Overview On 5G and 6G Wireless Communication With Iot Technology

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Journal of Engineering Science and Technology

Vol. 17, No. 1 (2022) 0095 - 0105


© School of Engineering, Taylor’s University

OVERVIEW ON 5G AND 6G WIRELESS


COMMUNICATION WITH IOT TECHNOLOGY

ABDULRAHMAN ALKANDARI*, MOHAMMAD ALAHMAD,


NAYEF ALAWADHI

Computer Department, CBE, PAAET, Kuwait, MIS Department, CITRA, Kuwait


*Corresponding Author: aam.alkandari@paaet.edu.kw

Abstract
The meaning of wireless communication is the way of transferring information
between two points or more than that, which are not connected by a physical
conductor. Most of wireless technologies are using radio waves and distances for
radio waves can be very short (a few meters) like Bluetooth or so far away (millions
of kilometres) for deep-space communications. Wireless communication went
through multiple generations. Recently, 5G network is the latest generation of
wireless communication networks that enable a huge transfer amount of data
through its channels. 6G network is intended to provide faster wireless network than
5G soon so both can serve Internet of Things (IoT) applications. In this paper we
study the 5G and 6G, difference between them and the advantage of using.
Keywords: 5G, 6G, IoT, Wireless communication.

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96 A. Alkandari et al.

1. Introduction
Internet of Things or simply IoT is a technology widely served over 5G network.
Low latency and reliability factors of 5G network are needed to operate IoT
applications effectively. For example, vehicles and sensors will be associated with
the Internet by utilizing 5G network, and around 35 billion IoT terminals will be
associated with the Internet by 2021 [1]. Moreover, it is likewise required to suit
different IoT applications with different data transfer capacity and transmission rate
including offbeat transmission of IoT terminals in 5G and past, subsequently
another waveform to empower adaptable uplink access is unequivocally required.
Adaptability is significant in IoT applications since requirements for transmission
rate, transmission recurrence and traffic can change as per IoT applications, and it
is additionally required to empower nonconcurrent transmission of IoT terminals.
5G means the 5th generation technology of mobile cellular network introduced
in 2016. 5G network is designed to connect everything and everyone togethers in
terms of machines, objects, and devices. 5G tends to carry more data than its
predecessors (1G, 2G, 3G and 4G) which mainly serve the rapid expansion and
developing of IoT. As defining the 5G in its wirelessly communication, faster and
greater bandwidth compared with the 4G. The most challenging in the 5G is the
frequency ranges compared to 4G gives optimal and more millimetre waves
recently <6GHz is used and tested [2]. Also, another challenge in the 5G is the
Adaptive Antennae Systems (AAS) which are large in size and directly
proportioned to the wavelength and multiplying antenna to create greater
bandwidth and beam for the frequency (Nxm) in order to build the whole
mechanism each antenna in the phase antennae array to construct and expose more
beam of frequency creating greater bandwidth and faster connection over the
network. This kind of 5G technology takes the full advantage of such challenge is
called Over the Air (OTA) [3].
While 6G is the sixth-generation standard successor communication wireless
network of 5G which be launched by 2030. It will build on the revamped
infrastructure of 5G network. 6G will use higher frequency bands than 5G, hence,
it will provide much faster speed and low latency compare it to 5G network.
Precisely, 6G technology supposed to provide up to 10Gbps speed while 5G can
provide up to 1 Gbps and little higher. Early discussion by research and
development (R&D), known in Europe as research and technological development
(RTD) constitutes the first stage of developing and visualizing the 6G future
network. In particular, many problems associated with deploying millimetre wave
radio spectrum that 6G supposed to offer in the future. Millimetre wave radios are
expected to be solved by researches and network designers to overcome the
challenges facing 6G network. In the next sections, 5G and 6G networks are
intended to be studied thoroughly then a comparison between them will be given.

