LESSONS Work, Energy, and Power Work done by a Constant Force ‘Work involves force and displacement. We use this quantitatively when « force moves an object through a distance. In other words, tee work done by a constant force in moving an object is equal to the product of the magnitudes of the displacement and the component of the force in the direction of the displacement. In symbol, this is expressed as, W=F Cos d Where: W = work done F = force d= distance 8 = angle between the displacement and F The SI unit of work is Joules (J) l= 1 Nm Work is a scalar quantity. According to this definition, work is done by force Fon an object under the following conditions: (1) the object must undergo a displacement, and (2) F must have nonzero component in the direction of the displacement. A force does no work on an object if the object does not move. For example, if person pushes against a wall, a force is exerted on the wall but the person docs no work since the wall is fixed. The wall has not undergone a displacement. However, the person's muscles are contracting {undergoing displacement) in the process so that the internal energy is, being used up. ‘The sign of work also depends on the direction of the force relative to displacement. The work done by applied force is positive when the vector associated with the component of the force is in the same direction as the displacement. However, when the vector associated with the component of the force is opposite the direction of the displacement, the work done is negative. Example 1: ‘A.crate of watermelon is pulled a distance of 4m with a horizontal force of SON. A frictional force of 8N retards the motion. Calculat {a) the work done by the 50-N force {b) the work done by the frictional force {6) the total work done on the box Solution: (@) The SON force is in the same direction as the displacement, so 0 = 0°, We™ F cos d = SON cos 0° (4m) = 200N-m = 200 ME. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Bnergy and Power Physics for Engineers2 (b) The frictional force is opposite the direction of motion (opposite the direction of displacement}, so @ = 180°. Wy feosd d BN (cos 1802) 4m = 325 (0) Wrom. = We + Wy = 2003 +(-32J) = 1680 Example 2: ‘A 20 kg box of books is pushed along a rough, horizontal surface by a constant force of 70N acting at an angle of 15¢ below the horizontal. The block is displaced a distance of 3m, and the coefficient of kinetic friction ia 0.25. Determine the work done a) the 70-N force b) the force of friction o) the normal force 4) the force of gravity Solution: Free-body diagram of the box: 5 = ON Fa 708 — woe @) We= Foos @d = (70Ncos 15¢)3m = 202. 8S b) Solving for the normal force, TFu- 0 N-Fy-W =0 N = 7ON sin 15 + 20kg (9.8m/s?) = 214.1 N Solving for the frictional foree, J 74N = 0.25 (214.1N) = 53.5 Hence, the work done by the frictional force is, Wy = feos Od = (53.5N cos 180+) (3m) 160.55 c) Work done by the normal force is zero because there is no displacement parallel to the normal force. 4d) There is no work done by gravity because there is no vertical displacement. 46.8. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for EngineersPractice Problems: 1. A horizontal force of 150N is applied to a crate which moves a distance of 8m along a frictionless horizontal surface. Find the work done by the force. 2. Ifa construction worker lifts a. 15-kg bucket of cement mixture from the ground to the top of a 6-storey building and does 2 kaJ of work, how high is the building? Assignment: 1, A shopper in a supermarket pushes a cart with a force of 40N directed at an angle of 30° below the horizontal. The force is just sufficient to overcome various frictional forces, ao the cart moves at constant speed. (a) What is the work done by the shopper as she moves down a 20-m length aiale? (b) The shopper goes down the next aisle, pushing horizontally and maintaining the same speed as before. If the work done by frictional forces doesn't change, would the shopper's applied force be larger, smaller, or the same? What about the work done on the cart by the shopper? Kinetic Energy and Work-Energy Theorem Kinetic Energy is the energy a body has by virtue of its motion. A car or a bullet in motion, or a stream of water possesses kinetic energy. The kinetic energy of the moving object can be measured by the amount of work it will do if brought to rest. ‘The kinetic energy of a body of mass m and velocity vis expreased as KE = me ‘The SI unit of kinetic energy is Joule (J). 