Science, Technology, & Society

Professor: Ginalyn Cuenca 1st Semester A.Y. 2022-2023

Transcribed by: Gwenkyla Beatris C. Adduk

Stone Age • the ability to make simple tools for digging

roots or scraping meat off bone
• Stone tools have long been the first recognized
technology. • discovered how to control fire and began to
build substantial structures with wood posts.
• stone tools first found in the Olduvai Gorge in
Tanzania by Louis and Mary Leakey and since
found elsewhere in Africa as well. • Mathematics and astronomy

- Notches on artifacts have been interpreted as

• 1.8M years ago tally marks or counters, as calendars, and as
records of the lunar cycle.
• African and Asian humans greatly improved
stone tools by flaking pieces off a core, creating - Detected patterns in the apparent motions of
distinctive shapes with only a single cutting edge the stars and possibly even in the real motions of
that we call hand axes (or bifaces) and scrapers the planets through the night sky.
or choppers. • Botanical taxonomy was undoubtedly
• The hammerstone used to work the other tools accurate.
could be thought of as the first "machine tool." - It is also likely that knowledge of plants whose
chemical properties are useful as poisons, dyes,
or medicines had its beginnings during the
• 600,000 to 30,000 years ago hunter-gatherer period.
• Various types of points, often considered to be
spearheads, knives, arrowheads, or teeth (such
as saws' teeth) were devised. Technological innovations among hunter
gatherers
• Other stone tools from this period included
awls or needles as well as burins (engraving • Hunting weapons
tools). - sling, the bow, the bolo, the fish hook, and the
spear thrower

Knowledge among hunter gatherers - The progress in technology is most clearly seen
in the further refinement of stone tools and in
• recognition of the plants that could be eaten the Neolithic use of many other materials.
and where to find them

Agricultural Revolution

• Renamed as Neolithic Revolution (Vere)

Gordon Childe (in 1950)
• Major developments of the period following • People's concerns:
the Agricultural Revolution were largely in
a) Transportation
astronomy, mathematics, and technology.
- To search for food
- To find better locations for settlements
• A significant advance toward the end of the - To trade goods
Agricultural Revolution, however, was the use of b) Navigation
metal for tools.
- important in the journey to unfamiliar
• Copper was the first metal to be employed places
(6400 BCE) c) Communication
• Bronze (3000 - 1500 BCE) - To facilitate trade
• Iron - Prevent possible conflicts
d) Record-keeping

- To remember places
• Ceramics Age
- To document trades
- since pottery and other ceramics, along - To establish identities through history
with glass, were dominant and culture
• Wheel Age e) Mass production

- potter's wheel, the wheeled vehicle, and - Increase in size and number of nations
wheels in various devices connoted increased demand for food
- another great advance in transportation and other basic necessities
- the sail f) Security and protection
- first power source that did not depend
- Conflicts were common
on biological input
- Weapons and armors were important
Civilization
g) Health
• Civilizations began to rise following Agricultural
- Primary challenge was the conservation
Revolution
of life
- as a society that includes towns of at h) Aesthetics
least 5000 people, a written language,
- To improve how they look
and monumental religious works
- They discovered that people look more
produced in service of a state religion
visually presentable and appealing by
- A significant minority became full-time
adding some features and decorations in
warriors, traders, merchants, rulers
their body.
- To integrate the needs of the people,
Historical Antecedents in the Course of Science they ventured into the field of
and Technology engineering.
i) Architecture

Ancient Times
 - Signs of technological advancements - "King Nebuchadnezzar made an image
during those times. of gold, ninety feet high and nine feet
wide, and set it up on the plain of Dura
in the province of Babylon." (Daniel
Sumerian Civilization
3:15)
• Writing system "cuneiform" - "Hanging Gardens of Babylon" Bult for
his wife, Queen Amytis
- word pictures as symbols

