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Work and Energy

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Malik Ghani
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Work and energy ‘The Japanese bullet train travels at very high speeds, up to 300km/h, The train's engine does work and energy is transferred to create the motion. The bullet train is so-called because of its shape and speed. ‘The engineers who designed this train would have made use of the kind of formulae we are learning about to calculate how much work the engine would need to do in order for the train to achieve its high speeds. Objectives © Understand the concept of the work done by a force, and calculate the work done by a constant force when its point of application undergoes a displacement not necessarily parallel to the force. © Understand the concepts of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, and use appropriate formulae. © Understand and use the relationship between the change in energy of a system and the work done by external forces, and usc in appropriate cases the principle of conscrvation of energy. Before you start You should know how to: Skills check: 1. Resolve a force in a given direction. 1. Find the resolved part of each force in the eg: Find the resolved part of the force in the direction of the dotted arrow. direction of the dotted arrow. a) way |B GH & en pan / i, \ 6 / Continued on the next page Work and energy (Es Resolving horizontally, we obtain. T-F=0 T=F=120N There is no vertical displacement of the object, so the work done by the weight (400N) and by Ris zero. ‘The displacement in the direction of Tis 5m, so the work done by the tension = 120 x 5 = 600] ‘The displacement in the direction of Fis -5 m, so the work done by the friction = 120 x -5 = -600) Notice the negative work done by friction, We can say the work done by friction is -600J, of, more usually, that there is 600J of work done against friction, It is important to realise that the displacement must take place in the direction of the force. Hence, any forces that are perpendicular to the displacement do no work. Frequently, the applied force is directed at an angle to the direction that the displacement occurs. For the object in Example 1 the rope used to pull the object may be inclined to the herizontal, Suppose a force Fis applied to an object that is then displaced by a distance sina direction making an angle @ with the direction of F. ‘The force F can be resolved into two components: parallel and perpendicular to the direction of the displacement. The perpendicular component, Fsin 8, does no work because there is no displacement in that direction. ‘The parallel component, F'cos6, is displaced a distance s. Therefore the work done by F is, (Feos@) xs = Fscos® Example 2 ‘A packing case is pulled along horizontal ground a distance of 6m e by means of a rope inclined at 35° to the horizontal. The tension in 400 the rope is 400. Find the work done by the tension. or ‘The component of the force in the direction of the motion is 400 ¢os35°. ‘The displacement in this direction is 6m. Hence, work done = 400 cos35° x 6 = 1965.964906 = 1970} (3 sf) Work Exercise 7.1 1. A body is pulled a distance of 20 m across a horizontal surface against a resistance of 40N. Ifthe body moves with constant velocity, find the work done against the resistance. 2. Find the work done by a crane lifting a load of 200g at constant speed through a distance of 6.4m, 3. Find the work done in pulling, at constant speed, a packing case of mass 70kg a distance of 18 m against a resistance of 150 N on a horizontal surface. 4. A force of 80N moves an object 15.8m in the direction of the force. Find the work done by the force. 5. Find the work done by a man of mass 78kg in climbing vertically up a ladder 5m high at constant speed. 6. A force of 50N acts on a block at an angle of 30° above the horizontal, ‘The block moves a horizontal distance of 3m. Find the work done by the applied force. 7. Calculate the work done by a 3N force, directed at an angle 40° to the upward ‘vertical, to move a box 400cm across a horizontal floor at constant speed. 8. A woman pushes a package 20m along level ground at constant speed. The work done by the woman is 160]. Find the average force resisting the motion. 9. A.caris towed at constant speed by means of a tow rope angled at 10° to the horizontal. The work done by the tension in the rope in moving the car 100m is 2000]. Find the tension in the rope. 10. A body of mass & kg is at rest on a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction between the body and the surface is 0.4. A force of 120N is applied for a period of 105 in each of the following cases a) —— 120n b) -7 120" In each case, find the distance moved by the body and the work done by the 120N force. 