1J3=1N.m ~ 1 kg. m?/s? Consider a body with an initial velocity u on which a steady unbalanced force Fue acts oa it moves a distance s. Using Newton’s 2% Law of Motion, Fret ™ M0 ‘The work done by the unbalanced force on the body is W=Faw s. W=Fras = (majs Using equation 6 in module 3 (Motion in One Dimension), YP = (uP + 2as 4.8. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physies for Engineersa Ot)? 2 We can substitute this expression in W = (ma) to get mio? @)*f 2 & W = % myP- 4 mu P W ~ KE, - KR ~ AKE (This equation is called the work-energy theorem). w= Example 1: Jason pushes a 3.00 x 108 kg car along a horizontal ground from rest to speed v, doing 18kJ of work in the process. During this time, the car moves 15.0 m. Neglecting friction between the car and the ground, find (a) vand (b) the horizontal force exerted by Jason on the car. Solution: (0) W = AKE = KE, KE = mip % map 18,0005 = % (3.00x 10°kg) ¥ - 0 v= 3.46 m/s (bh) W = Foos0d 48,0005 = (F cos 0) 15m F = 1,200" Example 2: ‘Starting from rest, a 15-kg block on a horizontal surface acquires a kinetic ‘energy due to a constant horizontal force of 300N. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.10, find the kinetic energy acquired after the object has traveled 6m. Solution: W = Fes = (300N-f}6m Solving for f f= MeN = 0.10 (15 kg) 9.8 m/s? = 14.71 WE. Onites Lesson 6. Work, Bnergy and Power Physics for EngineersFBD of the block: N F= 300N w f ‘Therefore the work done by the net force is W = (300N-14.7N)6m = 1,711.80 Using the worl-energy theorem, W = AKE = KE, - KE, h7ied= Keo RE, = 1,711.8 Practice Problems: 1. An automobile with a mass of 1200kg travels at a speed of 70km/h. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) What is the net work that would be required to bring it to rest? 2. Aconstant net force of 80N acts on an object initially at rest and acts through a distance of 2m. (a) What is the final kinetic energy of the object? (b) Ifthe object's mass is 0.50kg, what is its final speed? 3. A.1,500kg car is traveling at 60 mi per hr. What average force is required to stop the ‘car in 65m? Assignment 1. A'500-g object has a speed of 3 m/s at point A and kinetic energy of 9 J at point B. (a) What is its kinetic energy at point A? (b) What is its velocity at point B? (c) What is, the total work done on the object as it moves from point A to point B? 2. A.0.4 keg ball haa a speed of 14 m/s. (a) What is its kinetic energy? (b) If ite speed is doubled, what is its kinetic energy? 4B. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for EngineersGravitational Potential Energy When an object moves in the presence of the earth’s gravity, the gravitational force can do work on that object. In the case of freely falling object, the work done by gravity is a function of the vertical displacement of the object. Gravitational potential energy is the energy a body has by virtue of its position. In this case, position refers to the height of an object above some reference point, such as floor or the ground. Suppose that an object of mass mis lifted a distance Ah (see figure below). The gravitational potential energy of the object is PE = mghh = mg (h-h.) fh, = 0, then PE = mgh Always consider @ reference mark in solving for gravitational potential energy. Above a reference mark, potential energy is positive; below it, negative. ‘The unit of potential energy is Joule. 