- tool w/ wedge-shaped
Egyptian Civilization
- tool w/ wedge-shaped tip
Paper or papyrus
- symbols pressed into a wet clay tablets
- Papyrus was a plant that grew
abundantly along the Nile River
Uruk City - Ink
- by combining soot w/ different
• The first true city chemicals to produce inks of different
• Using only mud or clay from the river, mixed w/ colors
reeds, forming sun-baked Hieroglyphics

bricks - System of writing using symbols

Cosmetics

- For health and aesthetic reasons

The Great Ziggurat of Ur
- Wore Kohl around eyes to prevent and
• Also called the mountain of god cure eye diseases
- By mixing soot or malachite w/ mineral
• Served as sacred place of their chief god
galena
- A person wearing make-up was
protected from evil and that beauty was
Babylonian Civilization
a sign of holiness.
2 prominent leaders: Wigs
• Hammurabi(1792 - 1570 B.C.E.) - Used to protect the shaved heads of the
- 6- Babyionian king wealthy Egyptians from harmful rays of
- code of laws the sun.
- Considered cleaner that natural hair.
- Prevents accumulation of head lice.
Water clock (Clepsydra)
Nebuchadnezzar I (604 - 562 B.C.E) - used to record time based on the
- another king of Babylon (Book of Daniel) regulated flow of water / liquid
- posses attribute and talent of a - With hours equally marked off in the
structural builder inside and spout at the bottom
 - The number of marks exposed indicated - explained natural phenomena with
the time. reference to mythology.
Obelisks - was used to track the movement of - reasoned that matter was composed of
the sun. or convertible into water.
- first to define general principles and set
forth hypotheses, and as a result has
Golden Age (period of prosperity and been dubbed the "Father of Science"
innovations) 2.) Socrates (470 - 399 B.C.E)
• The Great Pyramids of Giza - contributions in philosophy
- evidence of the scientific expertise and - knowledge - " only know that I know
technical skills of ancient Egyptians in nothing"
geometry, mensuration, engineering, - virtue - stressed that "virtue was the
architecture, and manpower most valuable of all possessions; the
management. ideal life was spent in search of the
Good"
- politics - "ideals belong in a world only
Greek Civilization the wise man can understand"
Greece is an archipelago in the southern part of
Europe known as the birthplace of western 3) Hippocrates (400 - B.C.E.)
philosophy.
- father of Western medicine medicine as
Alarm clock
a profession
- Made use of water or small stones or - taught that diseases and illnesses have
sand that is dropped into drums. natural causes and the human body is
Watermill capable of healing or providing vital
body mechanisms to repair itself
- Better than mills powered by farm
- prepared case studies of some illnesses
animals.
which indicated his concern of curing
1100 B.C.E
handicaps or invalids.
• Scientific works - credited for the oath prescribing
physician's ethical responsibility.
1) Thales (624 - 547 B.C.E)
4.) Aristotle (384 - 322)
- Regarded as the founder of ionian
- Aristotle, whose school was the Lyceum,
School in Miletus (Turkey)
became the most important scholar in
- Ionian philosophers and their followers
Greek Antiquity.
introduced the earliest form of scientific
- physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater,
method, which was based on reasoning
music, logic, rhetoric, politics,
and observation with very little
government, ethics, biology, and
experimentation.
zoology
- "Western philosophy begins with
Thales"
 - structure and behavior of plants and - protected from enemies w/ high and
animals to their identification, thick walls.
description, and classification.
5.) Archimedes (287 - 212 B.C.E.)
Newspaper
- Greek mathematician, physicist,
- Known as gazettes before the invention
engineer, inventor, and astronomer
of paper
- discovery of the principle of the lever
- Engraved in metal or stone tablets and
and pulley.
then publicly displayed
- led to initial studies in strength of
- Contained announcements of the
materials, elements of mechanisms we
Roman empire to the people
led to the invention of machines.
- law of "Buoyancy"
6.) Ptolemy (100 A.D.) Roman numerals

- one of greatest astronomers.

