CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the detail procedures used in conducting the

research. All of the procedures cover research design, population and sample, data

collection, and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

Research design becomes one of the most crucial parts in conducting a study.

According to Creswell (2012), research design is specified as procedures included in

the process; data collection, data analysis and report writing. Data collection as a

process how to collect the data and ensure the information about the subject that will

be tested. While, data analysis leads to the process of checking the data. So it can

draw the conclusions about therelevant information. Then, report writing or resear

research report is the delivery of research result that have been carried out in

accordance with provisions set based on the type and aims of the study. Meanwhile,

Ary et al., (2010) state that research design invloves how the researcher collecting the

data, analyze data and interpreting the data.

In addition to the research design there is an approach used in the study to

collect the data. According to Ary et al., (2010), research method specify in two

categories: quantitative, qualitative research and also mixed research method.

First, qualitative research method is an investigation process which aims to

understand human behaviour, which is done to analyzing words rather than

numbers and followed by reporting details of object that have been studied.

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Second, quantitative research method attempt to measure, collect and

analyze numerical data from large number of people. In conducting quantitative

research method, researchers use valid instruments to measure and several

statistical procedures to build objectivity in reserach (Creswell, 2012).

In this study, the researcher uses descriptive research design. Descriptive

research design is used to decribe the trends that are developing in the field or on

the need to explain why something occurs. Since the aims of this study is to know

the dominant factor of speaking English difficulties by third-semester students in

English presentation faced.

3.2 Population and Sample

According to Ary et al., (2010) a population is defined as all members of a

class of people, events or objects. The population of this research is students of

English Language Education Department (ELED), who are taking Speaking for

Informal Interaction subject. It consists of 168 students academic 2018 at

University of Muhammadiyah Malang.

This study implemented two step sampling; first random sample, second,

stratified propotion. The selection of 100 samples are conviniently and randomly

selected from 168 total population. Furthere the selected samples were stratified

by 50% of the total number of each class. Therefore, one class could be taken for

about +/- 15-20 participating (Latief, 2017).

3.3 Data Collection

Data collection consists of instrument and procedures used in the research

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3.3.1 Technique and Instrument

To collect data, the researcher should be able to access the data that needs

to be collected to the research. Research instrument are simply devices for

obtaining the information or data relevant to research subject. Research

instrument basically are tools developed and used by the researcher to achieve

researcher stated objective in conducting a study Ary et al., (2010). In this

research, the researcher uses questionnaire as an instruments to collect the

data.

According to Latief (2017), main instrument to collect basic data from a

large sample in survey research is a questionnaire. There are two forms of

questionnaire, open and closed. The open form questionnaire asks respondents

to provide a free response. So, it is easy for any researchers to prepare and

make the respondents give a response by their own words. Meanwhile, closed-

form questionnaire is researcher provided to determine the answer that the

respondent will choose. The advantages from this form is that easy to the

respondents to give their answer and also easier for researcher to analyze the

result of data. For this reason, the researcher use closed form questionnaire for

this research. Based on Gan (2013) and Al-Roud (2016), there are 20 items of

questionnaire which is used in this study.

Likert-scales are used in this research, to analyze the questionnaire. Vaus

(2002) likert scales point out that the respondents’ level of agreement or

disagreement with the statement. Moreover, the items are designed in a four

point Likert-scales such as “Strongly Agree (SA), Agree (A), Unsure (U),
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Disagree (D) and Strongly Disagree (SD)”. In order, the response items must

be weighted, positive and negative statement because there is different score

for each scale (Ary et al., 2010).

Tabel 3.1 Scale of Value

Statement Strongly Agree Unsure Disagree Strongly

Agree (A) (U) (D) Disagree (SD)
(SA)
Positive 5 4 3 2 1
Negative 1 2 3 4 5
Here, the researcher employs Odd-numbered Likert scale which gives

option for indecision or neutrality. Croasmun & Ostrom (2011) state that by

giving respondents a neutral response option, they are not required to choose

or do not feel pressured if they do not have any opinion. This may reduce the

chance of response bias.

Further, the questionnaire on speaking difficulties is adapted from Gan

(2013) and Al-Roud (2016). The researcher provides the blueprint of

questionnaire as below:

Table 3.2 Blueprint of questionnaire on speaking difficulties in English

Presentation faced.

No. Topic Number Item (s)

1. Linguistic obstacles 1, 2, 3, 4, 4
2. Speech processing difficulties 5, 6, 7, 8 4
3. Academic and conversational 9, 10, 11, 12, 5
English skills 13
4. Access to speaking 14,15, 16, 3
opportunities
5. Negative effect 17, 18, 19, 20 4
Total items 20
The questionnaire is attached in Appendix 1. The questionnaires are

distributed through Google form.

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3.3.2 Procedure

There are several basic steps of collecting data of this study were as follows:

1. Developing the questionnaires guide which are related to the topic

research

2. Preparing the questionnaire guide in google form

3. Distributing the link of questionnaire to the respondents

4. Validating the result of questionnaire using Statistical Program for Social

Sience (SPSS) 23.0

5. Collecting the questionnaire to be analyzed

3.4 Data Analysis

According to Sugiono (2010), data analysis is the process of

systematically searching and arranging the interview transcript, interview record

and other materials that researcher accumulate to increase your own

understanding of them and allows you to present what you have discovered to

others. In quantitative research especially in correlation study, the data

correlation research design is a type of research design which assesses the

correlation between two or more variables.

The data analysis is an important part in research because by using this data,

the researcher can conclude the result of the study. After collect the data the

researcher needs to analyze and evaluate the results using the following steps:

1. Classifying the data based on the response of the questionnaires

2. Analyzing using SPSS 23.0 (Statistical Program for Social Sience)

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3. Describing the result of analysis based on the classifications that refer to the

statement problem

4. Drawing the conclusion based on the result of data analysis