CONSERVATION OF GONGA SHIVALYA, CHUPIN GHAT

INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

DESIGN STUDIO- VIII

CONSERVATION OF GONGA SHIVALAYA

CHUPIN GHAT, BHAKTAPUR

SUBMITTED BY SUBMITTED TO

SUNITA LIGAL 073BAE543 AR. RENU MAHARJAN

SAMITA THAPA 073BAE532 AR. PURSHWOTTAM AWAL

SUNIL SHRESTHA 073BAE542

SMITA NEAUPANE 073BAE539

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Acknowledgement

Our first and foremost gratitude goes to Department of Architecture, Thapathali Engineering Campus for
including Conservation Studio in academic course of Bachelors in Architectural Engineering in Fifth year/
1st Part. For including such course has not only helped broaden our knowledge in understanding culture,
history, traditions and beliefs of different ethnic groups, but also helped in expanding our knowledge on
resonance of cultural background with the architectural space.

We would also like to take this opportunity to extend our sincere gratitude to Ar. Purshwottam Awal and
Ar. Renu Maharjan for their constant effort and proper guidance in helping complete the project
successfully. They have ceaselessly helped us learn, acquaint ourselves with their knowledge required in
this field. We are also indebted by the support, guidance and positive interactions provided by Prof. Shree
Hari Thapa for his guidance and help during the study period.

Similarly, we would like to extend our profound gratitude to Bhaktapur Municipality, Mr. Bal Krishna
Shrestha and his teams for sharing the necessary documents and details of the site with us. We would
express our thankfulness for all the individuals who have participate in interview and express their past
experience and idea of site. We are thankful to every friend, senior and teachers who have indirectly
collaborated during this project.

Yours Sincerely,

Samita Thapa (073/BArch/532)

Smita Neupane (073/ BArch/539)

Sunil Shrestha (073/BArch/542)

Sunita Ligal (073/BArch/543)

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1 Contents
2 Heritage ............................................................................................................................................... 12
2.1 Heritage Conservation................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 What To Conserve?..................................................................................................................... 12
2.3 Built Heritage .............................................................................................................................. 12
2.4 Heritage Listing .......................................................................................................................... 13
2.5 Criteria Of Heritage Listing ........................................................................................................ 13
2.6 Values In Conservation ............................................................................................................... 13
2.6.1 Emotional Values ................................................................................................................ 13
2.6.2 Cultural Values ................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.3 Use Values .......................................................................................................................... 13
3 History Of Conservation ..................................................................................................................... 14
3.1 Eugene Emmanuel Violet-Le-Duc .............................................................................................. 14
3.2 John Ruskin................................................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Camilo Boito ............................................................................................................................... 14
4 Charters On Heritage Conservation .................................................................................................... 15
4.1 Venice Charter ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.2 Burra Charter .............................................................................................................................. 15
4.3 Icomos ......................................................................................................................................... 16
4.4 Icomos, Nepal ............................................................................................................................. 16
5 Heritage Conservation In Nepal .......................................................................................................... 17
5.1 Lichhavi Period ........................................................................................................................... 17
Conservation Works ................................................................................................................................ 17
5.2 Malla Period ................................................................................................................................ 17
5.3 Rana Period ................................................................................................................................. 17
5.4 Shah Period ................................................................................................................................. 17
6 Heritage Value .................................................................................................................................... 18
7 Conservation Approach....................................................................................................................... 19
8 Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 21
8.1 Techniques Of Documentation ................................................................................................... 21
8.1.1 Image-Based Techniques .................................................................................................... 21
8.1.2 Non-Image-Based Techniques ............................................................................................ 21
Laser Scanner: ................................................................................................................................... 22
8.1.3 Combinative Methods ......................................................................................................... 22
9 Institutional Agency On Heritage Conservation ................................................................................. 23
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9.1 Department Of Archaeology (Doa)............................................................................................. 23

9.2 The Guthi Corporation ................................................................................................................ 24
9.3 Indian Cooperation...................................................................................................................... 24
9.4 Unesco Assistance ...................................................................................................................... 24
10 Legislation For The Conservation And Management Of Kathmandu Valley World Heritage
Property ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
10.1 Convention Concerning The Protection Of The World Cultural And Natural Heritage, 16
November 1972....................................................................................................................................... 25
10.2 Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 2013 (1956) .................................................................... 25
11 Operational Guidelines For The Implementation Of World Heritage Convention, 1980 (Revised
Version 2011): ............................................................................................................................................ 27
11.1 Integrated Management Plan/Framework For Kvwhp, 2007 (Imp/F) ........................................ 27
11.2 Bylaw For The Construction, Renovation And Conservation Of The Private And Public Houses
Within The Entire Protected Monument Zone, 2064 (2007) .................................................................. 27
11.3 Local Self Governance Act, 2055 (1999) ................................................................................... 27
11.4 The Guthi Corporation Act, 2033 (1976).................................................................................... 28
11.5 Town Development Act, 2045 (1988) ........................................................................................ 28
11.6 Local Administration Act, 2028 (1971) ...................................................................................... 28
12 Case Study ...................................................................................................................................... 29
12.1 Conservation Approach In Bagan ............................................................................................... 29
12.2 Case Study Of Tiered Temple Structural Detail ......................................................................... 32
12.3 Case Study Of Dhaubadel Shivalaya Of Chupin Ghat................................................................ 34
12.3.1 Site Background .................................................................................................................. 34
12.3.2 History Of Chupin Ghat ...................................................................................................... 35
12.3.3 Present State Of Two Shivalayas ........................................................................................ 36
12.3.4 Conservation Approach Of Dhaubadel Shivalaya .............................................................. 37
13 Conservation Project ....................................................................................................................... 40
14 Conservation Of Gonga Shivalaya Of Chupin Ghat ....................................................................... 40
14.1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 40
14.1.1 Study Approach................................................................................................................... 40
14.1.2 Site Visit.............................................................................................................................. 40
14.1.3 Data Collection ................................................................................................................... 40
14.1.4 Location And Extent: .......................................................................................................... 41
14.1.5 Detail Information: .............................................................................................................. 41
14.1.6 Detail Drawings And Photographs (Information In Greater Details): ................................ 41
14.2 . Heritage Value Assessment Of The Monument........................................................................ 41
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15 Documentation Detail: .................................................................................................................... 45

15.1 Existing Site Plan Detail ............................................................................................................. 45
15.1.1 Site Section ......................................................................................................................... 46
16 Element- A – Shrine Of Narayan Temple ....................................................................................... 47
16.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 47
17 Element -B- Base Of Trisul ............................................................................................................ 48
17.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 48
18 Element C- Shiva Temple ............................................................................................................ 49
18.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 49
19 Element -D- Sidhhilaxmi Temple With Bhajan Area ..................................................................... 50
19.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 51
20 Element-E- Gonga Shivalaya .......................................................................................................... 52
20.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 55
21 Element – F- Statue Of Hanuman ................................................................................................... 58
21.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 58
22 Documentation Detail ..................................................................................................................... 59
Proposal .................................................................................................................................................. 59
23 Documentation Detail ..................................................................................................................... 60
23.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 60
24 Element-I-Narayan Temple............................................................................................................. 61
24.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 64
25 Element-J- Base Of Garud .............................................................................................................. 66
25.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 66
26 Element-K-Sacred Bull ................................................................................................................... 67
26.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 67
27 Element-L-Pati ................................................................................................................................ 68
27.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 69
28 Element-M-Ganesh Temple ............................................................................................................ 70
28.1 Proposal...................................................................................................................................... 70
29 Element- N- Kitchen Of Astamatrika ............................................................................................. 71
29.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 71
30 Element -P-Astamatrika .................................................................................................................. 72
30.1 Proposal Drawing........................................................................................................................ 74
.................................................................................................................................................................... 75
31 Element-Q-Temple ......................................................................................................................... 76
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31.1 Proposal....................................................................................................................................... 78
32 Other Documented Elements .......................................................................................................... 80
Hanuman Idol...................................................................................................................................... 81
Shiva Idols .......................................................................................................................................... 81
33 Proposed Masaterplan ..................................................................................................................... 82
34 Proposed Sattal................................................................................................................................ 83
35 Proposed Gallery Sapce .................................................................................................................. 85
36 3d Views ......................................................................................................................................... 88
37 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................... 91

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Figure 1 Bagan Temple Complex ............................................................................................................... 29

Figure 2 Location Map................................................................................................................................ 29
Figure 3 Point Cloud Of Loka Heit Temple Complex ................................................................................ 31
Figure 4 Drawing Of North Facade ............................................................................................................ 31
Figure 5 Orthographic Projection Of North Facade.................................................................................... 31
Figure 6 Wall Structure Of Tiered Temple ................................................................................................ 32
Figure 7 Structure Detail Of Tiered Temple ............................................................................................... 32
Figure 8 Joinery System Used On Tiered Temple ...................................................................................... 33
Figure 9 Traditional Roofing Structure ....................................................................................................... 33
Figure 10 Bisket Jatra At Site ..................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 11 Morning Bhajan At Site.............................................................................................................. 34
Figure 12 Location Map.............................................................................................................................. 34
Figure 13 Saradey Rituals At Site ............................................................................................................... 34
Figure 14 Bhimsen Temple Of Site ............................................................................................................ 34
Figure 15 Addition Of Metal Beam In Structure ........................................................................................ 37
Figure 16 Addition Of Glass And Double-Glazed Window System ......................................................... 38
Figure 17 Modification Of Staircase ........................................................................................................... 38
Figure 18 Traditional Style Mandap Design ............................................................................................... 39
Figure 19 Roofing Structure Of Mandap .................................................................................................... 39
Figure 20 Complex Structure Before Earthquake ...................................................................................... 40
Figure 21 Flooring Detail Of Site ............................................................................................................... 45
Figure 22 Agricultural Land Over Site ...................................................................................................... 45
Figure 23 Location Map............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 24 Entry Staircase ............................................................................................................................ 45
Figure 25 Hanuman Idol ............................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 26 Main Road Of Site ...................................................................................................................... 45
Figure 27 Sectional Detail Of Existing Condition Of Site .......................................................................... 46
Figure 31 Roof Plan .................................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 28 Present State Of Shrine ............................................................................................................. 47
Figure 29 South Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 47
Figure 30 Plan ............................................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 32 East Elevation ............................................................................................................................. 47
Figure 33 Proposed West Elevation ............................................................................................................ 47
Figure 34 Proposed East Elevation ............................................................................................................. 47
Figure 35 Existing Structure ....................................................................................................................... 48
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Figure 36 Reference Trishul ....................................................................................................................... 48

Figure 37 Documented Plan And Elevation Of Trishul Base ..................................................................... 48
Figure 38 Proposed Trisul ........................................................................................................................... 48
Figure 39 Present State Of Temple ............................................................................................................. 49
Figure 40 Documented South Elevation ..................................................................................................... 49
Figure 41 Cornice Detail ............................................................................................................................. 49
Figure 42 Roof Plan .................................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 43 Plan ............................................................................................................................................. 49
Figure 44 Proposed North View ................................................................................................................. 49
Figure 45 Proposed South View ................................................................................................................. 49
Figure 46 Sectional Detail .......................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 47 Present State Of Structure........................................................................................................... 50
Figure 48 Reference Masterplan ................................................................................................................. 51
Figure 49 Unmanaged State Of Pinnacle .................................................................................................... 52
Figure 50 Present Condition Of Temple ..................................................................................................... 52
Figure 51 Broken Roof Parts Structure ...................................................................................................... 52
Figure 52 State During Documentation ...................................................................................................... 52
Figure 53 Interior Condition ....................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 54 Plan And Sectional Detail Of Temple ........................................................................................ 53
Figure 55 North Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 56 South Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 54
Figure 57 Proposed Plan And Sectional Detail ........................................................................................... 55
Figure 58 North Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 59 South Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 57
Figure 60 Documented State Of Hanuman Idol.......................................................................................... 58
Figure 61 Plan Of Idol ................................................................................................................................ 58
Figure 62 Documented South Elevation ..................................................................................................... 58
Figure 63 Documented East Elevation........................................................................................................ 58
Figure 64 Present State Of Bell Structure ................................................................................................... 59
Figure 65 Documented Plan........................................................................................................................ 59
Figure 66 Reference Bell For Proposal ....................................................................................................... 59
Figure 67 Proposal Plan .............................................................................................................................. 59
Figure 68 Bell Detail................................................................................................................................... 59
Figure 69 Elevation Of Bell ........................................................................................................................ 59
Figure 70 Photograph Of Each Shiva Ling ................................................................................................. 60
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Figure 71 Present State Of Idols ................................................................................................................. 60