2. 5G Network Architecture
A 5G network architecture consists of four main components: Radio Access
Network (RAN), Core Network, Network Slicing and Network Function
Virtualization (NFV).
The Radio Access Network (RAN)– consists of different types of facilities such
as antenna towers, small cells, masts and home network devices that connect mobile

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Overview on 5g and 6g Wireless Communication with IOT Technology 97

users with the main core network. Small or macro cells which considers the main
innovation of 5G network provides a short range of connection which is measured
in (mmWave). 5G macro cells use MIMO (multiple input, multiple output)
antennas which enable its users to send and receive data simultaneously [4].
The Core Network – handles and responsible for mobile data transfer and
exchange through its distributed servers to obtain better time response latency.
Network Slicing – responsible for splitting the network for a particular
application, business or industry. For example, such a specific service originally
provided by the network can be sliced and operated independently from other users.
Hoang et al. [5] conducted one of the studies in this domain. They proposed a
model for orchestrating network slices based on the service requirements and
available resources. Markov decision process framework was used as a second
stage to create and determine the optimal policy. The optimal policy can then
manage cross-slice admission control and resource allocation for the 5G networks.
Network Function Virtualization (NFV) – provides a 5G ready core platform to
deploy and support new business applications. Precisely, NFV enables to create
network functions in real time at needed location within the operator’s platform.
One of possible 5G architecture is M-CORD [6]. The M-CORD architecture
designed to provide a platform that enables provisioning and scalability. It also
provides other services such as performance and behaviour monitoring. Mediating all
inter-service dependency is the most important function of CORD. Figure 1 depicts
an example of M-CORD architecture attached to the 5G network.

Fig. 1. Architecture of CORD platform [6].

3. 5G Mobile Services
5G services can be categorized into some groups which depends on their
characteristics by end-user’s experience.

3.1. Immersive 5G services (virtual reality “VR” and augmented reality


“AR”)
VR and AR are the main components of future communications. The availability
of getting a Head-Mounted Display (HMD) by a low-cost and real-time services

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98 A. Alkandari et al.

needs very fast Internet speed. Furthermore, the service technology should solve
the problems about many things such as insufficient quality of images and the
methods of information display. Future VR/AR must offer an instance of the site
to the user same as real. Future 5G services must handle 4K and/or 8K resolutions
to solve the issue about image quality.

3.2. Intelligent 5G services (user-centric computing)


The user is being responded to the content by the network after recognizing on big
data-based on information collected, such as interests in specific sports, fashions,
businesses…etc. So, future networks are expected to have big data flows than ever.
Using of mobile edge computing provided by 5G network enables mobile
computing for data to be produced locally hence reduce congestion.

3.3. Autonomous 5G services (smart transportation)


The concept of smart transportation is defined as a transportation system which
allows improved safety, efficiency and higher productivity with network
infrastructure help. 5G and artificial intelligence (AI) are combined with each
other’s for enabling technologies such smart transportation systems. Connected
cars will enable great features of services such as collision avoidance and route
optimization under a high security and high performance of transport network and
cloud computing. In addition, next generation of smart cars will need real-time
safety systems which can transfer data with other cars and a fixed infrastructure for
them. Types of these cars need to process at least 1 Gbps of data rate to make smart
decisions, so 5G technology is very important to provide real-time services in future
vehicles and to reduce latency.
According to Zikria et al. [7], 5G services is categorized into five services firstly
Immersive 5G service includer augmented reality telepresence technology,
Intelligent 5G service for crowded area service and Edge/FOG computing,
Omnipresent 5G Service Health and smart factories, Autonomous 5G service robot
based and drone-based 3D connectivity and finally public 5G services like
emergency services and Save Our Soul (SOS) [7].
The importance of 5G services playing a major role in shaping the quality of
service in the mobile network. In this regard, cost and energy were considered in
[7] to support 5G services. The main purpose was to identify the optimal mix of
transport network technologies such as wireless and optical.

4. 5G Technology
As we mentioned before, 5G network is a real wireless world so it needs to be
supported by technologies such as IPv6 and world-wide wireless web (WWWW).

4.1. IPv6
In the 5G system, IPv6 is needed to be used in mobility because of the subnet of
multiple layers and a lot of addresses. IPv6 addresses use 128 bits, which is four
times more than IPv4 addresses that only use 32 bits. The first 32 bit for home
address of a device, second 32 bit may use for protecting address, third 32 bit for
establishing a connection between wire line and wireless network and the last 32
bit of IPv6 address may be used for VPN.