- geocentric theory of the universe for
more than a thousand years.
Bound books or codex

Roman Civilization - Julius Caesar started the tradition of

stacking papyrus to form pages of a book
- Lasted for 500 - 1500 years
- Later on covers were provided to
- Considered the cradle of politics and
protect the papyrus
governance
- Made of wax, then replaced by animal
- Romans make use of the wealth of
skin.
scientific knowledge acquired from
Chinese Civilization
Greeks
Roman architecture - Considered to be the oldest civilization
in Asia.
- Construction of big structures (domes,
Silk production
coliseums, amphitheaters, residential
houses, monuments, stadiums, - Develop the technology to harvest silk
cathedrals, and basilicas) and process it to produce paper and
Infrastructure networks clothing.
Tea production
- roads from Rome to other places in Italy
and similarly from Constantinople to - Created a machine that shreds tea
other adjacent places leaves into strips
Constantinople - Using a wheel-based mechanism w/
sharp edges attached to a wooden or
- landmark of big buildings and trade
ceramic pot
centers, residential areas and churches
with marbles, mosaic, and silver.
Engineering technology
 - The Sun or stars could be used to
determine the year, and in Egypt the
Construction of the Great Wall of China
annual flood of the Nile.
- Made w/ stone, brick, wood, earth, and - Egyptians are known to have used the
other materials star Sirius as the calendar star.
- Constructed to keep out foreign
invaders and control the borders of
Communication
China
Gunpowder - Begin to keep records
- Paintings, Carvings, Decorative jewelry,
- Originally, it was developed by Chinese
Played music, Sculpture
alchemists who aimed to achieve
- About 8000 BCE, people in the Near East
immortality
began to use a system of fired clay
- Mixed charcoal, sulfur, and potassium
tokens to record numbers of sheep or
nitrate
measures of grain.
- Accidentally invented a black powder

Construction

- Semi permanent homes

Major Advances
- Some sort of permanent dwelling
Anthropology - The beginning of architecture
- Bricks began to emerge in the Near East
- is the scientific study of humans and
about 10,000 BCE in regions where both
human behavior and societies in the past
wood and stone were in short supply.
and present.
Archaeology
Energy
- the study of human history and
prehistory through the excavation of - Use of fire
sites and the analysis of artifacts and - most likely for cooking, protection from
other physical remains predators, lighting, and making ceramics
Astronomy - to tum rocks and soil into metal,
smelting copper and later tin and lead
- the branch of science which deals with
(5000 BCE)
celestial objects, space, and the physical
Food and Agriculture
universe as a whole
- There is some evidence that people in - Digging stick for gathering roots
the Old Stone Age recorded the phases - Materials for food transport
of the Moon. - Plow as the first basic tool Implements
used to process food, such as
grindstones
After the Agricultural Revolution, people began
to create calendars. - Stone sickles
- "green manure"
Mathematics

• Written numbers Transportation

• In the form of tallies at first Leading eventually • During the early Neolithic period there is no
to numeration system evidence of the use of animals in transportation;
however, this could have started as soon as
• In Mesopotamia
cattle were domesticated.
- the early ways of recording numbers
seem to have led directly to writing Medieval/ Middle Ages and Modern Times
Geometric designs
● The fall of Western Roman Empire
• Systems of measurement (Rome 476 A.D) to the Fall of the Eastern
Roman Empire (Constantinople 1453
• Improvements in the ability to measure area
A.D.)
and volume, better values for and the discovery
● Marred by massive invasions and
of the Pythagorean theorem.
migrations
● Wars were prevalent
Medicine and Health ● Great technology was needed in the
fields of weaponry, navigation, mass
• Early Egyptian medicine involved surgery as food and farm production, and health.
well as internal medications, while early
During the latter part:
Mesopotamian medicine revolved around
external application of medication.
● Population increased
● Trade and commerce increased
● Greater demand for transportation
Tools
technology
• The most familiar stone tools are those
triangular devices that archaeologists call Printing Press