Figure 72 Documentation Detail ................................................................................................................. 60
Figure 73 Proposed Plan ............................................................................................................................. 60
Figure 74 Structure Before Earthquake ...................................................................................................... 61
Figure 75 Present State ............................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 76 State After Earthquake................................................................................................................ 61
Figure 77 Documented Plan........................................................................................................................ 62
Figure 78 South Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 63
Figure 79 West Elevation............................................................................................................................ 63
Figure 80 Proposed Plan And Sectional Detail ........................................................................................... 64
Figure 81 Front Elevation ........................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 82 South Elevation .......................................................................................................................... 64
Figure 83 Roof Plan .................................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 84 Roofing Structure ....................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 85 Present State Of Structure........................................................................................................... 66
Figure 86 Documented Base Of Garud ....................................................................................................... 66
Figure 87 Proposed Structure...................................................................................................................... 66
Figure 88 Documentation Detail ................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 89 North View Of Idol..................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 90 East View Of Idol ...................................................................................................................... 67
Figure 91 Documented East Elevation........................................................................................................ 67
Figure 92 Documented North Elevation Detail .......................................................................................... 67
Figure 93 Proposed East Elevation ............................................................................................................. 67
Figure 94 Proposed North Elevation........................................................................................................... 67
Figure 95 Plan Of Idol ................................................................................................................................ 67
Figure 96 Documented Plan........................................................................................................................ 68
Figure 97 Sketch Of Existing Pati............................................................................................................... 68
Figure 98 Documented North Elevation ..................................................................................................... 68
Figure 99 Proposed Drawings Of Pati ....................................................................................................... 69
Figure 100 Present State Of Temple ........................................................................................................... 70
Figure 101 Documented South Elevation ................................................................................................... 70
Figure 102 Proposed Plan, Roof Plan, Section And East Elevation ........................................................... 70
Figure 103 Sketch Showing Documented Detail ........................................................................................ 71
Figure 104 Presented Sate Of Structure ...................................................................................................... 71
Figure 105 Proposed Drawings For Structure............................................................................................. 71
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Figure 106 Sketch Showing Present State .................................................................................................. 72

Figure 107 Documented North And East Elevation .................................................................................. 72
Figure 108 Documented Door And Window Detail ................................................................................... 73
Figure 109 Reference Astamatrika Of Neighboring Complex ................................................................... 74
Figure 110 Strut’s Detail ............................................................................................................................. 74
Figure 111 Proposed Elevation And Sectional Detail................................................................................. 75
Figure 112 Present State Of Temple ........................................................................................................... 76
Figure 113 Documented Plan, Roof Plan And Sectional Detail ................................................................. 76
Figure 114 Documented West Elevation .................................................................................................... 77
Figure 115 Documented East Elevation...................................................................................................... 77
Figure 116 Proposed Plan And Sectional Detail ......................................................................................... 78
Figure 117 Roof Plan .................................................................................................................................. 79
Figure 118 Proposed East Elevation ........................................................................................................... 79
Figure 119 Shiva Idol Of River Bank ......................................................................................................... 80
Figure 120 Documentation Detail Of Main Shiva Idol............................................................................... 80
Figure 121 Documentation Detail Of Smaller Shiva Idol........................................................................... 80
Figure 122 Other Shiva Idol Of River Bank ............................................................................................... 80
Figure 123 Hanuman Idol Of River Bank................................................................................................... 81
Figure 124 Other Shiva Idols ...................................................................................................................... 81
Figure 125 Documentation Detail ............................................................................................................... 81
Figure 126 Documentation Detail Of Idols................................................................................................. 81
Figure 127 Final Proposal Masterplan ........................................................................................................ 82
Figure 128 Ritual’s Activity Infront Of Sattal ............................................................................................ 83
Figure 129 Proposed Plans.......................................................................................................................... 83
Figure 130 Old Masterplan ........................................................................................................................ 83
Figure 131 Proposed Elevation And Sectional Details ............................................................................... 84
Figure 132 Proposed Galley Plan And Elevation ....................................................................................... 85
Figure 133 Elevation And Sectional Detail Building ............................................................................... 86
Figure 134 Interior Space Of Gallery ......................................................................................................... 87
Figure 135 Balcony Space Of Gallery ........................................................................................................ 87
Figure 136 View From Balcony Of Gallery 1 ............................................................................................ 87
Figure 137 West View Of Complex ........................................................................................................... 88
Figure 138 East View Of Complex ............................................................................................................. 88
Figure 139 Rendered Master Plan............................................................................................................... 88
Figure 140 Pati Space ................................................................................................................................. 89
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Figure 141 Birds Eye South Side Of Temple Complex ............................................................................. 89

Figure 142 View From North Side Of Temple Complex ........................................................................... 89
Figure 143 Central Gazebo Resting Space ................................................................................................. 90
Figure 144 Perspective View Of Gallery Space ......................................................................................... 90
Figure 145 View Of Ticket Counter And Restroom ................................................................................... 90

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2 HERITAGE
Heritage is the full range of our inherited traditions, monuments, objects, and culture. It is the range of
contemporary activities, meanings and behaviors that we draw from them. Heritage is an essential part of
the present we live and of the future we will build.

2.1 H ERITAGE CONSERVATION

Heritage conservation is the process of maintaining and managing change to a heritage asset in a way that
sustains and where appropriate enhances its significance. The conservation principles assert that the amount
of matter does not change despite the change in shape. Heritage conservation provides concrete benefits to
property owners, to businesses and to the community as a whole:

Heritage preservation and designation increases property values, both of the restored building and
surrounding properties.
Heritage preservation can be a draw to tourism and helps businesses attract customers.
Restoration keeps money within the community, by requiring fewer materials from outside and more labor-
intensive work by local trades.
With the right programs in place, businesses and building owners can take advantage of government
programs and incentives to maintain and restore heritage buildings.
Heritage preservation is an investment in our community that rewards us today and leaves an invaluable
resource for future generations.

2.2 W HAT TO CONSERVE ?

The objective of conservation is to maintain the significance of the architectural heritage or site.
Significance is constituted in both the tangible and intangible forms.
The tangible heritage includes historic buildings of all periods, their setting in the historic precincts of cities
and their relationship to the natural environment.
Conservation of architectural heritage and sites must remain meaning for the society in which it exists.
Where the evidence of the tangible or intangible architectural heritage exists in fragments, it is necessary
to conserve it, even in part, as representative of a historic past.

2.3 BUILT HERITAGE

Built Heritage means those buildings, artifacts and structures that are of historic, aesthetic, architectural
significance, and include natural features within such areas of environmental significance or scenic beauty
such as sacred groves, hills, hillocks, etc. The cultural landscape around heritage site is critical for the
interpretation of the site and its built heritage and thus is very much its integral part.

Tangible Cultural Heritage refers to physical artefacts produced, maintained and transmitted inter
generationally in a society. It includes artistic creations, built heritage such as buildings and monuments,
and other physical or tangible products of human creativity that are invested with cultural significance in a
society.

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Intangible Cultural Heritage indicates ‘the practices, representations, expressions,

knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts and cultural spaces associated therewith –
that communities, groups and, in some cases, individuals recognize as part of their Cultural Heritage’
(UNESCO, 2003). Examples of intangible heritage are oral traditions, performing arts, local knowledge,
and traditional skills.

2.4 HERITAGE LISTING

Heritage listing are documentation of assets that can have cultural or historical value. It includes
buildings, group of buildings, and also other heritage assets as well.

2.5 CRITERIA OF HERITAGE LISTING

Criteria usually covered in a listing include:

Age of the item, and when it was created.

Techniques and technologies that were used in creating it and its uniqueness. Asset's specific style or period
design pattern.

Historical importance of the asset's creator- an artist, architect or designer. State of preservation of the asset
and current status.

2.6 VALUES IN CONSERVATION

The amount of value that we attach to objects in our daily life dictates their conservation. The most valuable
are certainly those which sustain our life physically such as food and water. After the sustenance of physical
life, social and cultural objects, attain importance. Sir Bernard Feilden who is widely recognized as an
authority in architectural conservation has written that a building is conserved if it carries emotional,
cultural and use values.

2.6.1 EMOTIONAL VALUES

Feelings of wonder, identity, continuity, spiritualism and symbolism constitute the emotional values. For
example, Taj Mahal is conserved because it is one of the wonders of the world. We have to conserve
Pashupatinath temple for spiritual reasons. We conserve Durbar Palaces and old temples because they
reflect our identity.

2.6.2 CULTURAL VALUES

Documentary, historic, archaeological age and scarcity, aesthetic and symbolic, Architectural townscape,
landscape and ecological and scientific values of a building lead to its conservation due to the cultural
values inherent in it. For example, We have to conserve Patan Durbar because of its documentary
importance. The Ashoka pillar needs to be renovated because of its sheer age.

2.6.3 USE VALUES

Certain buildings need to be conserved for their use value. If a building is still functional it is conserved.
Sometimes, buildings are conserved because of economy. Instead of constructing a new building, the
conservation of an existing building can be more economical.

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3 HISTORY OF CONSERVATION

Ideas about conservation were not dear in the early days, and differing views were put forward by
different thinkers.

3.1 EUGENE EMMANUEL VIOLET-LE-DUC

Emmanuel Violet-le-Duc was a French architect and author who restored many prominent medieval
landmarks in France. He also restored those which had been damaged or abandoned during French
revolution.

He developed a concept which he termed stylistic restoration wherein he improved the existing rather
whimsical practice of conservation into more scientific and systematic conservation methodology. He not
only advocated reconstruction, remodeling and replacement but also induced massive alternation to an
exterior that clearly mean- restoration as being the process of altering the building to a state of completeness
that had not earlier existed.

3.2 JOHN RUSKIN

John Ruskin was the leading English art critics of the Victorian era. He launched an English Movement in
favor of romantic restoration, in the middle of the nineteenth century and opposed the principles of stylistic
restoration very vehemently. He said," Do not let us deceive ourselves on this important matter, it is
impossible as impossible as to raise the dead, to restore anything that has been great or beautiful in
architecture."

3.3 C AMILO B OITO

He was an Italian restorer who, in 1883, enunciated some principles applicable to conservation works. They
form the backbone of the modern conservation movement. They are as follows:

i. Monuments have value not only for architectural study but as evidence of the history of a people
and nation and therefore must be respected, since any alteration is deceptive and leads to mistaken
deductions;
ii. Monuments should be strengthened rather than restored and additions and restoration should be
avoided;
iii. If additions are indispensable for reasons of stability or other absolutely necessary reasons, they
should be executed on the basis of certain data and with different characteristics and materials,
while maintaining the current appearance of the building;
iv. Additions made at various times must be considered part of the monument and maintained except
when they cause concealments or alterations. These principles were adopted by the International
Conference held in Athens in1931.

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4 CHARTERS ON HERITAGE CONSERVATION

4.1 VENICE CHARTER
Venice Charter is a set of guidelines, drawn up in 1964 by a group of conservation professionals in Venice
that provides an international framework for the conservation and restoration of historic buildings. The
document is now seen as outdated, representing Modernist views opposed to reconstruction.

Conservation

No new construction, demolition or modification which would alter relations of mass and colour was
accepted.
Moving of sculpture, painting or decorate on was allowed if t ensures its preservation.

Restoration

Preserve and reveal thye aesthetic and historic value of the heritage based on original documents.

4.2 BURRA CHARTER

Burra Charter defines the basic principles and procedures to be followed I the conservation of Australian
heritage places.

Preservation
Maintaining the fabric of a place to its existing state and retarding deterioration.

Restoration
Returning the existing fabric to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling
components without introduction of new materials.

Reconstruction
Returning a place to a known earlier state by introduction of new materials.

