m ~

=
1 x711 J x- 111 - l. xm0ogx)2 dx
(D1 -m)n-3 ~

1 xm f -1 (log x} 2 a:c = - - - -
1 xm(logx)
_ _:;;..__
3

= (D - m)"- 3 ~ X (D 1 - myi-
3
~
1
Proceeding sunilarly, we finally obtain
1 1 x'" . (log x)"
----x'" =
<D1 - m)" (D1 -m)"-n ~

OT

2
Example 1. Soh,e x2 d ~ +y = :Jx2.
dx"-
d
Solution: Let x = ...1 or z = 1og x, and JJ 1 - dz

Tht n the given eguanon l>eoou1es

(D (D 1) ➔ 1] y = ae~.r
1 1
or (D/ D 1 1 l)j' :.ie~.r.
A I!.. 1 w 2 111 1 1 0
11,1 4 . 1.1 1 J iJa
Ill
2 i
 Engineering Mathemot
290

CF

= x1n [C1 cos(1log xJ +C,sin( 1logxJ]

PI = Df - ~1 + 1 3e2z = _D_z_3~-:-z+-1 [--· f(~) e= = ;(:) ' f(a)'

3e2z
= ___ = e2z = :x?.
4-2+1
Hence required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

or y ,; x 112 [ C1 cos ( 1 J
log x + C 2 sin ( 1 logxJ] + x'. Ans.

d 2y dy
Example 2. Solve x2 dx 2 + 2x dx = log x.

Solution: Let x = I? or z = log x, and D 1 = .!!:._

dz
.
Then the given equation becomes :
[D1(D1 - I)+ 2D1J y = z
or (D/ + D 1) y = z
The A.E. is m 2 + m = 0 or m(m + 1) = O
⇒ m = 0,-1
C.F. =cl+ C2 e-z =cl+ C2 x- 1 .
1
P.I. = z = l z - l (1 + D )-1 ( )
Df + D1 D1 (1 + D1) - D1 1 z
1
= D [I - D1 + D/ - ...] (z)
1

= (~1 -l+D1 - .. )<z) = z: -z+ l

or P .I. = ! (log x)2 - log x + I.
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

or Y = C1 + C2 x-1 + 21 (log x)2 - log x + 1. Ans.

H,1111l)~·11c1.' ll," Lill('G1' Equatio11s or Euler-Cauchy's Equations (Unit-III)
291

v v d
Example 3. Solve (.r D- - 3xD + 5)y = sin (log x) ; D = dx .

Solution: Let x =ez or z =log x and D 1 = .!I:_

dz
Then the given equation reduces to
[D1(D 1 - 1)- 3D 1 + 5]y = sin z
er (D/ - 4D 1 + 5)y = sin z
2
ItsA.E. is m, -4,n + 5 = 0

_ 4 ± .J16.- 4 .1. 5
or ,n or m = 2 ± i
2
C.F. = e2z [C1 cos z + C2 sin 2]
or C.F. = x2 [C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)]
1 1
PI= smz= - - - - smz
n'f - 4D1 + 5 -1- 4D1 + 5

[· /(~)' sinax = {(!_a' ) sinax]

1 1
= sin z = _!_ . (1 + D 1) sm z
4(1-D1 ) 4 1-D;
1 . 1
= (l+D1) l+l sinz
4
= ..!_ (sin z + cos 2) = ..!_ [sin (log x) + cos (log x)]
8 8
Hence the required general solutionisy = C.F. + P.I.

or y = x2 [C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)] + ~ [sin (log x) + cos (log x)]. Ans.

Example 4. Solve (x2 D 2 - xD + 4)y = cos (log x) + x sin (log x); D = :x.

Solution. Let x = ez or z = log x and D 1 = .!I:_

dz
Then the given equation reduces to
[D 1(D 1 - 1) - D 1 + 4] y = cos z + ez sin z
or (D/-2D 1+4)y = cos z + ez sin z
2
Its A.E. 1s ,n - 2,n + 4 = 0 ·

,n = 2±.J4-4.l.4 =l±i ✓3
2.1
 Engineering Mathemat~
292

3 z) + C2 sin ( ✓
CF = ez [C1 cos ( ✓ 3 z)]
3 log x) + C2 sin ( ./3 log x)]
= x[C1 cos ( ✓