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Overview on 5g and 6g Wireless Communication with IOT Technology 99

Using IPv6 has some advantages such as more efficient packet processing, more
efficient routing, scalability and security.

4.2. World wide wireless web (WWWW)


World Wide Wireless Web is a feature that enable users to use wireless-based Web
applications. 5G connections to end points in the field should be 1-10 Gbps, peak
download and upload data rate should be in the range from 1 to 10 Gbps, end-to-
end round-trip delay (latency) by 1 millisecond, 1000x bandwidth per unit area,
number of connected devices should be 10-100x, availability in percentage will be
99.999%, coverage will be100%, network energy usage should be reduced by 90%
and up to ten-year battery life for low power, machine-type devices. 5G technology
constructed with various bandwidth and supported to spread wide area coverage of
signals and wireless connection. According to Jain et al. [8], 5G can have better
capacity and better Quality of Service (QoS). 5G connection can be implemented
with many bandwidths. For example, Radio Spectrum is new bandwidth can
corporate over 100 MHz with the concept of Cognitive Radio (CR) under 1
gigahertz to meliorate rustic wireless broadband access & 500 megahertz of the
band betwixt 1 & 5 GHz increasing its effectively and efficiency. Moreover, Ultra
Dense Ran operate in less power 10-100GHz with less power access node in the
desired network [8].
In many aspects, 5G generation can’t tell its totally harmful for the next coming
generations According to Hockett [9], no scientific neither health evidence can give
its harmfulness. However, such emissions of radiations waves can cause cancer and
mutations. In 2011 World Health Organization (WHO) radio frequency wave may
harm the human and to animal no such evidence according to the laboratory of the
emitted waves. Possibility of microwaves that are emitting can affect by heat as the
electromagnetic fields are radiating from the cell phones the limit range make it
possibly dangerous and damageable in 2.4 million GHz can damage the human
cells, but the emitting from 4G and 5G ranges from 2 GHz to 70 GHz. With various
information no scientific relief can give appropriate evidence and can predict that
the 5G is safe for our body or no.

4.3. Software defined networking (SDN) and network function


virtualization (NFV)
There are technologies emerging in the development of 5G mobile network and
become attractive solutions such as SDN and NFV. SDN technology enables the
construction and deployment of 5G network to deliver softwarization &
virtualization of 5G [10]. One the other hand, NFV process a new concept for the
implementation and operation of network functions by leveraging standard IT
virtualization technologies [11]. SDN and NFV can be used to overcome challenges
such as uninterruptible and robust exchange of data and bottleneck of core network
because of massive mobile traffic. SDN and NFV can be utilized to manage and
deploy 5G core network architecture.

4.4. Mobile edge computing (MEC)


MEC is another emerging technology that together with IoT provide IT services
and cloud computing environment at the edge of the core network. 5G mobile

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100 A. Alkandari et al.

stations are leveraged by MEC where cloud computing services are pushed to this
level [3].

5. 5G Advantages and Disadvantages


5G as any technology has benefits as well as drawbacks. Advantages such as high
speed and large bandwidth offering will support more than 60,000 connections.
Moreover, 5G gather all networks in one single platform. Furthermore, it provides
subscribers supervision tools to take a quick action. Additionally, 5G is compatible
with previous network generations. Finally, 5G is built to provide uninterruptible
and consistent connectivity around the globe.
On the other hand, there are some noticed disadvantages such as high cost,
infrastructure building obstacles and security concerns.

6. 5G and governments
There is no doubt that government regulations shape the use and the adaptation of
5G network. Jeon et al. [12] investigated the impact of government’s 5G policy
announcements on telecommunication operators’ firm value in China. Results
show that government policy announcement in general impacts telecommunication
operators’ stock returns negatively. Moreover, the drop in firm value is more
pronounced when government announces policies with a higher level of
interference. Mensah et al. [13] suggested that governments and key stakeholders
are advised to deliver needed infrastructure that can drive the faster development
of 5G mobile network which will be a trigger to the enrichment and transformation
of mobile government services.

