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    05 ESHYDL30 - Runoff

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    Harambe Gorilla
    This document discusses streamflow and runoff in hydrology. It defines key terms like overland flow, interflow, concentration time, and catchment characteristics. It also describes different methods of measuring streamflow, including weirs and the slope-area method. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mean and median elevation, as well as flow rate using characteristics of a trapezoidal channel.

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    05 ESHYDL30 - Runoff

    Uploaded by

    Harambe Gorilla
    10 views19 pages
    This document discusses streamflow and runoff in hydrology. It defines key terms like overland flow, interflow, concentration time, and catchment characteristics. It also describes different methods of measuring streamflow, including weirs and the slope-area method. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mean and median elevation, as well as flow rate using characteristics of a trapezoidal channel.

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    This document discusses streamflow and runoff in hydrology. It defines key terms like overland flow, interflow, concentration time, and catchment characteristics. It also describes different methods of measuring streamflow, including weirs and the slope-area method. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mean and median elevation, as well as flow rate using characteristics of a trapezoidal channel.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views19 pages

    05 ESHYDL30 - Runoff

    Uploaded by

    Harambe Gorilla
    This document discusses streamflow and runoff in hydrology. It defines key terms like overland flow, interflow, concentration time, and catchment characteristics. It also describes different methods of measuring streamflow, including weirs and the slope-area method. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating mean and median elevation, as well as flow rate using characteristics of a trapezoidal channel.

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    You are on page 1of 19

    PART IV – Streamflow and Runoff

    Hydrology – Lecture
    3rd Term AY 2022-2023

    1
    1. INTRODUCTION

    Image source: gpm.nasa.gov 2


    1. Stream flow
    ▪ When a storm occurs, a portion of rainfall
    infiltrates into the ground and some portion
    may evaporate.
    ▪ The rest flows as a thin sheet of water
    over the land surface which is termed as
    overland flow.
    ▪ If there is a relatively impermeable layer in
    the subsoil, the infiltrating water moves
    laterally in the surface soil and joins the
    stream flow, which is termed as underflow
    (subsurface flow) or interflow

    3
    1. Stream flow

    4
    1. Stream flow
    ▪ The ground water may also contribute to
    the stream flow, if the GWT is higher than
    the water surface level of the stream
    ▪ The term direct runoff is used to include
    the overland flow and the interflow

    5
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    ▪ The entire area of a river basin whose
    surface runoff (due to a storm) drains into
    the river in the basin is considered as a
    hydrologic unit and is called drainage
    basin, watershed or catchment area

    6
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    ▪ The single point or location at which all
    surface drainage from a basin comes
    together or concentrates as outflow from
    the basin in the stream channel is called
    concentration point or measuring point

    7
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    ▪ The time required for the rain falling at the
    most distant point in a drainage area (i.e.,
    on the fringe of the catchment) to reach the
    concentration point is called the
    concentration time
    ▪ This is a very significant variable since only
    such storms of duration greater than the
    time of concentration will be able to
    produce runoff from the entire catchment
    area and cause high intensity floods

    8
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    Stream Density
    ▪ Number of streams per square kilometer

    Drainage Density
    ▪ total length of all stream channels
    (perennial and intermittent) per unit area

    9
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    Shape of Basin
    ▪ Form factor, Ff

    ▪ Higher form factor produces greater


    flood

    10
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    Shape of Basin
    ▪ Compactness coefficient, Cc

    11
    2. Catchment
    CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS
    Elongation Ratio, Er
    ▪ ratio of the diameter of a circle of the same
    area as the basin to the maximum basin
    length

    Circularity Ratio, Cr
    ▪ ratio of the basin area to the area of a
    circle having the same perimeter as the
    basin

    12
    2. Catchment
    Example 1
    A basin has an area of 26560 km2, perimeter
    965 km and length of the thalweg 230 km.
    Determine: (a) form factor, (b) compactness
    coefficient, (c) elongation ratio, and (d)
    circularity ratio

    13
    3. Basin Elevation
    Mean Elevation, zb
    ▪ weighted average of elevations between
    two adjacent contours

    Median Elevation
    ▪ The median elevation is the elevation at
    50% area of the catchment and is
    determined from the area-elevation curve

    14
    3. Basin Elevation
    Example 2
    The areas between different contour elevations
    for a basin are given below. Determine the
    mean and the median elevation for the basin.

    15
    4. Measuring Streamflow
    Stream Gauging
    ▪ Runoff determination by measuring the
    discharge of the stream draining it

    Gauging Stations
    ▪ place or section on a stream where
    discharge measurements are made

    16
    4.1 Stream Gauging
    Weirs

    Slope-area method (area velocity method)

    17
    2. Catchment
    Example 3
    The trapezoidal channel below is made of
    brickwork (n = 0.015) and slopes at 1:500.
    Determine the flow rate if the normal depth is 80
    cm.

    18
    References
    • Linsley, R.K., M.A. Kohler and J.L.H. Paulhus (1988).
    Hydrology for Engineers; McGraw-Hill
    • Applied Hydrology by VenTe Chow (1988), David Maidment
    and Larry Mays; McGraw-Hill
    • Raghunath, H.M. (2006). Hydrology: Principles, Analysis,
    and Design. New Age International Limited, Publishers

    19

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