PI = 1 (cos z + ez sin z)
Df - 2D1 +4
1 1
= - - - - - cosz+----- £? sin z
Df-2D1+4 Df-2D1 +4
p .I. corresponding to cos z
1 ____l _ _ coz z
2 cos z - D
D -2D1 +4
1 - 1-2 1+ 4
1 1
= cos z = (3 + 2D1) - -- ~ cos z
3-2D1 9-4D12
1 3 cosz- 2sinz
= (3 + 2D1) - - cos z = ...(
9 +4 13
P .I. corresponding to e2 sin z is
1 1
- - -- - e2 sin z = ez - - -=----- - - sm z
D f-2 D 1 +4 (D1 +1) 2 -2(D1 +1)+4
1
= ez sin z = ez l sin z
Df +3 -1+3
ez .
= - smz ... (3)
2
Using (2) and (3), (1) becomes

PI = _..!_ (3 cos z - 2 sin z) + ~ sin z

13 2

= _!._
13
[3 cos (log x) - 2 sin (log x)] + !2 x sin (log x).
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
or 3 log x) +
y = x[Cl cos ( ✓ c2 sin ( ✓3 log x)]
l X
+ 13 [3 cos (log x)- 2 sin (log x)] + sin (log x). Ans.
2
2
Example 5. Solve x:2 d 2y - 3x dy + y = log x sin(log x) + 1
dx dx x
S I . a· t· . 2 d2y 3 dy I
o ut,on: 1ven equa 10n 1s .x- dx 2 - x dx + y = x- [l + log x sin (log x)]

Let x = e2 or z = log x and D = !!-__ .

dz
 Mltll

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1, \ \ \ \ \ \ , , , ,

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I\' lf),1q, l'\11 ti\I I
m~ \m , I ,\

',,, m
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m ~I ,n
'"' \
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\ '\I' 11ij• \1 \,,,,~ht J:1 ) I t)M 1111!11 t ✓11 )I
\ ,,, \ ,,,, ,u\1 ,,, n, h l Jn It ,u 1) 1 , '~ 111 11 II 1 ✓11 I1111 IJ I
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I'\ (11 1 I ,1 rli I I
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\'\ ' I J)

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I I ,I I I

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nf nf ,11), I I

,, . 1-4111.
ti>, I)~ ,1(1 >1 I) I I

rl
, . 11111 f
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", . ,,~~ (1/)1 I II

11111 fj
cnf
'J. 1)1
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r Ullf
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,, , •..
1111 1 I 1'
11111 e (~", U)
(
:t HI,, c;

""' ' IIJ

,, , I I
~ I,
on, 111 II ,- ('J./)1 II)
Cl, ,,n,) 'I HIii?

,, ." I, I II/ J1 I
ii, :101 >1
')ll ll ~ ('I.JJ, (I)
it, (IO/J, I ;jlj/ Jf
, lil1l 7,
 Engi,neering Mathe
n~~----------------- --'------~---~lllo
:94

=,-, [z(5+ 6D,) 25~36 sinz-{2D1 -6) 25-60~1 -36 sin,]

1 . ]
= e-z [_!__ (5 + 6D1) sinz + (2D1 -6) 11 + 60D1 smz
61
1
D -11) 3600D2-121slll
·
- -z _!__(5sinz+6cosz)+(2D1-6)(60 1
- e [ 61 1

120D12 - 382D1 + 66 Slil . ]

Z . 6 ) :::.:::.._:__.:.-----:-~-- Z
=e-z 61 (5smz+ cosz + -3600-121
[
120(-sinz)-382cosz + 66sinz]
=e-z _!__(5sinz+6cosz)+ -3721
[ 61
Using (2) and (3), (1) becomes
-z [ 120(-sinz)- 382cosz + 66sinz]
P.I. = e6 + e-z 6z1 (5sinz + 6cosz) + - 3721

-1
1 [logx 5sin(logx)+6cos(logx)+ 54sin (logx) + 382 coslogx]
or P.I. = \ + x 3721
61
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
or y = 3 log x) + C2 sinh ( ✓
x2 [C1 cash ( ✓ 3 log x)]

+ -
x - 1 + -1 [logx . ) 54sinlogx+ 382coslogx]Ans.
--(5sm 1ogx + 6 cos 1ogx +--____;=------~
6 X 61 3721
1
Example 6. Solve (:x:2D2 + 3xD + l)y = .
(1-x) 2

Solution: Let x =~or z = log x and D 1 =.!!:_.