7. 6G Generation Challenges and Opportunities


6G, the future communication network which is supposed to be launched by 2030
depends on the integration of all the telecommunication networks such as earth
imaging satellite networks, satellite networks, navigation satellite networks and
sensing satellites. Using of 6G can provide network position connectivity and
services like weather information to mobile users. Nano antennas will be
implemented in different geographical locations around the globe such as villages,
airports, hospitals, and many other places to supply the globe information to their
remote observer stations. With the respectably ongoing accomplishment that
millimetre wave frequencies are feasible for portable interchanges, broad
estimations and research have been directed on frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz,
and a few worldwide remote standard bodies have proposed channel models for
frequencies beneath 100 GHz. By and by, little is thought about the radio channel
over 100 GHz where there are a lot more extensive unused data transfer capacity
spaces accessible. 6G network will bring great advantage for its various frequency
ranges than the 5G more than 100GHz, reviews the aftereffects of recently
distributed proliferation estimations at D-band (110-170 GHz), gives the structure
of a 140 GHz wideband channel sounder framework, and proposes indoor
wideband spread measurements and entrance estimations for normal materials at
140 GHz which were not recently explored [14].

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Overview on 5g and 6g Wireless Communication with IOT Technology 101

7.1. 6G standards
6G satellite system will be developed by 4 standards designs which are: GPS
system, Galileo system, COMPASS system and GLONAS system, the illustration
Fig.1 shows a simple description of the four standards (GPS system by USA,
Galileo system by UK, COMPASS system by China and GLONASS system by
Russia).

7.2. 6G network components


In general, the 6G mobile system will integrate 5G wireless mobile system and
satellite network for the global coverage which consist of telecommunication
satellite network that is used for data, voice, video broadcasting and Internet.
Moreover, it includes earth imaging satellite network which is for weather and
environmental information collection. The coverage will also include navigation
satellite network which is for global positional system (GPS).

7.3. 6G and global area network (GAN)


A global network (GAN) is any communication network which spans the entire
Earth, a network, composed of interconnected of different networks that cover an
unrestricted geographical area, moreover as we mentioned before, 6G should cover
different geographical locations so by integration with the four standards systems
we talked about, 6G will give the real meaning of GAN to the world.

7.4. 6G implementation requirements


The implementation of 6G technology must consider some factors, such as cost and
use of various devices, additional cost of maintenance and acquire needed
knowledge of its advantages/disadvantages and its effects in the long run. Major
requirements to establish 6G can be addressed below.
New communication infrastructures are a main requirement which include new
architectures, 3D connectivity and having links with very high data rate which is
exploiting sub-THz. Furthermore, another requirement is artificial intelligence
mechanisms which includes machine learning tools at the end nodes of the network.
With the emerging of machine learning and Artificial technology with the vast
growth of IoT and smart devices, the 6G generation implemented to give optimal
solution, high capacity and high-speed Internet as Letaief et al. [15] visualized 6G
network. In their research, they claimed that hardware Algorithm Co-Design with
huge scales of antennas overcoming the loss of waves. However, this hardware
being hard to be adopted as their high in use and consuming more electricity and
power. With the use of the algorithm and AI based models the 6G will operate in
friendly way and give optimal solution to the whole system. The artificial
intelligence of such 6G services will be implemented in many gadgets and places
like drones, cars, and self- robots. In this way with various technologies empowered
the 6G technology and giving full stack of functionality [15]. Interaction’s
mechanisms are also vital need which include human to human and human to
machine with five sense interactive communications.

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102 A. Alkandari et al.

7.5. 6G network architecture and radio over fiber


Radio over Fiber (ROF) offer very high bandwidth through its channels. ROF is
designed to handle over 1 GBs speed rate and for wide and remote locations so it
will be a great way for 6G Internet technology. Here we will consider some
technology factors which can be applied.

7.5.1. Using of air fiber transponders


Air fiber is a product manufactured by Ubiquiti Networks and it is designed for
point-to-point broadband wireless links and long-remote connections, its
technology allows for precision-aligned data links between two locations which
increased reliability and reduced potential interference and interruptions. Air fiber
transponders can cover up to 100+ km coverage radius so signals can be carried out
efficiently. Also, air fiber towers offer Hybrid Division Multiplexing (HDD). HDD
is the combination of Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDD) and Time Division
Multiplexing (TDD). HDD enable 6G network to transmit into full duplex mode to
achieve high speed network.