7.2 Kinetic energy If we refer back to equation (1), Fs= Lim? - Lm amr the lefichand side was the work done by the force F. The right-hand side of the equation has two terms ofa similar form. Work and energy (ES) If an object is moving with a speed v the quantity 11 is called the meth 2 kinetic energy of the body. So the kinetic energy (KE) of a body is the energy it possesses because of its motion. Equation (1) tells us that when a force does work on a body so as to increase its speed, then the work done is a measure of the increase in the kinetic energy of the body. Example 3 A car of mass 1600kg is travelling along a straight horizontal road at 15m". The brakes are applied as the car approaches a junction. The car travels 25m before coming to rest. Find a) the initial kinetic energy of the car b) the work done in stopping the car ¢)_ the force applied in stopping the car. a) The initial kinetic energy of the car = 5 1600 x (15) = 180000] b) ‘The work done in stopping the car = change in kinetic energy = 180000] 180000 55 = 7200) ©) Since work done = force x displacement, force = Example 4 A body of mass 6kg increases its energy by 38]. Ifits initial speed was 2ms"", find its final speed. Initial kinetic energy = Ly? =1x6x (2? =12J Final kinetic energy = 12 + 38 = 50J If the final speed of the body is v, then 50 = } x6xv v= 4.082482905 = 4.08ms" (3 s.f.) Exercise 7.2 1. Find the kinetic energy of a) a body of mass 5kg moving with speed 4ms* b) a body of mass 2kg moving with speed 3ms" ©) acar of mass 1200kg moving with speed 10ms* 4d) a particle of mass 100g moving with speed 20 ms"! Kinetic energy 2. Find the gain in kinetic energy when a) a.car of mass 1.4 tonnes increases its speed from Sms“ to 6ms* b) abody of mass 5g increases its speed from 200ms" to 300ms. 3. Find the loss in kinetic energy of a) an object of mass Skg that decreases its speed from 3ms* to 2ms* b) a car of mass 900kg that decreases its speed from 14ms“' to 10ms“! 4. A body of mass 12kg is moving at a speed of 4 ms“. The body's kinetic energy increases by 80]. Find the final speed of the body. 5. When a squash ball bounces off'a wall it loses 20% of its kinetic energy. A squash ball has a mass of 25g and hits the wall at 4ms~ Find a) the kinetic energy of the ball immediately before it hits the wall ‘b) the speed of the ball immediately after it rebounds from the wall. 6. Aman pushes a car of mass 1200kg on a horizontal road from rest. He exerts @ horizontal force of 150N. Ignoring the resistance of the road, find a) the work done on the car as it moves 10m ) the speed of the car after 10m. | Note: ‘Exe’ means ‘appl. 7-3 Gravitational potential energy ‘When a climber scales a rock face, they are doing worl against the force of gravity. Suppose we lift an object of mass 15kg through a height of 8m. The work we do against gravity is 15¢x 8 = 1200). If we now allow the object to fall back to its original level, its weight will do 1200] of work. Generalising this to the case of a mass mg, raised vertically through a vertical height of frm, the work done against gravity is mass x gx height. So mgh is the work done against gravity. Ifyou climb the stairs, then the work done is your weight multiplied by the vertical height gained. In fact the path taken between two points is irrelevant in calculating the work done. The work done is always mg x (vertical height gained), and is independent of the path taken to gain the height. By lifting an object we give the object energy. The energy given to it depends on the position of the object in a gravitational field. Ifan object increases its height by a distance /i the quantity mgh is, the increase in gravitational potential energy of the object. Raising an object increases its gravitational potential energy (GPE), while lowering, it decreases its GPE. The amount of energy is simply melt, where iris the distance Work and eneray above some arbitrary reference point. When an object loses height, this potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. Example 5 A carriage on a roller coaster ride has a mass of 130kg, Find the change in potential energy when the carriage descends 12m. Change in potential energy = mgh = 130g x 12 = 15600} Example 6 A climber of mass 75 kg scales a mountain 1.8km high. Find her gain in potential energy. Increase in potential energy = mgh = 75g x 1800 = 1350000] = 1350kJ Ea Example 7 A block of mass 2.9 kg slides down the line