Digestive System

What Is the Digestive System?

Food is our fuel, and its nutrients give our bodies' cells the energy and substances they need to
work. But before food can do that, it must be digested into small pieces the body can absorb and
use.

The first step in the digestive process happens before we even taste food. Just by smelling that
homemade apple pie or thinking about how delicious that ripe tomato is going to be, you start
salivating — and the digestive process begins in preparation for that first bite.

Almost all animals have a tube-type digestive system in which food:

 enters the mouth

 passes through a long tube
 exits the body as feces (poop) through the anus

Along the way, food is broken down into tiny molecules so that the body can absorb nutrients it
needs:

 Protein must be broken down into amino acids.

 Starches break down into simple sugars.

 Fats break down into into fatty acids and glycerol.

The waste parts of food that the body can't use are what leave the body as feces.

How Does Digestion Work?

The digestive system is made up of the alimentary canal (also called the digestive tract) and
other organs, such as the liver and pancreas. The alimentary canal is the long tube of organs —
including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines — that runs from the mouth to the anus. An
adult's digestive tract is about 30 feet (about 9 meters) long.

Digestion begins in the mouth, well before food reaches the stomach. When we see, smell, taste,
or even imagine a tasty meal, our salivary glands in front of the ear, under the tongue, and near
the lower jaw begin making saliva (spit).
 As the teeth tear and chop the food, spit moistens it for easy swallowing. A digestive enzyme in
saliva called amylase (AH-meh-lace) starts to break down some of the carbohydrates (starches
and sugars) in the food even before it leaves the mouth.
Swallowing, done by muscle movements in the tongue and mouth, moves the food into the
throat, or pharynx (FAIR-inks). The pharynx is a passageway for food and air. A soft flap of
tissue called the epiglottis (ep-ih-GLAH-tus) closes over the windpipe when we swallow to
prevent choking.
From the throat, food travels down a muscular tube in the chest called the esophagus (ih-SAH-
fuh-gus). Waves of muscle contractions called peristalsis (per-uh-STALL-sus) force food down
through the esophagus to the stomach. A person normally isn't aware of the movements of the
esophagus, stomach, and intestine that take place as food passes through the digestive tract.
At the end of the esophagus, a muscular ring or valve called a sphincter (SFINK-ter) allows food
to enter the stomach and then squeezes shut to keep food or fluid from flowing back up into the
esophagus. The stomach muscles churn and mix the food with digestive juices that have acids
and enzymes, breaking it into much smaller, digestible pieces. An acidic environment is needed
for the digestion that takes place in the stomach.
By the time food is ready to leave the stomach, it has been processed into a thick liquid
called chyme (kime). A walnut-sized muscular valve at the outlet of the stomach called
the pylorus (pie-LOR-us) keeps chyme in the stomach until it reaches the right consistency to
pass into the small intestine. Chyme is then squirted down into the small intestine, where
digestion of food continues so the body can absorb the nutrients into the bloodstream.

The small intestine is made up of three parts:

1. the duodenum (due-uh-DEE-num), the C-shaped first part

2. the jejunum (jih-JU-num), the coiled midsection
3. the ileum (IH-lee-um), the final section that leads into the large intestine
The inner wall of the small intestine is covered with millions of microscopic, finger-like projections
called villi (VIH-lie). The villi are the vehicles through which nutrients can be absorbed into the
blood. The blood then brings these nutrients to the rest of the body.
The liver (under the ribcage in the right upper part of the abdomen), the gallbladder (hidden just
below the liver), and the pancreas (beneath the stomach) are not part of the alimentary canal,
but these organs are essential to digestion.
The liver makes bile, which helps the body absorb fat. Bile is stored in the gallbladder until it is
needed. The pancreas makes enzymes that help digest proteins, fats, and carbs. It also makes a
substance that neutralizes stomach acid. These enzymes and bile travel through special
pathways (called ducts) into the small intestine, where they help to break down food. The liver
also helps process nutrients in the bloodstream.

From the small intestine, undigested food (and some water) travels to the large intestine through
a muscular ring or valve that prevents food from returning to the small intestine. By the time food
reaches the large intestine, the work of absorbing nutrients is nearly finished.
 The large intestine's main job is to remove water from the undigested matter and form solid
waste (poop) to be excreted.

The large intestine has three parts:

1. The cecum (SEE-kum) is the beginning of the large intestine. The appendix,

a small, hollow, finger-like pouch, hangs at the end of the cecum. Doctors believe
the appendix is left over from a previous time in human evolution. It no longer
appears to be useful to the digestive process.
2. The colon extends from the cecum up the right side of the abdomen, across
the upper abdomen, and then down the left side of the abdomen, finally connecting
to the rectum.

The colon has three parts: the ascending colon and the transverse colon, which
absorb fluids and salts; and the descending colon, which holds the resulting waste.
Bacteria in the colon help to digest the remaining food products.
3. The rectum is where feces are stored until they leave the digestive system
through the anus as a bowel movement.

It takes hours for our bodies to fully digest food.