4.8. Oniles Lesson 6. Work. Energy and Power Physics for EngineersExample 1: ‘A.0.30kg ball hangs from a ceiling at the end of a 1.0-m string, If the ceiling is 3.0m from the floor, determine the gravitational potential energy of the ball relative to (@) the ceiling (b) the ball (c) the floor. ecilng Solution: a) PE = mgh = {0.30kgi9.8 m/s4j (1.0m) =~ Im 2.945 “The ballin below the reference meri ceiling), | s0 PE is negative. (b) PE = mgh = (0.30 kg) (9.8 m/s%}(0)=OF (0) PE= mgh = (0.30 kg) (9.8 m/s) (2 m) = 5.88 J The ball is above the reference mark (floor). Hence, PE is positive. am Practice Problems: 1. What is the gravitational potential energy of a 20 kg at the top of a 15-m building? (Take the ground as the reference mark.) 2. AO.15-kg stone is held 1.5 m above the top edge of a water well and then dropped into it. The well has a depth of 6.0m. Taking the top of the water well as the reference mark, what is the gravitational potential energy of the stone (a) before the stone is relensed (t) when It reaches the top edge of the well) when {teaches the bottom of e well. 3. A.20-Kg rock is on the edge of a 100m cliff. ‘a, What is the potential energy of the rock relative to the base of the cliff? 'b. ‘The rock falls from the cliff. What is its KE just before it hits the ground? €. What velocity does the rock have just before it hits the ground? ts 1. A.50.0 kg shell is shot from a cannon at Earth's surface to a height of 400 m. ‘a. What is the gravitational potential energy of the shell when it is at this height? b. What is the change in potentlal energy of the shell when ft falls back down to a height of 100m off the ground? 2. A physics book, mass unknown, is dropped 4.50 m. What velocity does the bool: have juat before it hits the ground? MLE. Omiles Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for EngineersConservation of Mechanical Energy Conservation principles play an important role in physics. When « physical ‘quantity is conserved, the numeric value of the quantity remains the same throughout the process. Although the form of the quantity may change in some way, its final value i the come as ita initial value. ‘The sum of kinetic and potential energies is called the total mechanical energy. BE; = PE + KE In any isolated system of objects interacting only through conservative forces, the total mechanical energy of the system is constant at all times, or conserved; that is: Ei = Ea KE, + PE; = KE2 + PEo Example 1: YA 0.300-kg ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed of 10.0 m/s. If the initial potential energy ia zero, find the ball’s kinetic, potential and mechanical energies at (a) its initial position (b) at 2.50 m above the initial position (¢) at its maximum height. ‘Solution: (@) Ifthe potential energy at the initial point is zero, then, the reference mark is the initial point. KE, = 44 mut = % (0,300 kg} (10.0 m/s P= 15S PE~ 0 E,= KE + PE= 15J +0 = ISU (b) Using the equation in freely falling bodies, (YP = (uP + 2g ~ (10.0 m/s? + 2¢-9.8 m/s?) 2.50m Yy = 714m/s KE = % mvt = % (0.300 kg) (7.14 m/sP = 7.655 PE = mgh = (0.300 kg) (9.8 m/s?) 2.50m = 7.357 Ey = KE + PE = 7.655 + 7355 = 150 (0) Velocity at the top of the flight is zero. Solving for h to get PE, (PF = (UP + 2gs 0 = (10.0m/sP + 2(-9.8 m/sih n= 510m PE = mgh = (0.300 kg }(9.8 m/s?) (5.10 m) = 15J KE= 0 KE + PE = 153 +0= 15J 4B. Omiles Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for EngineersExample 2: ‘The bob of a swinging pendulum has a speed of 2m/s when it is at the lowest point. The bob has a mass of 50g and the cord is 1.0m long. (a) What maximum height will the bob attain? (b) What angle with the vertical does the cord make when the bob is at its highest point? Tbs (a) Let us take point 2 as the reference point and apply the law of conservation of mechanical energy, ‘PE; +KE, = Pig + KE2 mgh: + smu? = mghr + %mv2 (0.050kg) (9.8m/s2)h + 3% (0.050kg) (0) = (0.050kg) (9. 8m/s2) (0) + 14 ns PE; + KE, = PE, + KEz 1+ %mvz = mghe + Yemve (0.050 kgi9.8m/s?)