Conservation Principles
Places of cultural significance should be conserved.
The aim of conservation is to retain the cultural significance of a place
Places of cultural significances should be safeguarded and not put at risk or left in a vulnerable state.
Conservation should make use of all the knowledge, skill and disciplines which can contribute to the
study and care of the place.
Traditional techniques and materials are preferred for the conservation of significant fabrics.

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4.3 ICOMOS
ICOMOS is a non-governmental international organization dedicated to the conservation of the

world’s monuments and sites.

It was established in 1964 by a resolution of UNESCO.
It is dedicated to promoting the applicating the application o theory, methodology and scientific techniques
to the conservation of cultural heritage place.
ICOMOS also has the responsibility of advising UNESCO on world heritage listed properties and their
conservation.

4.4 ICOMOS, NEPAL

It ensures that its assigned team for any particular task report regularly to the executive committee.
It also acts as a forum to promote research, documentation, studies, planning and preservation of diverse
heritage of Nepal. It plans to organize workshops, seminars, international conferences, public awareness
campaigns as well as training.
It also collaborates with local, national and international organizations.

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5 HERITAGE CONSERVATION IN NEPAL

5.1 LICHHAVI PERIOD
C ONSERVATION W ORKS
The installation of a linga was done in Pashupati Temple.

The quadrangle of temple was raised.

The temple in Mani gram was built of bricks and that the doors and windows were fitted to them.

Conservation Agencies
Several relevant organizations were created for conservation works.

E.g., A body for maintenance of lighting, in charge of water supply and troupe of wrestlers.

5.2 MALLA PERIOD

Conservation Works
Broken Linga, due to invasion of Muslim ruler, of Pashupati temple was restored Golden kalasa and Flag
was erected to the Pashupati temple.

Construction of Aryaghat on the eastern side of temple was done.

Conservation Agencies
Chhen-Bhadel was established.

5.3 RANA PERIOD

Conservation Works
White marble slabs were put in Pashupati temple. Gilded roof of Pasupathi Temple was repaired.

Woodwork of temple was painted.

Conservation Agencies
Chhen-Bhadel continued in this period also.

5.4 SHAH PERIOD

Conservation Works
Though conservation works were very frequently carried out, most of them were small in magnitude and were
done based rather on a traditional understanding than following internationally recognized norms. Mainly in
three projects, conservation work has been done by following these rules. They are:

The Kasthamandap Renovation Project

The Hanuman Dhoka Conservation Project, the Bhaktapur Development Project were carried out.

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Conservation Agencies
Various conservation agencies for conservation works in this period are: Chhhen Badel, DoA, The Guthi
Corporation.

6 HERITAGE VALUE

The term ‘heritage values’ refers to the meanings and values that individuals or groups of people bestow
on heritage (including collections, buildings, archaeological sites, landscapes and intangible expressions of
culture, such as traditions). These values have been a key factor in the legitimation of heritage protection
and management, although the understanding of what they are has varied over time and there are nuances
between one country and another. .(Riegl 1903 (1998); Lipe 1984; Torre 2002; Lafrenz Samuels 2008;
ICOMOS 2013)].

There are many classifications of values, including historical, aesthetic, economic, social, and scientific and
an array of other. The major values on which most heritages are keened are:

Evidential/Archaeological value: the potential of a place to yield evidence of past human activity.
Historical value: the ways in which past people, events and aspects of life can be connected through a
place to the present – it tends to be illustrative or associative.

Aesthetic value: the ways in which people draw sensory and intellectual stimulation from a place.
Communal value: the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their
collective experience or memory.

Heritage values have become central to conservation so their nature and key to understanding this new
perspective of conservation lies in the nature of heritage values. Some of characteristic of heritage values
are:

1. Values are Attributed not Intrinsic

2. A Heritage Place has Multiple Values

3. Heritage Values are Mutable

4. Cultural Values are Incommensurable

5. The Values of a Place are Often in Conflict

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7 CONSERVATION APPROACH
The focus of the conservation plan and function of the heritage strategies is to provide approaches to ways
of managing the site’s heritage values and character-defining elements in systematic, authentic, and with
epoch of time. Some conservation approaches are:

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8 DOCUMENTATION

According to RecorDiM round table 3, heritage documentation is defined as:

“Heritage documentation is a continuous process enabling the monitoring, maintenance and understanding
needed for conservation by the supply of appropriate and timely information. Documentation is both the
product and action of meeting the information needs of heritage management. It makes available a range of
tangible and intangible resources, such as metric, narrative, thematic and societal records of cultural
heritage.”

Good practices in heritage conservation are based on accurate information about conditions, materials, and
transformation of built heritage sites. Therefore, heritage site documentation and its analysis are essential
parts for their conservation. Either of time, weather or various catastrophic including natural and manmade
heritage building decay and for retaining it conservation is required. Heritage documentation is growing in
innovation, providing dynamic opportunities for effectively responding to the alarming rate of destruction
by natural events, conflicts, and negligence. There are various method of heritage documentation .some of
basic technique are:

8.1 T ECHNIQUES OF D OCUMENTATION

8.1.1 I MAGE - BASED T ECHNIQUE S

Photography is a basic tool for documentation of cultural heritage Production and archiving of these data
are crucial for the future needs in the preservation and conservation process. In this process image Is base
for data acquisition of targeted heritage. It is done on basis of

Photogrammetry: Photogrammetry consists of techniques for interpreting, measuring, and modeling the
objects based on their acquired images. Panorama images are more useful for this method. This method is
an accurate technique for documenting color and texture, and providing metric data of objects with different
size and complexity in a relatively short time.

IR camera: It provides the capability of observing and documenting back structure of frescoes and
paintings, padding, older layers, hidden structures, pentimento and preparatory drawing. It also helps
analyses the composition of objects and buildings, and the state of conservation of façades, vaults and
architectural structures (Moropoulo et al., 2001; Pelagotti et al, 2007; Valvoline et al., 2007)

8.1.2 N ON - IM AGE - BASE D T ECHNIQUES

Here, images are not the base of the surveying process and the coordinates of the different points can be
accessible directly using range-based tools. They include:
. Traditional Terrestrial Survey: the traditional survey is carried through means of hand and theodolite.
Hand Survey: In this technique hand measurements are performed using a simple tape or a laser distance
measurer, „spirit level or plumb line‟ (MacDonald, 2006). The measures are recorded onto a sketch which is
drawn prior to survey. The results of the measurements can be drawn in CAD software. It is time-consuming
and needs hard field-work and Curved and high detailed surface cannot be measured with the

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1

help of this method. High accuracy cannot be guaranteed in this method even though the final production
is similar to the real object. some Inaccessible features cannot be surveyed.
Theodolite Measurement: Theodolites can be used in topographic survey, determining the coordinates
of points, and providing the outline of the targeted objects

LASER SCANNER: Laser scanners can have a wide range of applications in cultural heritage
documentation from small objects to large complex buildings. The application and capabilities of this
modern technique is continuously developing. Real-time data acquiring in a real scale, high accuracy, and
high speed and producing large number of points are among the major capabilities of laser scanners.

8.1.3 C OMB INAT IVE M ETHODS

Tools that are introduced in this section have the structure and characteristics of both previous categories.

Photo-laser scanner

Structured Light.

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9 INSTITUTIONAL AGENCY ON HERITAGE CONSERVATION

From ancient, first trend of conservation effort are almost entirely sponsored by king i.e. matter of
government. The second trend that is seen in recent decades (typically after 1970s) is a major involvement
of national and international agencies including UNESCO and other donor agencies. In between these two
main trends, there is also a third trend which exists everywhere but rarely noted in discussions; the initiatives
of local private and public agencies. As Nepal opened herself to the World in the 1950s, interaction and
exchange of people, goods and ideas made the pace of change faster than ever. Initially there were some
Nirman samitis (Construction Committees) and the Public Works Department, which used to be in charge
of repairs to ancient structures. Department of Archaeology (DOA) was then established in 1952-53 and
the first major repair work undertaken by DOA was that on Kasthamandapa. Following the establishment
of DoA, the Ancient Monuments Preservation Act was promulgated in 1956.In the 1960's various
missions of experts in town planning and the restoration of cultural property were fielded by UNESCO and
the' United Nations under the United Nations Technical Assistance Programmed, to advise on the planning
of conservation measures” (UNESCO/UNDP, 1981). Some main institutional organization on heritage
conservation are;

9.1 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY (DOA)

Department of archeology (1952AD) is primer organization for archeological research and protection of
cultural heritages of country and regulate all activities in the country as per the provision of the ‘Ancient
Monument Preservation Act, 2013’

Mission of the Department of Archaeology:

1. Preservation and protection of monuments and archaeological sites.

2. Conduct archaeological exploration and carryout archaeological excavation and publish the
report.
3. Carryout research activities on Nepalese history, culture and archaeology.
4. Collect, research and publish the archival materials.
5. Establish and enhance the museums.
6. Protection, preservation and management of the World Cultural Heritage Sites.
7. Prepare and publish the inventory of the cultural heritage.
8. Control the illicit export and import of the movable cultural property.
9. Provide technical and financial assistance to the local people and agencies for the monument
conservation.
10. Raise the awareness for the protection and promotion of the cultural heritage.
11. Publish the journal of Department of Archaeology "Ancient Nepal".

17

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9.2 THE GUTHI CORPORATION

This corporation was established under Guthi corporation act, 1964 and possess high value highland,
midlands, valley along with various jewels, temples, monasteries etc. After shortcome of this
organization, another organization known as Guthi Jirnodhar tatha Nirman Samiti or Trusts Restoration
and Construction Committee was formed under the joint collaboration of the Department of Archaeology
and Trust Corporation where the Department provided the expertise and Corporation the necessary fund.
Many monuments were conserved with this united approach but stop functioning soon.

9.3 INDIAN COOPERATION

Director general of DoA of India, studied conservation scenario in Nepal in 1960 and forwarded report to
government of Nepal clearly mentioning responsibility of DoA to conserve heritages of Nepal. In 1970, Dr
N. R. Banerjee, who was an archaeological advisor under the Indian Co-operation Mission which had its
office in Kathmandu, submitted a report on 'Preservation of Monuments in Nepal" wherein he
recommended the urgency of the preparation of an inventory of the monuments in terms of the various
architectural styles existing in the country. Furthermore, he also recommended stopping the flow of traffic
in the three Palace Squares of the valley. His report also recommended prevention of the erection of new
structures in such historic areas.

9.4 UNESCO ASSISTANCE

Under the assistance of Mr Paor, UNESCO started assisting Nepal in conservation of monuments and
heritage in 1963 and carried out evaluation of DoA and proceed its strategy and principles. The
assistance forwarded ideas of expanding historic areas and expert services should be made available to
make a preliminary survey of the monuments in the valley of Kathmandu, to identify those monuments
which are in a dire need of conservation, to carry out selected Conservation Projects so that they could be
taken for reference in future conservation works, to conduct training program for the technicians and the
craftsmen, and to advise on the preservation of monuments.
In 1970s, the hanuman dhoka was first project to be carried out by the organization. Some of principle
and rule of this organization are:
In situ preservation as the first option - Rule 1
Commercial exploitation - Rule 2
Limiting impact - Rules 3 and 4
Human remains and venerated sites - Rule 5 The
need for regulation - Rule 6
The knowledge-sharing principle - Rule 7
International cooperation - Rule 8

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10 LEGISLATION FOR THE CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF

KATHMANDU VALLEY WORLD HERITAGE PROPERTY
Nepal had ratified the convention of world cultural and natural in 1978 and Kathmandu Valley Heritage Site was
proposed for the nomination as the World Heritage in 1979. It was listed in the list of WHS in the same year
(Weise, 2005:22-34) and Lumbini (the birth place of Lord Buddha) was also listed as World Cultural Heritage
later in 1997 (Dossier, 1996). The Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Site was enlisted in Danger Listing in
2003, Revision of nomination and removal from In Danger List in 2007), is probably one of the most intricate
in the world composed of seven monument zones scattered throughout the Kathmandu Valley (Pradhananga &
Landorf, 2011:6). The valley was completely untouched from western civilization and innocent from the
technological progress at the time of inscription on the World Heritage Sites a But became contaminated with
Westernization. Then the conservation was carried down solemnly.