points. ● Invented by Johann Gutenberg

- Eventually the bow and arrow ● Utilized wooden machines that
The boomerang is known from artifacts that date extracted juices from fruit, attached to
from well before the first spear thrower, them a metal impression of the letters,
harpoon, and bow. and pressed firmly the cast metal into a
piece of paper, w/c made an exact
impression on paper
Potter's wheel
Microscope
• The invention of the balance scale by the
Egyptians enabled merchants to measure mass. ● Zacharias Janssen developed the first
compound microscope
• Introduction of various forms of the water
● Key in discovering new means in
clock and sundial
preventing and curing various illnesses
Telescope ● Samuel M. Kier invented kerosene by
refining petroleum
● Needs for nautical was high ● Referred later as "illuminating oil"
● Was a great help for navigators during ● After some time, kerosene was applied
this time for heating purposes
● Together w/ this was the invention of ● The development of kerosene
compass, oars, and rudders established the petroleum refinery
industry.
War Weapons
Telephone
● Due to widespread of wars, weaponry
technology occurred ● Invented by Alexander Graham Bell
● Developed weaponries as both offensive ● Maintained connections and
and defensive tools bows, long bows, communication
iron body armors, chainmail
Calculator
MODERN TIMES
● Modern calculator paved the way for
● During the 19th century onwards easier arithmetic calculations
● Due to massive industrialization, it faced ● Resulted in the development of more
more complicated problems complex processing machines like the
● Bigger challenges on food processing computer
and medicine
From Antiquity Through the Renaissance
Pasteurization
● From antiquity to the seventeenth
● Louis Pasteur invented this century, the trajectories of technology
● The process of heating dairy products to and science rarely intersected.
kill the harmful bacteria that allow them ● When they did, the arrow of influence
to spoil faster usually pointed from technology to
● milk could be stored and consumed for science.
a longer period, and it prevented
illnesses caused by harmful bacteria
● Other inventions of Louis Pasteur to
science, technology, and medicine
● Molecular asymmetry, fermentation,
Renaissance (17th Century)
and vaccination
● Technology influenced the practice of
Petroleum Refinery
17h century science in three ways:
● The modern times demanded for better ● Provision of scientific instruments
means of powering homes and ● Giving rise to a new world view
transportation ● Influencing the research agenda of
science
Provision of Scientific Instruments ● Rise of science-based industries coal tar
dye manufacture electrical power
● Used by Galileo in his observation of the generation & machinery
universe ● "Birth of Industrial Research Laboratory*
● Venus Construction of first public power
● Jupiter's satellite stations
● Stars not visible to the naked eye ● At least 139 research laboratories were
established in American industry before
New World View for Science
the turn of century
● The assumptions and approaches of the
Twentieth Century
investigations in the universe came to be
likened, even seen as vast mechanism. ● Growth of industrial research
as a cosmological clockwork. laboratories
● "mechanistic philosophy' ● progress of genetic engineering, nuclear
● - To understand nature scientifically, one power and drug industries
should proceed just as one does in trying ● Science's main contribution to
to understand a machine technology has been the production of
● Understanding its parts, how they fit well grounded knowledge on which
together, and is mechanism technological activity can confidently
build.
Influence on the Research Agenda of Science
Summary
● Technological problems in industry was
strongly influencing science by shaping ● •From antiquity to 17M century, S & T
its research agenda. rarely intersected. (from T to S)
● Technology influence the research ● Technology influenced the practice of
topics selected for study in early modern 17th century science.
science ● The contribution of science to
technological progress in the eighteenth
Eighteenth Century
century was generally modest.
● The contribution of science to ● In the late 18* and early 19% centuries,
technological progress in the eighteenth technology (devices & instruments)
century was generally modest. continued to influence the course of
● In the late 18 and early 199 centuries, science.
technology in the form of instruments ● Marked a crucial turning point in the
and devices continued to influence the relationship of technology and science
course of science. ● Science's main contribution to
technology has been the production of
Nineteenth Century well grounded knowledge on which
technological activity can confidently
● Marked a crucial turning point in the build.
relationship of technology and science