of greatest slope of a rough inclined plane, ‘The normal reaction between the block and the plane is 2.N. a) Show that if the angle of slope of the plane is @, then cos= b) Calculate the change in gravitational potential energy if the block slides a distance of 2.4m. a) Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane: 2.9gcos0=21 Hence, cos 2 a b) Ifcosé=—, then sna f-(2) = Change in potential energy = mgh=2.9g x24 Daas] 7.4 Conservation of energy Tf, as an object moves, all ofits potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, then the situation is called a conservative system. If some work is done, other than that done by or against gravity, so that not all the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, this is a non-conservative system. Conservation of energy So the total energy of a system remains constant provided no external work is done and there are no sudden changes in the motion of the system. “The total energy of a system remains constant provided no external work is done and there are no sudden changes in the motion of the system. This is known as the principle of conservation of energy. Example 8 A ball of mass 0.6kg is dropped from rest at a height of 10m above the ground. Neglecting air resistance, find a) the loss in gravitational potential energy in falling to the ground b) the gain in kinetic energy at the instant the ball reaches the ground ©) the speed with which the ball hits the ground, a) ‘The loss in GPE = mgh = 0.6g x 10 = 60). b) Because of conservation of energy the kinetic energy gained is equal to the GPE lost. So the gain in kinetic energy is 60 I. ©) The change in kinetic energy is dane ~ hime ak = pa = 7x06 xv 5x06 x (0) = 60 v= 14,14213562 = 14.1ms" (3s.£) Exercise 7.4 1. A base jumper with mass 85kg jumps from the top of a building, 300m. above the ground, He falls with an initial velocity of 4ms~ towards the ground. He releases his parachute at a point 80m above the ground. Find a) the initial kinetic energy of the jumper Did you know? . : “ 4 Base jumping is a sport in b) the potential ene oat bribe ups mori os mi the top of re Rie the building to the point where he releases his parachute Ce Eicon ©) his speed at the instant that he releases his parachute, stating an asa building ora cif) and assumption you have made in modelling this situation. use a parachute to break their fall 2. A particle of mass 0.4kg is projected up a smooth plane inclined at an angle @ to the horizontal, where tan 6 = =. the particle moves through a point A at a speed of 12m". The particle continues to move up the line of greatest slope and comes to instantaneous rest at a point B. Find a) the height of B above the level of A b) the distance AB ©) the speed of the particle when it returns to A. Work and energy (EE) 3. A parachutist of mass 70kg jumps from an aeroplane at a height of 1000 m and hits the ground at 6ms"!. Assume that his vertical velocity when he leaves the plane is zero. Find a) the potential energy lost b) the work done against the resistive forces during the jump. 4. A body of mass 2kg is released from rest and falls freely under gravity. Ignoring air resistance, find its speed when it has fallen a distance of 15 m. A body of mass 5kg is released from rest and falls freely under gravity. Ignoring air resistance, find the distance it has fallen when its speed is 8ms". 6. A stone of mass 0.2kg is dropped down a well. ‘The stone hits the surface of the water with a speed of l6ms '. a) Calculate the kinetic energy of the stone as it hits the water, b) Find the height above the water from which the stone was dropped. ©) When the stone hits the water, it begins to sink vertically and experiences a constant resistance of 18N. Find the depth the stone has sunk to when the speed of the stone is 4m". 7. A body of mass 4kg is projected vertically downwards at a speed of 2ms*. Find the speed of the body as it passes through a point 6m below the point of projection. Assume there are no resistances to the motion. 8. A and Bare two points in a vertical line, with A above B. A body of mass 0.6kg is released from A ané falls vertically, passing through B at a speed of 12ms'‘, Find the distance AB. Assume there are no resistances to the motion. 9. Aand Bare two points in a vertical line, with A above B. A body of ‘mass 0.5 kg falls vertically. It passes through A at a speed of 2ms“'and passes through B at a speed of 8ms*. Find the distance AB, Assume there are no resistances to the motion. 