dz
The given equation becomes (without changing the RHS of the given equation)
1
[D1(D1 -1) + 3D1 + l]y = (l-x) 2

or (D/ + 2D1 + l)y = l ... (1

(1- x) 2
TheA.E. is m2 + 2,n + l = o
or (m + 1)2 = O
or m =- l, -1
CF = (CI + C2z) e-z =(CI+ C2 log x) x-I ... (2
1
PI = - - - (1 - x)- 2 = l 1 - 2
(D1 + 1)2 (DI + 1) . (D1 + 1) (1 - x)
,,,,,,,,),L~'
r ~• llt'1)l1/I 1 lllPfll h'rt11t1/Jn1J R fl/ IC11r,,, .(',1111·/1y' ..~ I',((llof1r11111 ( ,,lllf Ill) i'Jf,

1
1)1 I l
X , I x' I (1 .t) '.I. rlt
o, ► (j
X X '
1
Jx" IX ,I,: l
L
D1 I 1
X I (1 . x) I : X I f XI I (X I ( I X) 'J r/t;

=x- 1 f x(l-x)
dx =x l f (_!_ _1_) dx
x
t-
1 -x

= x- 1 [log x - log (1 - x)] = x- 1 log ( ~ ) .

1 -x
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.
1
or Y = x- (C1 + C2 log x) + _!_ log(~). Ans.
X 1 -X
d 2y d
Example 7. Solve x2 - -2 + 4x2 + 2y = ex
dx dx ·

Solution: Let x = e2 or z = log x and D 1 = ..!!:.._

dz
The given equation becomes [without changing the R.H.S. of the given equation]
[D 1(D 1 - 1) + 4D 1 + 2]y = ex
or (D 12 + 3D1 + 2)y = ex ... (1)
ItsAEis m 2 +3m+2 =O
or m =-1,-2
CF = cl e- z + C2 e - 2z = cl x- l + C2 x- 2

PI = 1 ~= 1 er
Di + 3D1 + 2 (D1 + 2)(D1 + 1)

=[ D1\ 1 - D1\ 2] e" [-.- D1l+ o. X -x-• Jx•-1 X dx]

= 1 ex - 1 ex = x - 1 J xl - 1 ex dx - x-2 J x+ 2 - l tr
D 1 +1 D 1 +2

= x- 1 J ex dx - x- 2 f x ex dx = x- 1 ex - x- 2 [xex - e-\1
= x- 2 ex.
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P .I.

or

d 2y dy
Example 8. Solve x2 ~ - 4x-d + 6y = x.
dx x
 296 Engineering Matheirtak

d
Solution: Let x =ez or z =log x and D1 = dz
The given equation reduces to (without changing the R.H.S. of the given equation):
[DI(DI - l)-4D 1 + 6]y = x
or (DI 2 - 5D1 + 6)y = x
ItsA.E. is m 2 - 5m + 6 = 0
or (m - 3)(m - 2) = 0
,n =2, 3
CF =cl e2z + C2 e 3z = cl x- 2 + C2 x- 3
1 1 [ 1
x = --=----
m Xm
PI = ---;;----
Df-5D +6 1 2 -5.1+6
x ·: ---:- x
. f(D1)
=--,
f(m)
f(m) t
1

2
Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

or -3+ An S.
y --CIX-2+C2X 2·
X

Example 9. Solve (:i1D3 + 2x2D2 + 2)y = 10 (x + x1); D = !!:_.

dx

Solution: Let x =ex or z =log x and D1 = !!:_.

dz
The given equation reduces to [without changing the R.H.S.]
[D 1(D 1 - l)(D1 -2) + 2D1(D1 -1) + 2]y = lO(x + x-1)
or 3 2
(DI - DI + 2)y = lOx + lox- 1
ItsA.E. is 3
m -m2 +2 =O
⇒
m =- l, l ± i
CF =C1 e-z+eZ(C2 cosz+C sinz)
or 1 3
CF = cl x- + X [Cl cos (log x) + C3 sin (log x)]

PI = l (lOx + IOx- 1)
Df-Df +2 ... (1)
P .I. corresponding to lOx is

1 1
na n2 lOx = 10 3 2 X
1 - 1 +2 1 -1 +2
lOx
= =5x
P.I. corresponding to rnx-1 is
2 ... (2)
 2'17

10
- D3 l : IO ----,---:,-~~- t'
1 -
:i
D1 + 2
X
(Dl, 6 o;- 2v, 1i

1 1 =2 1 - .r
=10- - - x l 1
D1 + 1 5. D1 t 1

= 2. (logx)1 :\.- 1
~ .
2 ... (3)
= - (log x)
X

Using (2) and (3), (1) becomes

2
P .I. = 5x + - log x.
X

Hence the required general solution is y = C.F. + P.I.

or y = C1 x- 1 + x [C 1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x)] + 6x +3.. log x. Ans.