There are three different ways to follow the norms, values and/or legislation for the conservation and
management of KVWHP. They are:

- Traditional system or traditional norms and values

- National legislation
- International legislation

10.1 C ONVENTION C ONCERNING THE P ROTECTION OF THE W ORLD C ULTURAL AND

N ATURAL H ERITAGE , 16 N OVEMBER 1972
The convention was executed since 1975(sanctioned in 1972), which has 7 chapters and 38 articles. It
made provision for the formulation of “Intergovernmental Committee for the Preservation of the World
Cultural and Natural Heritage”, which is known as “The World Heritage Committee” (WH
Convention, 1972: Article 8) The World Heritage Fund is also provisioned (WH Convention, 1972: Article
15) by the convention for safeguarding and protection of cultural and natural heritage in emergency. Nepal
had ratified this convention in 1978 and inscribed its four heritage properties (two cultural and two natural)
in the World Heritage list. There is an Operational Guidelines for the implementation of World Heritage
Convention, 1972 (Operational Guidelines). The aim of the convention is to ensure identification,
protection, conservation, presentation and transmission to future generations of cultural and natural heritage
of outstanding universal value (UNESCO/WHC, 2008:2).

10.2 A NCIENT M ONUMENT P RESERVATION A CT , 2013 (1956)

It was formulated in 12th November 1956 and amended more than eight times and last amendment was
done in 2066 BS. The definition section of act elaborates following terminology:

“Ancient Monument” means temple, monument, house, abbey, cupola, monastery, stupa, bihar etc. which have
their importance above One Hundred year, from the point of view of history, arts, science, architectonics or art
of masonry, and this word shall also means the site of the monument as well as the human settlement or place,
and remnant of ancient human settlement, relies of ancient monument, cave etc having specific value from the
national or international point of view irrespective of the fact that such settlements or places are adjoining with
each other or are separate in the same area. (commission, 2013)

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“Archaeological Object” means the object made and used by human being in pre-historical period or
handwritten genealogy, handwritten manuscript, golden= inscription, copper inscription, petrography,
wooden inscription, bhojapatra (document written on the bark of brick tree). tadapatra (document,written
on the leaf or bark of palmyra tree), paper, coin, house where historical event has occurred or where
historically special personality has resided and things such as stone, wood, soil, ivory, bone, glass, cloth,
paper or metal used by such person or some important portion of the house in which attractively scribed
things are used, scribed or inscribed idol, temple of god or goddess, Buddhist cenotaph statue, thanks, things
used in …………, replica of animal, birds and any movable or immovable objects, which depict the history
of any country, and objects as prescribed by Government of Nepal by a Notification in the Nepal Gazette
from time to time. (commission, 2013)

3C. conservation, Maintenance and Renovation of the Ancient Monuments under Private
Ownership:

The Conservation, maintenance and renovation of the ancient monuments under private ownership which
are inside the Protected Monuments area shall be carried out by the concerned person. Provided that, if it
is deemed necessary to conserve, maintain and renovate the private ancient monuments which are of
importance from the national and international view point, by the Department of Archaeology, the
Department of Archaeology may, conserve, maintain and renovate such ancient monuments. (commission,
2013)

(2) In order to change the fundamental features of the ancient monuments, their maintenance and renovation
or to demolish such ancient monuments as referred to in Sub-section (1), the concerned person shall obtain
an approval from the Department of Archaeology. (commission, 2013).
(3)
The Ancient Monuments under Private Property may be purchased or be kept in one’s own
Protection

(1) Government of Nepal may, if it deems necessary from the point of view of protection of the
monument and the environment of the monument area, purchase any ancient monument owned by a
person as his/her private property or any land and house situated at the ancient monument area and owned
by private person or institution, on paying a price as evaluated.

(2) if the owner of any preserved ancient monument gives it without taking any price, the Chief
Archaeology Officer, giving notice to Government of Nepal should register it as a public Ancient
Monument.
7. The Ancient Monuments or Archaeological Objects of Private Ownership may be taken:

(1) If any person causes loss or damage to the ancient monuments or archaeological objects under the
private ownership or attempts to deface them, the Department of archaeology may, by making the payment
of the price fixed by a meeting of local gentlemen (Panchakirte mol), take such monuments or objects. The
concerned person may conserve them having executed a deed at the Department of archaeology, to the
effect that he would conserve such ancient monuments or archaeological objects as usual as prescribed by
the Department.
(2) If the concerned person does not conserve such ancient monuments or archaeological objects even after
execution of the deed pursuant to Sub-section (1), Department of archaeology may take such ancient
monuments or archaeological objects in its control without paying any price. (commission, 2013)

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11 OPERATIONAL GUIDELINES FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF

WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION, 1980 (REVISED VERSION 2011):
All the world heritage sites are guided by the World Heritage Convention, 1972. Operational Guidelines
(OG) was adopted by World Heritage Committee in 1980, which is easier for the practical solution and as
an assistant legislative tool for the implementation of the Convention. So, the convention and the
Operational Guidelines both exist in a parallel way. The Operational Guidelines for the implementation of
the World Heritage Convention aim to facilitate the implementation of the Convention concerning the
Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, by setting forth the procedure for:

a) the inscription of properties on the World Heritage List and the List of World Heritage in Danger;
b) b) the protection and conservation of World Heritage properties;
c) c) the granting of International Assistance under the World Heritage Fund; and
d) d) the mobilization of national and international support in favor of the Convention (UNESCO/WHC,
2011:1)
e) The OG provides a bridge legislation between the World Heritage Committee and the States Party for
the implementing the World Heritage Convention.
11.1 I NTEGRATED M ANAGEMENT P LAN /F RAMEWORK F OR K VWHP , 2007 (I MP /F)
The submission of management plan has become a prerequisite for the inscription as a World Heritage
Property since 1997 and KVWHP was inscribed in 1979; so there was no submission at that time. Objective
of the management plan actually is for governments to provide assurance to the UNESCO World Heritage
Committee that the necessarily legislative framework and management structures were in place to ensure
the long-term protection of the nominated properties.

11.2 B YLAW FOR T HE C ONSTRUCTION , R ENOVATION A ND C ONSERVATION O F T HE

P RIVATE A ND P UBLIC H OUSES W ITHIN T HE E NTIRE P ROTECTED M ONUMENT Z ONE ,
2064 (2007)
The Bylaw has provisioned especially for the private buildings as the monuments that it must keep its intact
design and outstanding universal value, the buildings which are of the characteristics of medieval Newar
Dwelling Houses Architecture that keeps the settlement intact. They have to maintain certain heights (upto 8’)
of floor, windows, doors and its style as well as the heights and width, roof style, building optimum height (35’)
and some other features of the building. The Bylaws also provisioned for the new construction in the 7 private
bare land, houses which are to be corrected, classified buildings and non-classified buildings with especial
traditional characteristics. In this way, the bylaws are the special legal tools for the conservation and management
of Kathmandu Valley World Heritage Property as well.

11.3 L OCAL S ELF G OVERNANCE A CT , 2055 (1999)

The act was executed to involve fully in every sector of development and to administrate within its territory
with full authority strengthening the power and enhancing its authorities to the local government. The
Article No. 25(GA) of part 2 Section 4 has provisioned that the ward committee must coordinate and assist
to Village Development Committee (VDC) for keeping record and conservation of traditional rest houses
for travelers (PATI – PAUWA), pilgrims rest houses (DHARMASHALA), temples, houses, land, mosques,
monasteries, mothersa, ponds, lakes, water spouts (DHARA).As per the Article no. 28 of same section, the
VDC must preserve and take care maintaining the records of all these temples, rest houses, pilgrim’s houses,
mosques, monasteries, houses, land, mothersa, ponds, lakes and water spouts etc. As per the Article 96 of
the act, each Municipality must maintain the records of their territorial cultural and religious places and has
to preserve and conserve them.

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11.4 T HE G UTHI C ORPORATION A CT , 2033 (1976)

The Guthi corporation act was executed on 2033, (1976) and amended first on 2041.This act was made to
provide for amending and consolidating laws related to Guthi corporation and Guthi corporation was
substitute for rajguthi from jurisdiction of government of Nepal and place them under a corporation.

Chapter 3, 20-27- Power of the Corporation to take over rights and liabilities of personal Guthi.

(1) If a request in writing is made by all or most of the trustees, including the donor, of any personal Guthi that
the Corporate bear the rights and liabilities of such a personal Guthi and manage and operate it by the
Corporation itself, the Corporation may take over the rights and liabilities of such a personal Guthi and
manage and operate the same.

(2)If the trustees of a personal Guthi endowed for social interest, other than a personal Guthi endow for
personal or family interest appears to have not operated the Guthi in accordance with the provisions set
forth in the Shilapatra (a deed made on the stone), religious deed (dharapatra) or donation deed(daanpatra)
and to have misappropriated the properties of the Guthi, the Corporation may take custody of, and manage
and operate, such a Guthi, despite that a request in writing is not made by the trustees.

After the Corporation has taken over the rights and liabilities pursuant to Sub-section (1) or (2), such a
personal Guthi shall be converted in to the Rajguthi, and all rights of the personal Guthi or donors, trustees
to the movable and immovable assets and God’s statues of such a personal Guthi shall devolve onthe
Corporation, and all rights and powers of the donors, trustees and beneficiaries of such a personal Guthi
shall cease to exist. (Commission, 2033).

11.5 T OWN D EVELOPMENT A CT , 2045 (1988)

This act is also very important for the conservation and management of heritage where the Town Planning
Project has executed. Since the beginning of the execution of this act, Kathmandu Valley was the
jurisdiction of the act and there are numerous monuments and archaeological spots scattered within the
valley. So, it is very important for conservation and management of those archaeological, historical and
religious important monuments and monumental area. As per the Article 9(1), to access or use such
archaeological, historical and religious places one should get permission from Municipal Development
Committee and it would prohibit doing any activities within these area. The Article 11 mentions that the
committee can prepare and execute any planning for the preservation, development and management of
any cultural and historical area under the Ancient Monument Preservation Act, 2013.

11.6 L OCAL A DMINISTRATION A CT , 2028 (1971)

The act in its Article 9(6) mentions that the Chief District Officer (CDO), who is the chief of the district
must maintain the records of their territorial public water spouts, springs, ponds, lakes, rest houses, pilgrims
houses, temples, caves, monasteries and mosques etc. and s/he must maintain those monuments through
municipality or GUTHI corporation if the monuments are going be collapsed or destroyed in the absence
of their owner. So, the act has given full power to the CDO for maintaining monuments within their territory
and keeping record of those monuments as well, which is actually the great primary work for the
conservation and management of the heritage.

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12 CASE STUDY
12.1 CONSERVATION APPROACH IN BAGAN
The site of Bagan is located in the center of
Myanmar in the south East Asia. It is one of the
most interesting and ancient Asian heritage sites
with over three thousand monuments and it is
center of Theravada Buddhism.

According to [Pilchard, 1992], the area of Bagan

includes three main areas: the lively town of
Nyaung U, the historic walled city of Old Bagan
and further on the south the New Bagan (Bagan
Myothit).From the natural point of view, the area
is featured by the Ayeyarwaddy River that crosses
all Myanmar flowing into the Andaman Sea. Figure 1 Bagan temple complex

BAGAN CULTURAL BUILT HERITAGE

It is rich in cultural and religious architecture and has a complex
variety of architectural types including monasteries, underground
structure, royal places, local housing etc. Religious architectures
in Bagan include three main typologies: stupas, temples and
monasteries. Monasteries usually use wood as its building
material, while stupas and temples are masonry structures of clay
bricks.

The interior and exterior, large areas of plain wall surfaces with
juxtaposed stucco ornaments. The decorations of temples, usually
formed in plaques, were made of silica, white clay, calcium, lead
oxide, copper oxide, chrome oxide, vanadium oxide and feldspar
(Thanegi, 2005, p.53).

Figure 2 Location map

Process of Documentation

In collaboration of graduate, undergraduate and professor of Yangon Technological University, four

members of DOA, the 6 groups were created dealing with aerial and terrestrial photogrammetry as well
as panoramic photos, laser scanning, hand measurement, character defining elements analysis and condition
assessment.