10. A and B are two points in a vertical line, with A a distance of 4m above B. A particle P, of mass mkg, is projected vertically upwards from B ata speed of 15ms-!, Assuming there are no resistances to motion, find Conservation of energy a) the speed of P as it passes through A b) the speed of P as it passes through A again, travelling downwards ©) the speed of P as it passes through B 4) the height above B of the highest point reached. LL. A smooth slope is inclined at tan (3) to the horizontal. A particle of mass Akg is released from rest at the top of the slope. ‘Ihe particle reaches the bottom of the slope at a speed of 8s", Find the length of the slope. 12, Point A is at the bottom of a smooth slope that is inclined at an angle 0 to the horizontal, where tan =. A particle is projected from 4 Aaata speed of 16ms~ up the line of greatest slope of the plane and passes through a point B at a speed of 3ms-*, Find the distance AB. 7.5 The work-energy principle “The total work done on any system is equal to the total change in energy. This is known as the work-energy principle. Asan object moves, if work is done, and so not all of the potential energy is converted to kinetic energy, the system is non-conservative (see Section 7.4). In these situations we can still make use of energy to solve a problem because of the work-energy principle. Example 9 A particle of mass 4kg is projected down a plane inclined at 30° to the horizontal at a speed of 1 ms“. ‘There is a constant resistance of 5N. Find the speed of the particle after it has travelled 6m down the plane. ‘The vertical height lost by the particle is 6 sin 30 In moving down the slope the loss in PE of the particle is mgh = 4g x 3 = 120]. ‘The gain in KE is dyn — Dnt pxdxv tx4x(a) w= 2, ‘The work done against the resistance force is Fs = 5 x 6 = 30]. Hence, by conservation of energy, the GPE lost is converted into some KE avid is used to ‘overcome the resistance: 120 = 27-2 +30 v= 6,782329983 = 6.78 ms" (3 s.f.) m, Work and eneray Example 10 A car of mass 1200kg has a speed of 26ms" at the bottom of a hill inclined at 5° to the horizontal, The car travels up the line of greatest slope of the hill. After a distance of 500m the car’s speed has decreased to 12ms-', The resistance to motion is constant and has magnitude 400N. Find the constant driving force produced by the car's engine. ‘The vertical height gained by the car is 500sin 5° In moving up the hill the gain in PE of the car is mgh = 1200 x ¢ x 43.6 = 522934.5} 43.6m (3 sf, ‘The gain in KE is As this value is negative, KE is lost “<= as the car travels up the hill, and the change in KE is 3192004. ‘The work done against the resistance force of 400N is (D - 400) x s = (D- 400) x 500 By conservation of energy the KE lost is converted into PE and used to overcome the resistance. So 522934.! 319200 + (D — 400) x 500 “<= Dis used for the driving force. (D ~ 400) x 500 = 203 734.5 D400 = 407469 D= 807.469 ‘The driving force D = 807N (3 s.f.). ‘There are cases where the energy done by a specific force is given. ‘Ihe following example shows how to deal with this type of problem. It cannot be assumed that the force is constant and hence the use of constant acceleration formulae is prohibited, Example 11 toms! 2 er) “x 600m A A car of mass 1250kg travels along a road that has a straight horizontal section AB and a straight inclined section BC. The length of BCis 600m. ‘The speed of the car at A, Band Cis 19ms*, 29ms" and 19ms“, respectively (see diagram). a) ‘The work done against the resistance to motion of the car, as it travels from A to B, is 525k). Find the work done by the driving force as the car travels from A to B. > Continued on the next page Ea The work-eneray principle b) As the car travels from B to C, the resistance to motion is 450NN and the work done by the driving force is 370k]. Find the height of C above the level of AB. Q Baaination advice Itis tempting to use the constant acceleration equations in this question. However, this would require ‘the assumption that the driving force and the resistance are constant, which is not stated in the question. Only the work done by the resistance and by the driving force are given. This is something to be aware of in questions of this type, Work done by driving force = gain in KE + work done against resistance = 300 000-+525 000= 825 000 J=825 kj eee ere wR 2 Work done against resistance = 450 600 = 270000 J Gain in PE = 1250x gxh=12500h b) Loss in KE = soso apt 0 x "= 3000 Work done by driving force + loss in KE 370000+ 300 000=12500h+ 270000 and hence h=32m ain in PE + work done against resistance In the examples considered so far, motion is either vertical or on an inclined plane, in other words it is motion in a straight line. It is