X

Example 10. Solve (x2D 2 + 2xD)y = xex.

Solution: Let x=ez or z=log xand D = :z 1

0
The given equation becomes [D 1(D 1 - 1) + 2D 1]y = ez . e z
or (D 12 + D 1)y = ez. eez
Its A.E. is m2 + m = 0
or m(m + 1) = 0
⇒
m = 0, -1.
1
CF =C 1 +C2 e-z =C 1 +C2 x- .

Pi 1 ~ ez [ 1 1 ] ., l.z
= D1 (D1 + 1) . e = D1 - D1 + 1 e" . e

1 z ez 1 z ez
= D1 e . e - D1 + 1 e . e

= J ez . eez dz - e- z J ez . (ez ,fz) dz

= J ez eez dz - e- z J e2z eez dz
Put eZ = £
P .I. =
eez - e-z {(ez - l) eez} =e- z. eez = x 1 ex
Hence the required general Aolution is y = C.F. + P.I.
or y = C 1 + Ci x
1
+ x J ex. Ans.
 Engineering Mrit~
:29~8~------------- ------------ - ~
EXERCISE 4(A)
Solve the following differential equations:
2
I. (x1-D 2 + 2xD - 20)y = (x + 1) .
2. (t'D 2 + xD - 4)y = x2.
3. (x1-D 2 + 7xD + l3)y = log x.
4. (x3D 3 + 3x1-D2 + xD + l)y = log x + x.
5. (3x1-D 2 - 5xD + 5)y = sin (log x).
6. (x4 D 4 + 6x3 D 3 + 4x2D2 - 2xD- 4)y = 2 cos (log x).
7. (x2D 2 -xD + 3)y = x2 log x.
8. [(x2D 2 - (2m - l)xD + (m 2 + n 2)]y = n 2 x1ri log x.
3
9. (x2D 2 - 2xD + 2)y = x2 log x + x .
10. (x2D2 - xD + 2)y = x log x.
11. (x2D 2 + xD)y = 12 log x.
12. (x4D 3 + 2x3D 2 -x2D + x)y = l.

13. (x3D 3 + 2x2D2 + 2)y = 1o(x + ~).

14. (x4D 4 + 6x3D 3 + 9x2D2 + 3xD + l)y = (1 + log x) 2 .

2
15. Reduce 2x2y ~; + 4y = x2
2
(!) + 2xy (!) to homogeneous form by making
substitution y =z2 and hence solve it.
16. (x2D 2 + xD + l)y = log x . sin (log x).
17. (x2D 2 + 4xD + 2)y = x + sin x.
18. (x2D 2 + xD - l)y = x2e 2x.
19. (x2D 2 - 3xD + 4)y = 2x2.
20. (x2D2 + xD- 4)y = x2.

ANSWERS

3
3. Y = x- [C1 cos (2 log x) + C2 sin (2 log x)] - - 1-13 log x- 6)
169 ·

4. Y = C1 x- + x
1 112
[c 1 cosl( ✓23 log x)1+ c sinl( ✓23 logxJl] + x
2 + log x.
2
5. y = Clx + cr51a + 1~ [sin (log x) + cos (log x)].
 , ().-.Cll('l.ms
111 11 :-
Li11f'C1t Equat1011s 01· .
Eult•r-Couc/, Y ,s, E4 q11af,1ons (Unit-III)
n< 200

2
6..' = C 1x2 + C2x- + C3 cos (log x) + C•I sin (1og x·) - 1 1og x sm
. (log x).
5
• .\"2
1 3
i . .' = C1x- + C2x - (2 + 3 log x).
9
s. ." = x"l [C1 cos (n log x) + c2 sin (n log x)] + xn log X.

9. ·' = Cr'C + C2x2 - x log x + ~ x3 + ~ x2 [(log x)2 - 2 log x]

10. y = x [C 1 cos (log x) + C 2 sin (log x)] + x log x.