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DOCUMENTATION COMPONENTS
THE DEFINED DOCUMENTATION COMPONENTS TO BE ELABORATED FOR THE
CONSERVATION OF THE RECORDED STRUCTURES INCLUDED:

• the temple and sites’ building characterization, including character defining elements analysis and
values assessment;
• a condition assessment;
• a set of interviews with local actors concerning value of the site and the ongoing conservation
actions;
• field notes and sketches;
• measured drawings (site plans, floor plans, cross sections and elevations);
• consolidated point cloud models;
• a digital photographic portfolio;
• panoramic photos;
• a final report describing the documentation strategy and results;
• Guidelines and protocols.
The measured drawings elaborated wasin scale 1:200, 1:100 and 1:50.

DIGITAL WORKFLOWS: RECORDING STRATEGIES AND DATA PROCESSING SOLUTIONS

Considering the context of Bagan, the adopted documentation strategy consisted of the main
following steps:

1. Defining site information keeper;

2. Forming Teams (for each team elect Team Leader);
3. Employ photogrammetric technique to gather qualitative as well quantitative information of the four
recorded temples;
4. Adopting laser scanner techniques to obtain a higher level of detail of the recorded temples;
5. Panoramic photography to capture the comprehensive conditions of the site during the recording
activity;
6. Make top metric measurements with total station to reference and combine the information coming
from the laser scanning and photogrammetric survey;
7. Hand measurements have also been included in the workflow in order to present a cost-effective
technique;
8. Character defining elements analysis and condition assessment have been developed dividing the
exterior and the interior of the temples into small sections in order to be able to gain accurate
information. In this phase, field notes and digital photography supported the both characters
defining elements analysis and condition assessment.

ON-SITE RECORDING TOOLS

The documentation of temple is carried through electronic distance measurement, ), terrestrial and
aerial photogrammetry, Laser Scanning, Record Photography and Hand Measurements. The digital
recording has been carried out with the support of several surveying instruments; more specifically:

• Leica Geosystems Total Station TS11 and a Leica Geosystems Total Station TS06 with a distance
accuracy of 2 mm and angular 2 ppm for linework;
• Nikon D800 DSLR camera with 36 MP;
• tripods;

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• Drone Phantom 2 Vision +; (Figure 6)

• DJI Inspire 1;
• Nodal Ninja adapter for aspherical images and fisheye
Nikkor 10.5mm lens;
• 2 Faro Laser Scanner Focus3D.

INFORMATION PROCESSING STRATEGY

Information coming from aerial/terrestrial photogrammetry and
laser scanning (point cloud) has been combined with Total Station
data and hand measurements. The point clouds created from the
different techniques have been combined in Autodesk Recap and
Faro Scene and terrestrial photogrammetry and laser scanning
combined in Autodesk Recap.

Once all the data has been processed, the consolidated colorized
point cloud models have been used to generate orthophotos.
These are employed as graphical bases for the condition
assessment and for the analysis of character defining elements.
To generate the orthophotos, the combined point clouds in
Autodesk Recap were exported as .pts files and imported into
Geomagic Studio 2014. A new coordinate system was then
defined to ensure a perfectly perpendicular view of each façade,
and subsequently the facades were captured in high-resolution
at a size of 10,000 x 10,000 pixels. Figure 3 Point cloud of Loka heit temple complex

Two dimensional measured drawings have been developed from

these orthophotos (Figure 12)’. These drawings were drawn at a
scale of 1:50 and include enough detail to assess the condition and
to analyses the physical structure of the temple. This approach was
replicated for the successive drawings, including elevations, floor
plans, cross sections, site plans and roof plans of the four recorded
temples.

Figure 4 Drawing of north facade Figure 5 Orthographic projection of north facade

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12.2 CASE STUDY OF TIERED TEMPLE STRUCTURAL DETAIL

Since our site consist of tiered temple which is totally collapsed state, to understand its structural detail
and construction technology, we have studied journal paper of Rabindra Shilpakar. Some of inferences
from the journal are given below:

1. Masonry wall
• Unreinforced brick masonry of considerable
wall thickness is the principal structural
system
• The wall system is of box type configuration
• Wall thickness is thicker in lower level with
gradual reduction along the upper levels
• External façade built up of a trapezoidal Figure 6 Wall structure of tiered temple
shaped brick ‘dachi apa’ – to prevent
penetration of rainwater inside the wall
• Internal wall built with strong rectangular
brick- ‘ma apa’
• Middle portion is filled with brickbats
• Traditional masonry system- mud as mortar
• Generally, grey clay and yellow clay with
lustrous capability are employed for
construction of masonry walls

Figure 7 Structure detail of tiered temple

(source: Rabindra Shilpakar
PLANNING
The traditional Newari architecture temple are of Square and symmetric planning. They stand on either
two, three either five high plinths supporting overall eight of the temples. square room open on all four-
side encircled by colonnades.

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Joinery Details

• Peculiar feature- use of timber

• Structural elements- post(tham) , beams (nina), cornices, joists, rafters and other with proper joints
• Different varieties of woods such as Gwaichasi (Schima Wallichi), Salla (Pinus Roxburghi), Utis
(Alnus Nepalensis), Sal (Shorea Robustus), etc used in construction works
• Hardwood species like Sal and Gwaichasi are good in strength, termite resistance- suitable for
construction of load bearing structural elements like beams, columns, bands and framing of openings
• They do not require particular treatment for protection from termites as well as weathering.
• Joinery system different for corners, post, elongation of eaves, board, cornices and other members
• Common joints are- double notched joint; dovetail joint (dhukur puchhre sah)used to tie up inner and
outer wall plate; tabling/ scrift joint (chaku sah) for ridge purlin (challu), joists , beam joints; dog
matching joint (khicha gachhi sah) for beam joints, mortise and tenon joints for posts and meth, etc.
• Extensive use of wooden pegs (chukul

Figure 8 joinery system used on tiered temple

Roof System

• Gives distinguishing architectural characteristics to the temples of

Nepal
• Steep roof pitch and large overhanging eaves supported by rafters-
to protect temple from rain and extreme exposure to sun
• Consists of different layers of 25mm thick planking, a layer of mud
bed followed by roof tiles/ jhingati on
• Sloped roof are supported by fan rafters that start from corners in a
radial arrangement
• Dead load of overhanging roof Is supported by the rafters and
transfers to wall plates and purlins
• Inclined struts hold roof by transferring loads from purlin to wall
section- no rigid connection in between strut with purlin and
masonry wall Figure 9 Traditional roofing structure

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12.3 CASE STUDY OF DHAUBADEL SHIVALAYA OF CHUPIN GHAT

12.3.1 SITE BACKGROUND

Location- Yosinkhel, Bhaktapur

(Historical conservation zone)

Orientation- North and East

Bhadrakali temple, Bhimsen

temple, Siddhi hospital Ghats are
considerable landmarks area.
Figure 10 Bisket Jatra at site Figure 11 Morning bhajan at site

The site being located in historical

conservation zone, most of
building, temples, monuments have
their own sociocultural and
religious value. Site lies in premise
of Yosinkhel where the great bisket
jatra in new year is celebrated with
great crowd, cheers and
enthusiasm. Within it the Dhaubadel
bhadrakali temple, where every shivalaya

morning people come to worship,

do vajan and puja path. The temple
area is also socializing space where
early morning old grandmothers,
fathers, and people come over temple and
Figure 12 Location map
share their feelings.

On eastern part of site there is

ghat where local people cremate
their dead bodies, and hierarchy
of pyre space could be seen
according to caste level. People
conduct their dead rituals on
river bank near site, where they
carried their various after death
rituals. Not only that, on
Dashain and many occasion
people come over site to carry
saradeys on site.

Figure 13 Saradey rituals at site Figure 14 Bhimsen temple of site

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12.3.2 HISTORY OF CHUPIN GHAT

Chupinghat is one of the historical Ghats that has cultural and religious importance. Top official people in
past were cremated there. As of today, people who died at home is cremated in Chupinghat and who died
in hospital are burned at khore (hanuman ghat). As of Shivalaya in Chupinghat there are two Shivalayas.
One is “Gonga Shivalaya” which completely collapsed in 2015 earthquake and has not been maintained or
reconstructed. Another is Harsanarayan Shivalaya /Harsamuktyaswor Shivalaya, also called Dhaubadel
Shivalaya as it is personally owned by Dhaubadel family. This Shivalaya is still in use and maintained by
Dhaubadels as it carries religious importance. The Shivalaya opens for religious and festive purpose. Two
days in bisket, when lingo (lesindyo) is erected “lesindyo thaneu” and pulled down “lesindyo kothyeu” day,
Shivaratri, “Gathamaga Chare” Gatamangal, Holi, Naag Panchami, Shrawan Chaturdashi (Mata Puja), the
Shiva Layan is opened for public.

The river in Chupin ghat is also known as “Panchatirtha khola” because 5 rivers meet and run through
the Ghat. Bira river, Bhadra river, Tamasha river, Hanumante river and Champak river meets in Chupin
ghat. People worship and for any religious and rituals work pure water is used to be taken from here. Till
today many people believe washing face here relieved diseases, problems etc. the twelve-day death rituals
of locality are carried on bank of this river.

There are many myths related to the Chupin ghat. The real name of Chupin Ghat was Chupring Ghat which
is derived from old name of Bhaktapur “Khwopring”. In history of Bhaktapur, there always have been
internal fight for kings position among princes. The crown prince is often the first born son from their
wives. But for the position of future king, there have always been internal conflicts and conspiracies to kill.
Hence, the crown prince was chosen to be future king of Bhaktapur. The crown prince had habit of diving
in Hanumante river from mu: ta (main bridge in chupinghat). Knowing this habit of the crown prince the
other prince made a plan to kill him. The other prince (little brother of the crown prince) set the trap by
ordering the people to bury the sword (Chupi) inside the Hanumante River facing upward, so that when
the crown prince dived in the river he dies. And it happened so. Then the name Chupin Ghat was thus
derived. The ghat was believed to develop in regime of Bishwo Malla king.

After the rise of Rana power, the Rana king Dheer Shamsher (1828-1884) gifted the land to as bakas for
Dhaubadel and Gonga and they constructed of Shivalayas on the site as private Guthi part and temple for
public, according stone inscription over there the bakas land from Dheer Shamsher.

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12.3.3 PRESENT STATE OF TWO SHIVALAYAS

STATE OF GONGA SHIVALAYA

STATE OF DHAUBADEL SHIVALAYA

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12.3.4 CONSERVATION APPROACH OF DHAUBADEL SHIVALAYA

Though both shivalaya being constructed on same time period and lies on same compound, there physical
state and use value has great gap. This verdict of gap on their present state is due to conservation
approach and rehabilitation of Dhaubadel shivalaya. Some of approach that has been carried to conserve
the dhaubadel shivalaya are:

• The Dhaubadels complex was provided to Bhaktapur municipality to open then later it was
provided to hospital to open health camp in that building school.

• In august 1996 with the assistance of German ethnomusicologist Dr Gert Matthis Wegner, the
music school was opened for performing training included local musical and dancers on
collaboration of Kathmandu University, SOAS (school of oriental and African studies). The
department preserve, document and work creatively with endangered music tradition.

• In 2015 due to flood and earthquake the music school migrated was to Kathmandu chabil. The
Kathmandu Guthi Sansthan and Kathmandu University made long term agreement about
reconstruction of mahadev temples, sattals, garden, kitchen for exclusive use of department. Due
to this reconstruction, it was able to withstand the powerful destructive earthquake of 2072 BS
whereas the aligning property Gonga Shivalaya was totally devasted and destructed. Being private
property and misunderstanding between brothers of family the temple complex is not reconstructed
till date and not conserved.

Addition of steel structure to with stand the load

and provide extra strength with good open usable Addition of steel beam, and
space. other steel joints and elements
to provide strength to building
with clear open space without
column requirements.

Figure 15 Addition of metal beam in structure

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Addition glass panel on traditional

window with construction of double-
glazed system for thermal comfort and
sound insulation.

Figure 16 addition of glass and double-glazed window system

Addition glass panel on traditional

window with construction of double-
glazed system for thermal comfort and
sound insulation.

additions of structure and materials,

while maintaining the current
appearance of the building;

Additions made at various times can be

distinguished and they are temporary
and can be easily removed altered
according to need and do not cause any
functional and structural effect on old
building.