7.5.2. Fly sensors and nano antenna


Thinking of the communications in hard locations such as space, sea, aircraft and
areas separated from land connectivity will consider the effectiveness of using nano
antennas and fly sensors to provide interconnectivity among these towers for
Integrated network. Also, nano antennas can be installed on skyscrapers buildings
to extend the wireless range since the main purpose of 6G is to replace wired
connections and achieving the speed which cannot be reached by physical links.

7.6. 6G features and issues


In this subsection, we introduce the features and issues associated with 6G.
Many features are associated with 6G such as ultimate high-speed Internet
service, network packet switching, high level of security, storage capability
improvement, intelligent batteries, high Mobile-TV resolution and 3D Internet
concept production. Moreover, as 5G extending its data signals may encounter
propagated data loss and can’t achieve as 6G transforming because of many factors
like rain attenuation, waves scattering in rough surfaces, human body shadowing
and vegetation. So, in this case, 5G shortest bandwidth can’t be predicted because
of these factors [16]. Furthermore, 6G delta-orthogonal multiple access (D-MOA)
method for the heavy registering can manage nodes of the entire network and can
enable security and optimization of such system using nonorthogonal multiple
access (NOMA) that avoid possible overlapping between clusters [17].
On the other hand, there are still issues associated with 6G such as roaming.
Nawaz et al. [18] highlighted a main problem of 6G and suggested an optimal
solution in their research paper. They claimed that power supplies the 6G uses
trillion of efficiency of power it needs with specified wireless types of architecture
it solved with wireless energy harvesting and wireless power transfer. Secondly,
the security issue from the 5G extended to 6G to have low complexity and higher
secured levels. Many security techniques can be implemented in 6G like MIMO
and low-density parity check LDP-C, so the problem can be solved by distributed
key management giving efficient management of the whole physical layer of the

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Overview on 5g and 6g Wireless Communication with IOT Technology 103

6G network. Moreover, the hardware design with the vast transmissions and sized
of the modems and antennas, these components will be solved by optoelectronic
incorporation (integrating the optical and electronic modules) is assuring method
for high-frequency communication systems. [18].

Average speed and performance of 6G


6G technology can range between 100GHz to 1THz frequencies. It can provide
higher frequency than 5G capacity (10 to 1,000) times. 6G delivers peak download
data rate more than 10 GBs and peak upload data rate of more than 10 GBs. Once
the 6G is implemented it can access more than 100 GHz compared with the 5G
speed and capacity of 6G with various technologies over the spaces and air.
Furthermore, Prepared data and emerging models will be improved with mm Wave
indoor wireless network design, site localization studies, and future gigabyte Wi-
Fi with IoT [19].

8. Simple Description of Comparison between 5G and 6G


Now if we collect the common data of 5G and 6G to make a simple comparison we
can mention year of usage, speed of service, usage’s technology, standards, core
network and handoff which are described in Table 1.

Table 1. 5G and 6G comparison.


4G 5G 6G
Year 2015 Actually 2020 2030
Speed 2MBs to 1GBs 1GBs and higher > 10 GBs
Technology Integration of
broadband
4G + WWWW 5G + Satellite
LAN/WAN/PAN and
WLAN
Standards WiMAX LAS
Al access convergence GPS,
CDMA, OFDM,
including OFDMA, COMPASS,
MC-CDMA,
MCCDMA, network- GLONASS,
UWB, Network-
LMPS Galileo systems
LMDS, IPv6
Core
Internet Internet Internet
Network
Handoff Horizontal & Horizontal &
Horizontal & Vertical
Vertical Vertical

9. Conclusion
This paper overviewed 5G and 6G networks from different aspects such as
infrastructure, components, mobile services, implementation requirements,
advantages and disadvantages of each. The outcomes of this study clarify the 5G and
6G fundamental concepts behind each. Challenges facing 6G network to be upgraded
from 5G network is also studied. A comparison between each network is studied to
illustrates the main differences between the two networks and how that affect IoT
Internet applications.

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104 A. Alkandari et al.

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