3
11. ·'=cl+ C2 log x + 2 (log x) .
1
12. y = (C 1 + C2 log x)x + C3x- 1 + 1 log x.
4 x-
1
13. }' = C1x- + x(C2 cos (log x) + C3 sin (log x)) + 5x + ~ log x.
X
14. y =(Ci+ C2 log x) cos (log x) + (C3 + C4 log x) sin (log x) + (log x)2 + 2 log x- 3.

15. (x2D2 -x.D+l)z=O;D= 1.y=z2=(C1 + C2 logx)2 x2.

16. y = C1 cos (log x) + C2 sin (log x) + ~ log sin (log x) - ~ (log x)2 cos (log x).
1 1
17. y = cl x- 2 + Clx-
1
+ 6 x- x2 sin X.

1
18. Y = C1x + C 2 x- 1 + -8 e2x (2 - x- 1) .
19. y = (C1 + C2 log x) x2 + x2 (log x)2 .
20. y = cl x2 + C2 x- 2 + _!, x2 log x.
4

4.6 EQUATIONS REDUCIBLE TO HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR FORM :

LEGENDRE'S LINEAR EQUATION
A linear equation of the form
[ao (a+ bxyi v i + al(a + bxyi - 1 nn - l + ... +an - I (a+ bx)D + an]Y = X, ... (1)
where a , a a , ... , an are constants and Xis either a function of x or constant, is called
0 1 2
Legendre's linear equation.
Note that index of (a+ bx) and the order of derivative is same in each term of such equations.
Methods of solution. To solve (1), introduce a new variable z such that
dz b
a + bx = ex or z = log (a + bx) ⇒ dx ... (2)
a+bx
d d ... (3)
Let D 1 = - , andD = -
dz dx
300

l◄'\rom (2), Wl' hnVl'

dy dy dz rJy b dy [hy (2)1
dx dz dx dx rt 1-hx rlz
dy
(a+ bx) dx = b dy or (a+ bx) Dy= bD,y
dz
d2y
Again d ( dy) _ .!!:.._ ( b . dy) , [by (ttJJ
dx 2 = dx dx - dx a + bx dz

_ b2 dy + b . .!!:.._ (dy)
- - (a+bx)2 dz a+bx dx dz

b2 dy + b .!!:.._ (dy) . dz
= - (a+ bx)2 dz a+ bx dz dz dx
2 2
or d z _ b d + ___
J.. b d 2y b - (by (2)J
--
dx2 - - (a+ bx)2 dz a + bx · dz 2 • a + bx

or (a+ bx)2 d2;

dx
= b2 (d2y - dyJ
dz 2 dz
or 2 2
(a + bx) D y = b2(D/ - D 1)y
or (a + bx) 2 D 2y = b 2 D 1 (D1 - I)y
Proceeding similarly, we have
(a+ bx) 8 D 8y = b3D 1 (D1 - l)(D - 2)y
1

(a+ bx)n Dn y = bn Dl (Dl - l)(Dl - 2) ... (Dl - n + l)y

Now substituting the values of
1
(a+ bx)n D/1, (a+ bx)IL - l Dn - , ... , (a+ bx) 2 D 2 , (a+ bx) D etc. in (1), we have
[a 0 bn D 1 (D 1 - 1) ... (D 1 - n + I) + ... + an _ b D +
1 1
y = Z, a,J
which is a linear equation with constant coefficients in variables y and ~; Z 1s now a

of z and is obtained by using the transformation (2) by replacing x by e z - a .

Let a solution of (1) bey= F(z). b
Then the required solution is
y = F[log (a+ bx)], as z = log (a+ bx).
2 d2y dy
Example 11. Solve (1 + x) - l 2 + ( L + x) · - +'\I= ,J cos loo· (1 + )
cx dx ✓ s x.
Solution: Given equation is
2 2
[(l + x) D + (1 + x)D + l]y ""' ,1 cos log (l + x)

Let 1+X = (';z,

or::- lo~ (1 + .r) nnd l)l d
d:-
 io11

-;a:_ :v ~ _u--~ = - J :'

-r:- - ~
=- ~ =
---::. -=:JE:= •.J8)

- -..,,,re re - - =--
-~-- -
~ -= :=; - :=
_..,.........;..)J;,._. · -

_(1)

_(:2)

.2..:::-.:::... ~~- mz:- ::=:

-n: - .£ ,t..-:

:-5-:5

-
=---------- =-= ------
302 Bngineering ,.~
-------------------------------

- ------JY/(J/

Ex nin pl e 18. Solve [(3x + 2) 2 D 2 + 3(3x + 2)D - 36/y = 3:x:2 + 4x + 1 ,· D = d~ .