Alternation of staircase for more

functional and for more occupants
with traditional wood material and
supported by wooden struts.

Figure 17 Modification of staircase

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The new mandap was proposed and

constructed for dancing pavilion which
resemblance with slope roof and Newari
tradition. Built in 2001, the design
follows the traditional style of Newari
temples and shrines but has none of the
usual supportive brick walls or internal
pillars as the double-tiered roof simply
rest on its 12 external columns.
However, these are braced against each
other with diagonal but hardly visible
iron rods (highlighted in red color) to
cope with the horizontal shocks of
Earthquake. (Hagmuller, 2015)
Figure 19 roofing structure of mandap
The horizontal roof beams are tied
together inside, with iron rods of 1 cm
diameter: the simplest and cheapest
device to make even such a timber
building structurally resistant and, at the
same time, to keep it open on all four
sides for an audience sitting around
under the eaves of its roof. After the
quake, which damaged the main
buildings of the Music School, most of
their important contents were
immediately stored in the Dance
Pavilion to safeguard records, in
particular the precious musical
Figure 18 Traditional style mandap design instruments. (Hagmuller, 2015).In this
way the conservation of the monument
was carried down.

Thus, the two complexes at same site depicts the different state of two temple of same period and design in
different condition due different in ownership ie one being private property collaborated with government
and another being solely private property. According ancient monument act section 4, the government have
full rights to takeover those property and conserve the heritage.

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13 CONSERVATION PROJECT
14 CONSERVATION OF GONGA SHIVALAYA OF CHUPIN GHAT
In this conservation project we carried the
conservation of Gonga shivalaya adjoining
property to Dhaubadel shivalaya which is
in dilapidated state of chupin ghat.

14.1 METHODOLOGY

14.1.1 STUDY APPROACH

Our study is basically composed in three
method. In first method we approached our
study by collection information regarding
history, evolution and present state of
conserved monuments and fortified city.
Along with this we researched on the
International Charters and Monument Act Figure 20 Complex structure before earthquake
for what they have to say about the
conservation of monuments. We also
collected information from Department of Archaeology and Ancient Monumental Act for further study. We
also read and researched a number of articles, books and travel journals as secondary source of data. Further
to enrich our study we did case studies of conserved monuments and heritages on national, regional and
international level. The inferences from the case studies were then taken for our research.

14.1.2 SITE VISIT

Before heading to site, we had already prepared a base map and pinned the important area including moment
area, settlement area, major and minor street, temples, and cultural and social values. Based on the base
map we started documentation by using chain survey of site.

14.1.3 DATA COLLECTION

Following content of the inventory is based on the Principles for the Recording of Monuments, Groups of
Buildings and Sites published in 1996 by ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites). Which
was ratified by the 11th ICOMOS General Assembly in Sofia, October 1996.Since it was educational
project, we did not mention compilation date record and name of institute in individual monuments.

a) The name of the building, group of buildings or

b) A unique reference number;

c) The date of compilation of the record;

d) The name of the recording organization;

e) Cross-references to related building records and reports, photographic, graphic, textual or bibliographic
documentation, archaeological and environmental records.

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14.1.4 LOCATION AND EXTENT:

The location and extent of the monument, group of buildings or site must be given accurately. The site
consists of two adjoining temple complex and we limited our study and documentation of Gongas family
property of more than 4 ropanies which was in vulnerable state.

14.1.5 DETAIL INFORMATION:

The documentation includes following aspects:

1. The type, form and dimensions of the building, monument or site;

2. The interior and exterior characteristics, as appropriate, of the monument, group of buildings or site;

3. The nature, quality, cultural, artistic and scientific significance of the heritage and its components and
the cultural, artistic and scientific significance of: • the materials, constituent parts and construction,
decoration, ornament or inscriptions services, fittings and machinery, • ancillary structures, the gardens,
landscape and the cultural, topographical and natural features of the site;

4. The traditional and modern technology and skills used in construction and maintenance;

5. The history of management, maintenance and repairs;

6. Representative elements or samples of construction or site materials;

7.An assessment of the current condition of the heritage;

14.1.6 DETAIL DRAWINGS AND PHOTOGRAPHS (INFORMATION IN GREATER DETAILS):

In considering the different reasons for recording different levels of detail will be required. All the above
information, even if briefly stated, provides important data for local planning and building control and
management. Information in greater detail is generally required for the site or building owner's, manager's
or user's purposes for conservation, maintenance and use.

14.2 . HERITAGE VALUE ASSESSMENT OF THE MONUMENT

Value assessment is the process of identifying, articulating and establishing cultural significance. It is self-
evident that no society makes an effort to conserve what it does not value. These tools might not be as
accurate in measuring cultural value as has been accepted in the past. Value assessment of site include
natural, historical, cultural, political and present value assessment.

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Heritage Value Assessment of Chupin ghat 's Gonga Shivalaya

S.N. HISTORICAL VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES

age value Stone inscription,

1 1.000 200 yrs.+ local interview
death rituals and saradeys, festivals, daily puja
use value
2 1.000 Aradhana observation
3 Rarity and/or uniqueness 0.500 tiered temple internal structure Observation
Technological/scientific duct for flood water management, construction
4 value 1.000 technology, brick layout observation
Archival/documentary construction detail, planning, windows, door,
5 potential 1.000 element detail observation
Academic/educational
value from past to study reference for ghat element architecture,
6 present and future 1.000 temple architecture observation
Ghantakriti design, burnt brick façade, intrinsic research, interview,
Authentic value
7 1.000 cornice detail- 19th century observation
8 Creative value 1.000 each element and its construction observation
Artistic and aesthetic cornices detail, structural element joins and
9 value 1.000 detail observation
TOTAL 8.500
ARCHAEOLOGICAL
S.N. VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES
Fragility/Vulnerability observation and
1 of Artifacts 1.000 many artifacts stolen, destroyed, collapsed interview
Survival/Condition of
archaeological ruins and observation and
2 abandoned of structure 0.400 many Shivas of river bank are disposed by flood interview
3 Rarity and Uniqueness 0.500 stone statue, bell, main god and goddess observation
4 Age value 1.000 200yrs+ inscription
Potential for construction detail, planning, windows, door,
5 documentation 1.000 element detail observation
TOTAL 3.900
S.N. SOCIAL VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES
death rituals, new year and Dashain festive,
1 site for social gathering 0.600 swore saradey observation
memory of king’s murder conspiracy and for
2 memorial value 0.800 respect of owners interview
all elements temple, pati, idol, statue, doors,
3 Aesthetic and Art 1.000 window observation
Connection between
interior and exterior good riverfront development to a ghat and
4 environment 1.000 pleasing space observation
Social Stratification
5 (Ethnicity) 0.500 various space allocation according to caste level interview
TOTAL 3.900

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S.N. CULTURAL VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES

Ras bhajan area, people visit during
identity value
1 0.600 Mata tirtha aausi, new year observation
associative and symbolic name of site with the historical
2 value with origin 1.000 incident observation
Aesthetic significance to the
3 local community 0.500 it enhances the monumental zone and observation
Associative value with mainly associated to newer
4 specific community 1.000 community observation
integrating value- reflective
capacity of society,
5 innovative participation 1.000 construction detail observation
Association with the life or private property of dhaubadel and
work of a particular person, gonga family, gifted by dheer
6 group or organization 1.000 shumsher inscription
TOTAL 5.100

S.N. RELIGIOUS VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES

1 Migration of Holy Practices 0.000 N/A observation
bhajan kritan, saradey, rituals and
2 Ethical principle 0.800 other pujas observation
Symbol of local community
3 and identity 0.000 N/A observation
Directing the individual
4 lifestyle 1.000 daily worship, death rituals observation
treatment of disease, problem, trouble
5 Faith and moral value 1.000 by washing face over site interview
TOTAL 2.800
S.N. NATURAL VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFERENCES
Conservation of natural and
semi-natural systems, and of
wild species of fauna and
1 flora 0.600 river ecosystem observation
Conservation of biodiversity
2 within farming systems 0.200 annual crops rotation observation
3 Sustainable land use 1.000 river and ghat revitalization observation
Enhancement of scenic
4 beauty 0.500 river views, agricultural field observation
5 Ex-situ collections 0.000 N/A observation
Outstanding examples of
humanity's inter-relationship
6 with nature 0.800 pepaal tree, river and human Observation
Historically significant pepal tree as brahma nal both observation
7 discoveries 0.600 environment and cultural related

TOTAL 3.700

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S.N CONTEMPORARY VALUE SCORE EVIDENCE REFRENCES

all elements-temple, door, window,
educational value
1 1.000 pati, sattal observation
2 economic /financial value 0.000 no any economic activity observation
3 functional value 0.200 only on specicfic purpose observation
4 political value 0.000 N/A observation
5 operational value 0.600 For reconstruction purpose observation
situational value- influence in have high potential but not used in
6 evaluations of tourism 0.000 present observation
potential value- future
exploitation and generation private property, unmanaged and
7 of value 1.000 present condition observation
interior and exterior space for specific observation and
8 real state value 1.000 cultural activity research
TOTAL 3.800

total 31.3/45

The site has scored 31.3 out of 45, which depict site has good heritage values and had good potential on
various socio, cultural, economic aspects. The site has maximum values on historical value as it has
maximum historically significant. Cultural and religious value of site is also high with minimum religious
sub ground value.

Thus, the conservation of site should be carried as soon as possible before it became more devasting state
than and concerned authorities should be concerned of the site and monuments.

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15 DOCUMENTATION DETAIL:
15.1 EXISTING SITE PLAN DETAIL

Figure 22 Agricultural land Figure 24 Entry staircase

Figure 26 Main road of site Figure 25 Hanuman idol
over site

A- NARAYAN SHRINE
B- BASE OF TRISUL
C- GANESH TEMPLE
D- VAJAN /SATSANG
AREA
E- GONGA SHIVALAYA
F- HANUMAN SHRINE
G- BELL AREA
H- 11 IDOLS OF SHIVA
I- NARAYAN TEMPLE
Figure 23 Location Map J- BASE OF GARUD
K- BASE OF SACRED
BULL
L- PATI
M- GANESH TEMPLE
N- KITCHEN OF
ASTAMATRIKA
O- TOILET
Figure 21 Flooring detail of site P- ASTAMATRIKA
Q- TEMPLE

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The site is symmetric and balanced design and surrounded by crops and residence unit at entry in north
boundary wall. The temple complex is rectangular with various temple element on basis of Hindu beliefs
and tradition. The temple complex is about 3m below from the main road. The site being private property,
the monuments over there are in vulnerable state without repair, reconstruction, management and
conservation. Through interview it was known that many of property were destroyed by Earthquake of 1945
BS and remaining monuments were further destroyed by Great destructive Earthquake of 2072BS. Most of
idols, shrines, bell are missing and existing remaining structure are also in vulnerable state. In present state
the complex is used by Satsang on evening, and morning worship and yearly pujas in New year and Dashain.

15.1.1 SITE SECTION

The site is 3m below from main road and the way toward the site is slopy full of grass, dumped with brick
and mud. The site is 1.02m above from existing river level. In present the entrance level is 1.05m above
ground level and the entrance is recently constructed and main temple. there are two existing level main
two temple lie on ground level 0.00m where as other elements are raised in plinth of 0.5m overall the site
and the site is surrounded by agricultural crops in western part which is same level to ground .some of
sectional detail of existing temple complex is shown in figure:

Figure 27 Sectional detail of existing condition of site

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16 ELEMENT- A – SHRINE OF NARAYAN

TEMPLE
The element is designated to deity Narayan and this is one of element
of shiva panchyan. Panchayatana puja is the system of worshipping
five deities. These deities include Lord Surya, Goddess Devi, Lord
Vishnu, Lord Ganesh and Lord Shiva. Based on the tradition followed
by the family, one of these deities is kept in the center and the other
four around it and worship is offered to all the deities.

The shrine is square base with dimension of 1.46m and height of 2.17m
and made of natural stone and brick masonry in plinth. The brick and
stone are laid in mud mortar and also of mud finishing of 2.5”. There
is no history of management.