also possible to use the work-energy principle to solve problems in situations where the motion is not linear, such as motion on a curved surface. Example 12 In a playground a small child of mass 20kg goes down a slide, as shown in the diagram. ‘the slide is 1.5m high and there is a constant resistance of 10N between the child and the slide. The total length of the slide is 3.5m. The child starts from rest at the top of the slide, Find a) the loss in gravitational energy of the child in sliding to the bottom of the slide b) the gain in kinetic energy at the instant she reaches the end of the slide ©) her speed at the end of the slide. > Continued on the next page Work and energy (Es 20x10x1: 00] b) Applying the work-energy principle: In this question, atthough ; 5 A A the slide is curved, we can Loss in GPE = gain in KE + work done against resistance << iM 300= gain in KE#10 x 3.5 still apply the work-energy principle. Gain in KE =265] ©) Gainin KE =+ mv = 5x200° =265 2 5.15ms" (3 s.£) Exercise 7.5 1. Aand Bare two points 8m apart on a horizontal smooth surface. A particle of mass 2kg is initially at rest at A and is pushed by a force of constant magnitude acting in the direction from A to B. ‘Ihe particle reaches a point B at a speed of 6m“ Find the magnitude of the force. 2. A car of mass 1000kg descends a hill angled at @ to the horizontal, where sin@ = 0.1. There is a constant resistance to motion of magnitude 200N. Find the work done by the brakes in bringing the car to rest from a speed of 9ms* in a distance of 50m, Assuming that the braking force is constant, find the braking force produced by the car. 3. Ina downhill ski race, competitors descend from a start point, which is 1800 m above sea level, to finish line, which is 1100 m above sea level. A competitor has a total mass of 85kg including equipment. He starts from rest and crosses the finish line at a speed of 12m". Find the work done in overcoming the resistances to his motion. _— 4. Alorry of mass 5000kg accelerates from Sms" to ms" while covering a distance of 60m on a horizontal road. ‘The resistance to motion is constant and of magnitude 250N. Pind the driving force. 5. Find the force needed to accelerate a train of mass 400 tonnes from 12ms~' to 20ms* ina distance of 2 km along a horizontal track, assuming the resistance to motion is constant and 150000N. 6. A gymnast of mass 60kg swings on a rope of length 12m. Initially the rope makes an angle of 50° with the vertical and the gymnast is at rest. Find ESEM The work-energy principle 7. 9%. 10. a) the decrease in his potential energy when the rope is vertical ) the speed of the gymnast when the rope is vertical, A and Bare two points 6m apart on a horizontal smooth surface. A particle of mass 5kg is initially at rest at A and is pushed towards B by a constant force of magnitude 12N. Find the speed of the particle at B. A child of mass 28kg goes down a slide, starting from rest. The total drop in height of the slide is 4.5m. a) Ifthe slide is smooth, find the speed of the child at the bottom of the slide. b) In fact the slide is rough, and the child reaches the bottom travelling at a speed of Sms", Find the work done against friction and the average friction force, given that the total length of the slide is 12m. A constant force of magnitude 15N pushes a body of 6kg in a straight line across a smooth horizontal surface. ‘The body passes through a point A at a speed of 3ms“' and then through a point B, 4m from A. For the motion of the body from A to B, find a) the work done by the ISN force ) the final speed of the body. ‘A skateboarder goes down a ramp formed by the arc of a circle of radius 8m. Ihe total mass of the skateboarder and her board is 65kg. She starts from rest at A, the top of the ramp, which is at the same height as O, the centre of the circle. Find the speed with which she leaves the ramp at B, given that there is a constant, resistance of 35N. A box of mass 4kg is pushed from rest a distance of 20m up the line of greatest slope of an inclined plane from a point A toa point B. ‘The height of B above the level of A is 5m. While the box is moving, the force in the direction AB pushing it is 52/N and the resistance to its motion is 18. a) Calculate the acceleration of the box up the plane. b)_ Use the work-energy principle to show that the velocity v of the box when it reaches B is given by v* = 240. Work and energy (lead Summary exercise 7 A boy on a sledge, of total mass 30kg, is pushed from rest with a horizontal force of 50N against a resistance of 20N for 16m along horizontal ground. a) Find his speed after moving this distance. The