Solution: Let (3x + 2) d

=ez or z =log (3x + 2) and D 1 = dz .

Then (3x + 2)Dy =3D1 y, (3x + 2) 2 D y =3 2 . DI (DI -

2
I) y
Thus the given equation becomes :

2
[3 D 1 (D 1 - 1) + 3. 3D1 -36] y = a( e' 3
- 2)' + 4( e' 3-2)+ 1,

[-.- 3x = e'-2 or x~ e'

2
or (9D1 - 9D1 + 9D1 - 36)y = ~ (e2z - 4e' + 4) + : (e' _ 2) + 1

or 1 1
9(D12 - 4)y = _ e2z
3 3
or
(Dl 2 - 4)y = 2\ (e2z - 1).
Its
A.E. is m 2 - 4 = o
or
,n =±2

or CF = cl e2z + c2 e- 2z
CF = C 1 (3x + 2)2 + c 2 (3x + 2)- 2
P 1 1
I = 2 . - (e2z - 1)
Dl -4 27
...(
PI corn~sponding to e2z is
27

2~ D 21 4 e2z - __!_ 1 - 1 2z 1 1
I - 27 (D1 + 2) (D1 - 2) e = 27 2+2 1
- - - e2z
D1 -2
=_!__ l 2z 1 z [
108 D 1 - 2e == - • - e2 z ·• 1 az z" oz
108 11 · e - e
1
== - z e 2 z _ 1
L: (D1 - a),. - L.!:
108 - 108 [(3z + 2) 2 log (3x + 2)]
PI corresponding to _ __!_ or eOz ... (2
27 - - is
27
1
-=-- ( - eOz) 1 1
D'f-4 27 ==- 27 ~ eOz == - J:_ _2:_ Oz
D1 -4 27 0 -4 e
l/,JIIH'~t'lh'OIIS T.,i11cor Eqnations or Enler-Cauchy's Eqnations (Unit-Ill)

1
... (3)
108 .
Using (2) and (3), (1) becomes
1 1
PI = - [(3x + 2) 2 log (3x + 2)] + - .
100 100
Hence the required general solution is y =CF+ PI
2 2
or y = C 1(3x + 2) + Cl3x + 2t + ~ [(3x + 2) 2 log (3x + 2)] + ~ . Ans.
1 8 1 8

EXERCISE 4(8}
Solve the following differential equations:
1. (x + 3)2 Y2 - 4(x + 3) Y1 + 6y = X.
2. (2x + 5)2 y 2 - 6(2x + 5) y 1 + Sy = 0.
3. (2x - 1)2 y 2 + (2x - l)y 1 - 2y = 0.
4. (x + 1)2 y 2 + (x + 1) y 1 = (2x + 3)(2x + 4).
5. (1 + 2x)2 y 2 - 6(1 + 2x)y 1 + 16y = 8(1 + 2x)2.
6. (x + 1)2 y 2 - 3(x + l)y 1 + 4y = x2.
7. 16(x + 1)4 y 4 + 96(x + 1) 3 y 3 + 104 (x + 1)2 y 2 + 8(x + l)y 1 + y = x2 + 4x + 3.
8. (1 + x)2 y 2 + (1 + x)y 1 + y = 2 sin log (1 + x).

ANSWERS
x+2
1. y = C1(x + 3) 2 + Cix + 3) 3 + - -.
2

2. y = (2x+ 5) 2 [C1 cosh (../2,log (2x+ 5)) + C2 sinh (../2,log (2x+ 5))].

3. y = C1(2x- 1) + (2x- 1) [ C2 cosh( ~ log (2x -1)) + C sinh( ~ log(2x -1)]

3

2
4. Y =cl+ C2 log (1 + x) + x2 + 8x + [log (1 + x)] + 7.
2
5. Y = (1 + 2x) 2 [C1 + C2 log (1 + x) + {log (1 + 2x)} ] .

6. y = (x + 1)2 [C + log (1 + x)] - 2(x + 1) + .!_ + .!_ (x + 1)"2 {log (x + 1)} 2

1 4 2
112
7. y = (x + 1) 112 [C1 + C2 log (1 + x)] + (x + 1)- [C8 + C4 log (1 + x)]
1 2
+ 225 (x + 1)2 + 9 (x + 1).
8. Y = C1 cos log (1 + x) + C2 sin log (1 + x) - log (1 + x) cos log (1 + x).