During present state the pinnacle is tilted and the idol of god is missing.
Cracks and lichens could be seen in brick masonry.

Figure 29 Present state of shrine

Figure 28 Roof plan

Figure 31 Plan
Figure 32 East elevation Figure 30 South elevation

16.1 PROPOSAL
The minimum intervention is proposed for the
conservation of shrine. some of intervention proposed
for the structure is described below.

The lichens and cracks are proposed to repair and

maintain. The new pinnacle along with the new idol of
Narayan temple is proposed. The roof finishing is
maintained to its original finishing of lime and surkhi
mortar (Bajra) of 2.5” thick.
Figure 33 Proposed West elevation
Figure 34 Proposed East elevation

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17 ELEMENT -B- BASE OF TRISUL

The structure is designed for base for trishul .it is square base of 0.84m and height of 1.8m and made of
natural stone on mud masonry.it is part of shiva temple and it is located at north side of temple. It is recently
renovated with octagonal column.

In present state trishul is missing and the structure is used for pole of lamp post.

17.1 PROPOSAL
The new trishul with reference to neighboring complex is
proposed.

Figure 35 Existing structure

Figure 36 Reference Trishul

Figure 37 Documented plan and
elevation of trishul base

Figure 38 Proposed trisul

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18 ELEMENT C- SHIVA TEMPLE

The temple is devoted to lord Shiva and located at
north east corner of site and of rectangular base of
dimension of 2.35MX2.02M. it is constructed of brick
masonry with mud mortar and consist of various brick
detail forming beautiful cornice detail. the brick is of
dome roofing structure of brick and mud plastering.

In present state the pinnacle is slightly tilted and most

of outer brick are damaged felled off, and missing. The
decorative brick are missing and felled off too.
Lichens, algae and various plants had grown on the
structure.
Figure 39 Present state of temple
18.1 PROPOSAL
Figure 40 Documented South
A new temple is reconstructed with its original character. elevation

Figure 43 Plan Figure 42 Roof plan Figure 41 Cornice detail

Figure 46 Sectional detail Figure 45 Proposed south view Figure 44 Proposed North view

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19 ELEMENT -D- SIDHHILAXMI TEMPLE WITH BHAJAN AREA

The structure is dedicated to siddhi Laxmi temple
and bhajan kritan purpose in present scenario. The
building is south orientated of rectangular base
with plinth base of 14.8m x4.5m with existing
ceiling height of 3m. The building is splitter in
three compartments according to users need i.e.,
one compartment for bhajan area, one
compartment for kitchen and store where as one
exterior compartment for owner for their
fieldwork purpose.

In present state, the original structure has

collapsed and the existing structure is adjusted
with zinc roofing, walls are cracked and the
structure elements had also developed defect and Figure 47 Present state of structure
crack, original window and form is transformed into
managerial and adjustable space. The grasses and bushes had developed all over
roof and make the structure more vulnerable.

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19.1 PROPOSAL
The building is proposed for souvenir shop and administration building for
proposed gallery space. The building is proposed to reconstruct as its original
form from reference photo with two different blocks, one with slope roof and
another with barrel vault type of brick and mud masonry with plaster with
lime surkhi.
Figure 48 Reference masterplan

The door in south

façade is not
proposed as it will
shaded by Shiva
temple at mid and
no comfort space
for circulation is
available.

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20 ELEMENT-E- GONGA SHIVALAYA

The temple is main identity of site, i.e., the

name of site is popular with the name of
temple i.e., Gonga Shivalaya temple. The
temple is south orientated, Square base
with plinth base of 8.5mx 8.5m and
ground floor base area is of 3.86x3.86m
and plinth height of 2m.

Brick and mud masonry with Ghantakriti

design and the temple is dedicated to lord
Shiva and called Gonga Shivalaya as the
owner of property are Gongas family. The
temple consists of fine piece of brick
cornice detail, dome construction. There is
history of management of temple but not as
remarkable only certain cleanliness of Figure 52 State during documentation

lichens, algae etc.

During documentation period the building

was tilted toward west and the wall had
been broken down, pinnacle had been
dismantled, tress had grown up, structural
member had tended to collapse, door and
idols were lost. The failure of temple is on
corner where offset of brick design is
provided and maximum slope of chamfer
and asymmetric octagonal plan on dome
starting level
Figure 51 Broken Roof parts
Figure 53 Interior condition
In present the temple is not only tilted, one structure
west portion all are totally collapsed and
the whole building will be collapsed soon.
The pinnacle is kept in unmanaged state
and thrown aside in part of site. Thus, the
temple complex is in immediate verge of
conservation, reconstruction.

Figure 50 Present condition of Figure 49 Unmanaged state of

temple pinnacle

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DOCUMENTED DRAWINGS

Fallen brick of
structural wall
due to

Side small shiva

idols are
missing

Figure 54 Plan and Sectional detail of temple

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Figure 55 North Elevation

Figure 56 South Elevation

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20.1 PROPOSAL
A new temple is proposed above plinth, and the plinth is maintained and repaired
at cracks and sludging corner. The temple is proposed without any modification
in its façade material and design but a small structural beam element is proposed.

There was column in the

temple but beam was missing
due to which a closed loop in
structural element were not
formed. Thus, the beam is
proposed exactly at position
through which the chamfer
started to provide additional
strength.

Square brick
finishing of
size of 6.5”
X6.5”. Small shrine of shiva
idol with reverence to
neighboring temple
complex was
proposed. The wood
Peti loha of door panel was
minimum proposed for security
thickness of purpose.
0.14m are being
used.

Figure 57 Proposed plan and Sectional detail

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Not symmetric
octagonal plan, high
inclination of chamfer,
which is another cause
of failer at corner wall.
Being conservation
project same plan and
original design is
proposed.

Ghantakriti roof structure with

flower design in roof dome with
four rectangular small
rectangular structure at four
corners.

Roof is finished with lime surkhi

-white color with minimum
thickness of 2.5 inch.

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Figure 59 South elevation

Figure 58 North elevation

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21 ELEMENT – F- STATUE OF HANUMAN

The structure is square base of 1.02 m resting on brick and stone plinth of
o.3m height. The statue is made of natural
stone in brick and mud masonry base. It is
located at north western corner side of site
and it is believed that women are not
allowed to touch and worshipped lord
Hanuman.

In present state lichens and some small

crack and at one side the base started
shrinking down. Figure 61 Plan of idol

Figure 60 Documented state of

Hanuman idol

The structure has sludge

down and the one layer of
stone in side elevation
cannot been seen clearly
as in east elevation.
Figure 62 Documented South elevation Figure 63 Documented East elevation

21.1 PROPOSA L
Repair and maintenance of structure, cleanliness and removal of lichens and grass. The sludge layer is
repaired and maintained.

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22 DOCUMENTATION DETAIL
The structure is dedicated for base of bell and it
is rectangular base with dimension of 2.47 m
and 1.17m with two square holes of 0.30m for
bell post. It is made of natural stone.

In present state The base of bell is dismantled

and its part are spread anonymously without
concern in site. The bell is lost and stone started to Figure 64 Present state of bell structure
have cracks and the parts are used as step in site

PROPOSAL
The new stone bell is
proposed of with reference
to neighboring property.
The dimension and design
are adopted from reference
bell. Some of general
detail of bell are shown in
Figure 66 Reference bell for proposal
figure below;
Figure 65 Documented plan

Figure 67 Proposal plan

Figure 69 Elevation of bell

Figure 68 Bell detail

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23 DOCUMENTATION DETAIL

Figure 70 Photograph of each Shiva Ling

The series of eleven shiva idol are allocated serially with Figure 71 Present state of idols
idol orientated to north. Natural stone with base of 10.77
x1.02 on base plinth of height 0.5m. They are made of natural stone on stone base. According to Hindu
norms, the shiva idol should face toward north direction as his abode lies in North Direction place of shiva
in Kailash Parvat. In Hindu myth number 11 have various values and believes. It is believed that number
11 is dimension of physical world beyond which the dissolution takes place. Beside that there is set of
geometric principle of creating Shiva Linga i.e., either within set of 99 vertical lines and 11 horizontals,
on the basis of these number of idols are proposed.

Recently 3 -4 moths early, the stolen and lost shiva idol are reconstructed but their small sacred Nandi are
not constructed. Idols are in good state but the there is no Nandi of each idol and base of it are also in
poor condition with crack and lichens

Figure 72 Documentation detail

23.1 PROPOSAL
The individual sacred bull is proposed for individual shiva Linga i.e., 11 sacred bull of stone size of
0.17m is proposed facing toward east is proposed. Sacred bull is believed to transfer our prayers to god
and help to fulfill our wish.

Figure 73 Proposed plan

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24 ELEMENT-I-NARAYAN TEMPLE
The temple is dedicated to Lord Narayan and it is east orientated with rectangular base of 7.46m and 7.4m
and ground floor area of 2.55 by 2.55m and plinth
height of 2m.

This is three-tiered temple of which wall forming inner

square of ground floor and compromise of cell which
is encircled by outer square of four columns to form of
open portico.it is face with brick skin corners and curbs
of natural stone and wall also with burnt brick and mud
mortar whereas interior of temple with simple fried
brick.

In present state Structure above plinth are totally

collapsed due to massive earthquake of 2015 and there
are no any idol, only plinth wall is remaining, all the
lakasi, plinth and brick layer are in vulnerable and
misplaced state.

Figure 74 Structure before earthquake

Figure 75 Present state Figure 76 State after Earthquake

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Only stone base mark are

present and the reminiscence of
main wall of 450 mm thick,
door size 1650mm and idol are
clearly documented. The main
idol is missing in present state.

Stone base for column, the hole

mark could be clearly seen at
outer part main wall of temple. In
general, the column is proposed
in inner side of main wall.

The Lakasi of structure has been

dilapidated and present lakasi are
also been damaged by rain and
termites as result of negligence,

Figure 77 Documented plan

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Lichens and Brick layer

algae Lakasi inclined
instead of No continue libhi brick
than normal
lakasi
position

Figure 79 West elevation

The illoha has been replaced with bricks wall

The base has been shrunken down due to
causing more danger to structure as the brick
monsoon flood and base decorative bricks are
has low load carrying capacity compare to
not visible and lichen had developed.
stone.

Figure 78 South elevation

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24.1 PROPOSAL

A new temple is proposed with

reference of old photo and data
dementated from remaining beam,
strut.

The plinth is proposed to maintained

and cleaned and repaired and
addition of brick layers in missing
part.

The beam dimension was known and

another height of temple was
measured by aligning to trace
drawing of temple. Through this the
total height of temple was proposed
of 12.5M. A new door, window and
everything new structure is proposed.

Figure 82 South elevation

Figure 81 Front elevation

PROPOSED ELEVATION OF TEMPLE

Figure 80 Proposed Plan and sectional detail
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For material the dachi appa bricks are used and

they are especially fired at very high
temperature, are darker red in color, and have
a glossy finish that makes them perfect as
veneer bricks. They have a special shape; the
front of the brick is a perfect rectangle while the
sides taper with the width. This create the
smallest possible gap between the bricks for the
façade so that the finish could be as
homogenous and elegant as possible with no
clumsy mortar peeking through the join of the
bricks.

For structural material like column, beam, strut Sal

wood is proposed whereas for non-structural Salla
can be used.

For laying tiles, the mud is proposed to be fried and

mixed with herbicides to minimize the growth
extent of plants and grasses. Figure 83 Roof plan

The roof consists of a steep roof pitch and large

overhanging eaves supported by rafters. The roof
consists of different layer of 25 mm thick planking, a
layer of mud bed and followed by roof tiles. The
sloped roofs are supported by fan rafters that start
from the corners in a radial arrangement. This
arrangement has greater strength as load is
transformed equally to all members and failure of
one member do not interfere other elements. The
loads are supported by the rafters and transfers to wall
plates and purlins. inclined struts hold the roof by
transferring loads from purlin to wall section but there Figure 84 Roofing structure
is no rigid connection in between strut with purlin and main
masonry wall of the temple.