pushing force is now removed and he slows down under the same resistance of 20N. b) Find the total distance travelled from the instant the pushing began until he comes to rest. 2. Aand Bare two points on a line of greatest slope of a smooth inclined plane, with Ba vertical distance of 9m below the level of A. A particle of mass 0.6kg is projected down the plane from A ata speed of 1.5ms”. Find the speed af the particle when it reaches R. Aman pulls a block, of mass 25kg, across a horizontal floor by means of a rope attached to the block and inclined at 20° to the horizontal. ‘The block is pulled a distance of 12m and the tension in the rope is 80N. a) Find the work done by the man. ‘The resistance to the motion of the block is 28N and the block is initially at rest. b) Find the final speed of the block. } EMAM-STYLE QUESTION 4. Abox of mass 40kg is dragged across a horizontal floor by a constant force of magnitude 300N acting at an angle @ above the horizontal. The total resistance to motion has magnitude 250N. ‘The box starts from rest at a point A and passes a point B, 20m from A, at a speed of 1.5ms", Summary exercise 7 6. I For the box’s motion from A to B, find 4) the increase in the kinetic energy of the box fi) the work done against the resistance to motion of the box. b) A boy of mass 40kg is sitting at the top of a water slide at a height of 2.5m above a swimming pool. ‘The slide is smooth. ‘The boy starts to move down the slide from rest. Ignoring air resistance, find his speed at the instant he enters the pool. Hence calculate the value of @. A girl of mass 35 kg is at the top of a slide of length 4m and at a height of 2m above the ground, She starts to move down the slide from rest. The resistance to motion is constant and of magnitude 20N, Find her speed at the bottom of the slide. A car of mass 1000kg descends the line of greatest slope ofa hill inclined at an angle @to the horizontal, where sin = 0.2. ‘The constant resistance to motion has magnitude 300N, Find the constant breaking force needed to bring the car to rest from 20ms* ina distance of 100m. A skier of mass 70kg is pulled up a slope, which makes an angle of 15° with the horizontal. ‘The skier is subject to a constant resistance of SON. The skier’s speed at a point Aon the slope is Lms“ and, later, at a point Bhis speed is 2.5ms"'. The distance AB is 35m, Find the work done by the pulling force on the skier as he moves from A to B. EXAM-STYLE QUESTIONS of a quadrant of a circle of radius 2m, which 9. A girl ona sledge slides down a slope stands in a vertical plane. The resistance of oflength 270m that descends a vertical the track to the motion of the particle is SN. distance of 60 m. ‘The mass of the girl and “The particle comes to rest at a point that is sledge in total is 45 kg, The speed of the half-way along the track, as shown in the sledge at the top of the slope is 2ms“' and diagram, Calculate the speed at the bottom is 5.4ms", Given that the resistance to motion is constant, find this resistance. a) the gain in gravitational potential energy of the particle b) the work done against the resistance 10. A if 1400 kg travels up the line of car of mass 8 travels up the Tine of ©) the initial speed v of the particle. greatest slope of a hill inclined at 2° to the horizontal, ‘the car passes through a point Aata speed of Sms“ and through a point Bata speed of 10ms", Given that the car's engine produces a constant force of 1200N and the resistance to motion is constant and of magnitude 250N, find the distance AB. 1L. A particle P of mass 0.5kg is projected at a speed of vms"' up a rough track in the shape Chapter summary Work done by a force Fis Fs, where s is the distance moved in the direction of the force. ‘© Forces perpendicular to the motion do no work. © Work done by a force FN acting at an angle @ to the direction of motion is F'scos 9, where ‘smis the distance moved in the direction of the force. “the Kinetic energy (KE) of a body of mass mkg moving at a speed of vms is given by Sn, ‘The gravitational potential energy (GPE) of a body of mass mkg at a height /t above a given reference point is mgh. Energy is conserved when no forces other than gravity do work. ‘The work-energy principle means that the change in energy is equal to the total work done by the forces acting on the body. ‘© When specific values of work done by a force are given, then the force cannot be assumed to be constant. The work-energy principle is the only method of solving problems of this type. The S.L. unit of energy is the joule (J). Work and eneray

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