Resistor

1.
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

implements electrical resistance as a circuit element.
2. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission
lines, among other uses.
3. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or
as test loads for generators.
4. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature,
time or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit
elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices
for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity.
5. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic
circuits and are ubiquitous in electronic equipment.
6. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed of various
compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated
circuits.
7. The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common
commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders
of magnitude.
8. A resistor network that is a combination of parallel and series connections
can be broken up into smaller parts that are either one or the other.
9. Power resistors are required to dissipate substantial amounts of power and
are typically used in power supplies, power conversion circuits, and power
amplifiers; this designation is loosely applied to resistors with power ratings
of 1 watt or greater.
10. If the average power dissipated by a resistor is more than its power rating,
damage to the resistor may occur, permanently altering its resistance; this is
distinct from the reversible change in resistance due to its temperature
coefficient when it warms.
11. Excessive power dissipation may raise the temperature of the resistor to a
point where it can burn the circuit board or adjacent components, or even
cause a fire. There are flameproof resistors that will not produce flames with
any overload of any duration.
12. Resistors may be specified with higher rated dissipation than is experienced
in service to account for poor air circulation, high altitude, or high operating
temperature.
13. Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance;
these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications.
14. In some precision applications, the temperature coefficient of the resistance
may also be of concern.
15. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating
which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a
particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics
applications.
16. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may
require heat sinks.
17. Carbon composition resistors (CCR) consist of a solid cylindrical resistive
element with embedded wire leads or metal end caps to which the lead wires
are attached.
18. The body of the resistor is protected with paint or plastic.
19. Early 20th-century carbon composition resistors had uninsulated bodies; the
lead wires were wrapped around the ends of the resistance element rod and
soldered.
20. The completed resistor was painted for color-coding of its value.
21. The resistive element in carbon composition resistors is made from a
mixture of finely powdered carbon and an insulating material, usually
ceramic.
22. The resistance is determined by the ratio of the fill material (the powdered
ceramic) to the carbon.
23. Carbon composition resistors were commonly used in the 1960s and earlier,
but are not popular for general use now as other types have better
specifications, such as tolerance, voltage dependence, and stress.
24. Carbon composition resistors have poor stability with time and were
consequently factory sorted to, at best, only 5% tolerance.
25. Carbon composition resistors are still available, but relatively expensive.
26. A carbon pile resistor is made of a stack of carbon disks compressed
between two metal contact plates.
27. Metal film resistors are usually coated with nickel chromium (NiCr), but
might be coated with any of the cermet materials listed above for thin film
resistors.
28. Metal-oxide film resistors are made of metal oxides which results in a
higher operating temperature and greater stability and reliability than metal
film.
29. They are used in applications with high endurance demands.\
30. Wirewound resistors are commonly made by winding a metal wire,
usually nichrome, around a ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core.

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1.

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that

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