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25 ELEMENT-J- BASE OF GARUD

The element is used as base for Garud.
Garud is vahana of lord Narayan .it is
square base of 0.33MxX0.33M and
height of base 3.2m. The rectangular base
modifies to octagonal form after 2m
height. Made of natural stone and
orientated at west i.e., facing toward
deity, deity facing toward east. Figure 85 Present state of structure

In present state the garud of temple is

missing and the base has collapsed and
parts have broken down into pieces.
Figure 86 Documented base of garud

25.1 PROPOSAL
The failure of structure is due to low
foundation depth of structure only about
6inch. So, the structure should be
properly buried up to 3 to 5ft and the new garud
with reference to neighboring complex was
proposed.

Figure 88 Documentation detail

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26 ELEMENT-K-SACRED BULL
This is sacred bull and vahana of Lord Shiva. It is rectangular base of
0.97x0.64 and height of base 1.8m. It is stone statue on brick masonry. It is
orientated to east and dedicated and found in every Shiva temple. It is believed
that Sacred bull put forward our prayers to Lord Shiva and People believed if
we secretly whisper our wish in ear of Nandhi, it will get fulfilled.

In present state there is small cracks and lichens and small grass had grown
over the building.

26.1 PROPOSAL
Cleanliness of lichens and grass grown over the structure. Maintenance and
repair of cracks formed in structure.
Figure 89 North view of idol

Figure 91 Documented East

Figure 92 Documented North elevation Figure 90 East view of idol
elevation
detail

Figure 95 Plan of idol Figure 94 Proposed North elevation Figure 93 Proposed East elevation

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27 ELEMENT-L-PATI

It is located at south west part of site and

of Rectangular base of 6mx3m and pati
plinth area of 4.6mX2.5m. The base is
remaining up to 0.93m i.e., up to petiloha.
Generally called 3 Kaul pati ie 3 Bay., 1
Kaul equals to 1.2m. pati without lakasi,
the meth directly rests of peti loha. The
size of hole where column rest was 2.5
inch. It is used for resting inside the Figure 97 Sketch of existing pati
compound.

In present state the above roof structure

including column, beam and other
structural element are collapsed and
dumped in unmanaged type.
Development of Lichens, structural stone
are misplaced etc. The corner stone curbs
are missing and maintained with brick.
the flooring of pati was done of brick
instead of wood

Figure 96 Documented plan

Presence of hole directly on stone represent absence of lakasi and the column directly rest on the stone
base ie petiloha. The ihloha are placed below the column as the load from column is transferred to the
Ihloha as the stone has great strength and stability than brick and the make structure more sustainable
and long-lasting. Stone Nago are also provided beneath the ihloha and it also function as same of
transferring the load and the stone Nago have greater strength than other material.

Peti loha
Libhi apaa Ihloha
Kashimo appa Nago

Figure 98 Documented north elevation

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27.1 P ROPOSAL
The new pati is proposed on same plinth base with reference to neighboring pati structure. Only super
structure is proposed and the plinth base are proposed to maintained and repair with minimum intervention.

Figure 99 Proposed drawings of pati

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28 ELEMENT-M-GANESH
TEMPLE
The temple is another element of Shiva
panchyan and and located south west
direction and orientated at south and
worship in first prior to all deity and
dedicated to lord Ganesh. It is square base
of 0.94x0.94 with plinth base of 1.33
x1.33m. it is constructed of total brick
masonry without any void and door. The
deity is attached outside the wall.

In present state there is development of

cracks, lichens and roof has been defaced
and dilapidated.

Figure 100 Present state of temple

28.1 PROPOSAL Figure 101 Documented south elevation

A new temple is proposed through

reconstruction. The adjoining building all are needed to be reconstruct. So, the temple with original form is
proposed with brick and mud masonry with solid form without any door and windows. The deity is
externally worshipped by people.

Figure 102 Proposed plan, roof plan, section and east elevation

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Figure 104 Presented sate of structure Figure 103 Sketch showing documented detail

29 ELEMENT- N- KITCHEN OF ASTAMATRIKA

The structure is rectangular form with dimension of 3.02x4.5m and existing
height of 2.2m. It is used as kitchen for Astamatrikas i.e., used by Guthi
people on twice year, in new year and Dashain when they carried their
astamatrikas pujas, they cook over there for their ritual guthi feast and many
others. It is made of brick masonry with vault type roof according to
reminiscence.

In present state Only walls of three side are remaining without roof, the roof
windows, door are totally destructed and missing. Brick is dumped over the
floor print of building.

29.1 PROPOSAL
The new structure is proposed with reconstruction of structure according to its original form with vault
structure. For roof three layer of brick are laid i.e., on layer in transverse direction and another two in
longitudinal direction, so that total thickness of roof became 10-inch thickness and 2.5 thick lime surkhi
plaster. so that problem of rain drain will be controlled.

Figure 105 Proposed drawings for structure

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30 ELEMENT -P-ASTAMATRIKA
This monument is dedicated to astamatrika goddess which is North orientated, with rectangular base of
7.64mx 4.5m with existing height of 3m and zinc roof covered. Made of brick façade with upper part
plastered with lime surkhi. Astamatrika refers to eight mother goddess whom are focal point of worship
during rite of passage celebration and includes Brahamayani, Maheswori, Kumari, bhadrakali, Barahi,
lndrayani, mahakali, mahalaxmi. They are boundaries for protecting from seen and unseen forces. The
building consists of decorative windows and doors.

In present Slope roof of structure is collapsed, door windows, struts are destroyed and only frame are
present and enclosed by brick wall, lichens, crack are clearly visible.

Figure 106 Sketch showing present state

The window is sealed The Khapa of door is missing Remaining of

with brick and wooden and the main door is also sealed lime mud plaster
boards. with brick masonry. at above structure.

Figure 107 Documented North and East elevation

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Figure 108 Documented door and window detail

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30.1 PROPOSAL DRAWING

A new temple is proposed with reference with
same astamatrika building of neighboring
surrounding. This monument is only
occasionally i.e., in new year and in Dashain
period and it is private space for only Guthi
member. The existing frame of window door
is proposed to reuse and only khapa are new
proposed of Salla wood.

The struts are taken reference from the

neighboring building. The struts are carved
with astamatrikas deity and total eight struts
Figure 109 Reference Astamatrika of neighboring complex
of Astamatrikas god where as two struts dedicated
to Lor Ganesh.

The slope of roof is maintained of ratio of

b/3 i.e., between 30 to 45degree and white
lime plaster is proposed to give its original
façade. Open clear space is proposed
without column according to reference of
Priest is proposed and for the roof post are
proposed after height of 2.7m as shown in
section out of total height of building
6.2m. For laying the tile, the mud mortar
that is used, is proposed to fry and mixed
with herbicide to minimize the growth of
vegetation. The brick flooring is proposed
on the monument.

Figure 110 Strut’s detail

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PROPOSED ELEVATION

SECTIONAL DETAIL OF BUILDING

Figure 111 Proposed elevation and sectional detail

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31 ELEMENT-Q-TEMPLE
This temple is located at entry point of temple complex and it is East
orientated, Square base with plinth base of 4,74m X 4.74m and ground
floor base area is of 2.66m x 2.66m and plinth height of 1.1m.

It is made of mud and brick masonry with ghanta Kriti design. In present
state there is deposition of earth toward east up to plinth level and
vegetation has covered whole roof and partly in other structure. Minor
cracks on wall, idol of god is missing. Inside the temple, various stone are
stored on temple and some alcohol bottles were too found.

Figure 112 Present state of temple

Figure 113 Documented plan, roof plan and sectional detail

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Figure 114 Documented West elevation

Figure 115 Documented East elevation

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31.1 PROPOSAL

Figure 116 Proposed Plan and sectional detail

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Figure 117 Roof plan

Figure 118 Proposed East Elevation

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32 OTHER DOCUMENTED ELEMENTS

These element lies on river bank outside the temple complex.
There is existing 8 Shiva lingas ,3 on road level and 5 on second
steps to river. Most of shiva lingas are buried into land due to
flood and land shrinkage. Some of documentation of shiva idols
are:

Figure 119 Shiva idol of river bank

Figure 120 Documentation detail of main shiva idol

Figure 121 Documentation detail of smaller

Figure 122 Other shiva idol of river bank
shiva idol

There are three shiva Linga on road level, with one main
bigger size on octagonal base and another two same size of rectangular base. Shiva lingas are
partially buried by mud and various crack, grass and misplaced of stone could be seen.

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HANUMAN IDOL
The Hanuman idol lies in
second step of river bank
facing toward east. There are
other five shiva lingas in the
row to hanuman which height
gradually goes decreasing
and many others shiva lingas
are buried on land. The
hanuman rest in octagonal
base and covered by iron
roofing.

The base of structure is

partially buried on mud due
to flood and so on. People
pray hanuman lord from road
side without going its
proximity.
Figure 123 Hanuman idol of river bank

Figure 125 Documentation detail

SHIVA IDOLS

Figure 124 Other shiva idols Figure 126 Documentation detail of idols

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33 PROPOSED MASATERPLAN
The new masterplan with missing structure and elements is proposed. For the future sustainability and for
economic source for the site, the agricultural field of guthi and temple property is proposed for gallery of
cultural history. The emergency and service were provided in western part of complex.

Gallery space

Gazebo

Gallery space
Service and
emergency entrance
Exit gate

Main entrance
Existing Toilet

Figure 127 Final proposal masterplan

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34 PROPOSED SATTAL
In old master plan and drawing found during conservation
of chyaslin mandap, the presence of sattal was indicated and
there was no any existing resemblance of sattal. Thus, with
interview to local old grandparents and locality, the general
plan an alignment was drawn.

For the from and façade, with reference to old photographs

and interview the façade was designed. The door and
window were taken reference form existing sattal of
dhaubadel property.

In the sattal the bhajan area was proposed with siddhi Laxmi
temple. The ground floor consists of pantry space for the
vajan area and two pati interior and exterior space. Exterior
pati could be used by local and other who carry their cultural
and ritual activities during different occasion and a waiting
space.
Figure 128 Ritual’s activity Infront of sattal
In top plan the vajan space with store was proposed for
their instrumental storing space. A stone deity
space for worshipping and where people play
bhajan facing god of Siddhi Laxmi god. Thus, top
floor is used for worshipping and bhajan space.
After completing vajan they would have good
space with tea in inside the pati space.

Figure 130 Old Masterplan

source: Neil’s gutschow, restoration of chyaslin mandap

Figure 129 Proposed plans

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PROPOSED DRAWINGS

Figure 131 Proposed elevation and sectional details

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35 PROPOSED GALLERY SAPCE

A cultural history gallery space was proposed where ancient newar dress, ornaments and tradition related
materials such as musical instruments and so on are displayed. As bhaktapur being cultural destiny,
culture related materials and items are proposed to display. Two gallery space was proposed one with five
bay pati and another with three bay pati with same plan and circulation flow.

Gallery 1

Figure 132 Proposed galley plan and elevation

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Figure 133 Elevation and Sectional detail building

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Figure 134 Interior space of gallery

Figure 135 Balcony space of gallery

Figure 136 View from balcony of gallery 1

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36 3D VIEWS

Figure 139 Rendered Master plan

Figure 138 East view of complex

Figure 137 West view of complex

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Figure 141 Birds eye south side of temple complex

Figure 142 View from north side of temple complex

Figure 140 Pati space

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Figure 144 Perspective view of gallery space

Figure 145 View of ticket counter and restroom

Figure 143 Central Gazebo resting space

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37 CONCLUSION
Thus, the site is very enriched in cultural, social and religious aspects. Beside these there are high
educational value one can learned from the site. The detail construction of ghanta Kriti design, tiered room
structure, and traditional Newari architecture could be easily understood and learned from the site.

The main objective of conservation according to ICOMOS is to prolong the life of cultural heritage and to
clarify the artistic and historical messages therein without loss of authenticity and meaning. Beside this
conservation is a cultural, artistic, technical and craft activity based on humanities and scientific studies and
systematic research and it should respect the cultural context. The essential requirement for a
conservation practitioner involves an ability to synthesis a whole raft of information and, from
analysis of it, and good recommendations about intervention works. These works might
involve, repair and maintenance or, where called for, changes of use, rehabilitation,
refurbishment, etc.

To sum up the site should be conserved as soon as possible and respecting all implied
charters and act as it has great value of yesterday and have for today and for future. So
concerned authorities should forward their step.

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