-1.0mcos6}+0 = (0.050kg)9.8m/s*)(-1.0m)+ % (0.050kq) (m/sp (0.050kg} (2rn/ s? 0.49h = 0.1 h = 0.204m >) 0.49 cos = -0.49 + 0.1 @ = 37.25¢ Practice Problems: 1, The bob of a pendulum weighs 40N and is attached to the end of a 1.0 m Jong string. The bob is displaced so that the string makes an angle of 20° with the vertical. Find the kinetic energy and the speed of the bob at the lowest point of the arc. 2. The brakes of a 2,000kg car are released when the car is going down « hill. if the car is moving at 2m/s when the breaks are released and neglecting friction, how fast, ia the car moving when it is 5 m below the point where its velocity is 2m/s? MLB. Omiles Lesson 6. Work, Bnergy and Power Physics for Engineers10 3. A.15 kg object is dropped from a height of 30m. Colculate the kinetic and potential ‘energies of the body (a) at the initiel point (b) at a height of 20m (c) 2 seconds after release. 4. A stone weighing 5 N is thrown vertically upwards with a velocity of 40.0 m/s. Find (@) its potential and kinetic energy 1.5 s after it is thrown (b) the maximum height reached applying conservation of mechanical energy. 5. Tarzan swings on a 25.0-m-long vine initially inclined at an angle of 35¢ with the vertical. What is his specd at the bottom of the swing (e) if he starta from rest? (b) if he pushes off with a speed of 6.0 m/s? Power Power is the rate of doing work. It is related to how fast a job is done. Two identical jobs or tasks can be done at different rates - one slowly or and one rapidly. ‘The work is the same in each case (since they are identical jobs) but the power ia different. The equation for power shows the importance of time. Its average value ina given time is obtained by dividing the work done by the corresponding time. Power = Work Time paw t ‘The SI unit of power is joule per second. 1 joule/second = 1 watt (W) 1 joule = 1 watt-second A smaller unit of power is the erg per second. In the British engineering system, the unit of power is ft-lb/s. A larger unit of power is the horsepower. 1 horsepower (Hp) = 550 ft-Ib/s Another larger unit of power is the kilowatt (kW) which is equal to 1000W. (kW xh = 1kWeh = 1000 W x 3,600 5 = 3.6 x 10° watt-seconds or, 1kilowatt-hour = 3.6 x 10S joules ‘The kW -h is a convenient unit for domestic purposes. We pay for our electrical bills according to the number of kilowatt-hours we have consumed. Another useful conversion is, ME. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for Engineersn 1 horsepower = 0.746 kilowatt = 746 watts which means that 1 Hp is approximately % kilowatt. Another way to express power is in terms of velocity. P = Wok 2 F t t Since v = s/t then power can be expressed as Po Fv Example 1: ‘An elevator of mass 2,000 kg rises 40 m in 10 seconds. What is the power developed? Solution: P=W/t = (2,000kg 19.8 m/s?) 40m / 10s P = 78,4000 Example 2: ‘The electric motor of a toy train accelerates the train from rest to 0.600 m/s in 15.0 ms, The total mass of the toy train is 525 g. Find the average power delivered to the train during this acceleration. Solution: Pe w t Using the work-energy theorem to solve for the work done, W = AKE = KE; - KK Wo ump - 4m(uP W = % (0.525 kg } (0.600 m/s P - 0 W = 0.0957 Substitute this value to P= — 0.095) t = 6.337 4B. Onites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for Engineers2 Practice Problems: 1. A tractor pulls a wagon with a constant force of 600 N at a constant speed of 15 km/h. (a) How much work is done by the tractor in 4.0 minutes? (b) What is the tractor’s power output? 2. A.70-kg soldier in basic training climbs a 10-m vertical rope at uniform speed in 9 seconds. What is his power output? 3. A weightlifter lits 250 kg through 2 m in 1.5 s. What is his power output? 4. A.65-kg athlete runs a distance of 500 m up a mountain inclined 20 to the horizontal. He performs this run in 90 seconds. Assuming air resistance is negligible, (a) how much work does he perform? (b) What is his power output during the ran? 5, A.24,000 kg rocket takes off from its launching pad and acquires a vertical velocity of 14,400 km/h when it is at an altitude of 30km. (a) Find its potential and kinetic energies. (b) If it reached this altitude in 15 minutes, what is the power developed? MB. Omites Lesson 6. Work, Energy and Power Physics for Engineers