ENERGY THAT FLOWS

TEMPERATURE & HEAT

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Relate temperature to the flow of energy from one body to another. (C12.A.1)
2. Construct and interpret the heating curve of water. (C12.A.2)

Time Allotted: 1 min Actual Time: __________

In this module, you will be introduced to another very important concept in physics and in
chemistry: Temperature and Heat.

Do you ever wonder why the beach sand is hot at midday, while the water remains cooler?
And at night, do you notice that the sand is cooler while the water stays warm? Maybe
you would say it's because of heat. Can you give some other situations where you can
associate heat? One is when we walk, we feel the heat from the Sun, or we feel heat from
hot coffee or hot tea that we drink. When we talk about heat, we actually associate this
with temperature. But how do we explain their relationship scientifically? We can actually
answer this when we simply understand some more concepts about energy.

To go further, try to think of these questions in mind.ow can you determine really what is
hot or cold? What is temperature? And what really is heat? How do we relate and
differentiate temperature with heat?

In this lesson, we will discuss heat and how it flows from one body to another. We will also
relate the concept of heat to temperature.

Time Allotted: 2 min Actual Time: __________

TEMPERATURE & HEAT

Over the years, the description of the concept of temperature developed scientifically
and we do not just focus on the idea of degree of hotness and coldness of an object.
Scientifically, we define temperature as the measure of the average kinetic energy of the
particles of an object.

Now, to determine what is hot from cold, let us begin with an analysis. Look at the
figure below.

Learning Guide 14.1 - Student’s Copy | page 1 of 7

We mentioned above about kinetic energy, now consider the arrows in the figure, let us
say, the arrow lengths indicate the amount of kinetic energy. Yes, take note that every
particle possesses an amount of energy. Like for instance, a piece of marble has particles
and all the particles of that marble possess energy and the average energy of all the
particles of that rock is the average energy of the rock. Now, going back to the above
figure, take A and B. The particles in A and B are represented by the spheres and the
arrows indicate the energy of each particle. Compare the lengths of the arrows in A and
B. How can you compare the average energy of particles in A to that of B?

Well, as you can see in the illustration, B has higher average energy than A. Thus, the
average kinetic energy of B is higher than A. Which has a higher temperature? Probably
you answered B as the one with higher temperature. But how can you say so? Indeed,
due to its higher kinetic energy. Hence, the higher the average kinetic energy of the
particles, the higher the temperature. The lower the average kinetic energy of the
particles, the lower the temperature.

Take note also that temperature tells us how warm or cold an object with respect to some
standard, meaning we have to measure it. A thermometer is the instrument we use to
measure temperature. And the unit we use for temperature is degrees Celsius (OC),
Fahrenheit (OF) or Kelvin (K).

But how do we change the temperature of an object? We must add something to it. And
that is heat. Remember that different bodies or objects have different temperatures. And
this temperature difference allows flow of energy.

Look at the picture below.

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Let us consider the cup of hot coffee, say you touch it directly, how do you describe the
flow of energy? You are right, the energy from the hot cup of coffee enters your hand
because the cup is warmer. What about if you touch a piece of ice cube like in the
picture? How is the flow of energy? Well, it's the other way around. Your hand is warmer
than the ice, thus energy passes out of your hand and into the ice.
Heat on the other hand is the energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a
lower-temperature object due to temperature differences.

Well, let us go deeper. Take note that when a body loses or absorbs energy, its average
kinetic energy changes and thus, its temperature also changes. . Consider the illustration
below.

In the illustration, the higher the temperature, the more internal energy and thus,the
direction of internal energy is always from a warmer substance to a cooler one. Matter
actually does not contain heat but rather, it contains internal energy. Heat is basically the
energy in transit. After heat is transferred to an object, it ceases to be heat and it becomes
internal energy. The flow of heat will be from an object with higher temperature to the one
with lower temperature and stop when they become equal in temperature or reach what
we call an equilibrium.

How about if two objects are in close contact and one gains energy from the other without
net energy transferred and no more change in temperature? This is another concept
related to temperature which we call thermal equilibrium. Two objects are said to be in
thermal equilibrium.

To explain further about thermal equilibrium, let us consider this situation. Let us say you
have a glass of iced tea in a warm room. Given the situation, the iced tea could gain
energy from the warm room without increasing its temperature. What could be the factor
here? We can say, due to the presence of ice on the glass of iced tea. It means that the
energy gained from the room basically does not intend to increase the temperature of the
iced tea but to allow the ice in the tea to turn into liquid form. In other words, an energy
transferred in a system could not only be used to increase the temperature of a substance
but for some other purposes also like to change its state.
This time, let us use water as an example. Let us study the heating curve of water to
have a deeper view about the relationship of heat and temperature.

Learning Guide 14.1 - Student’s Copy | page 3 of 7

Figure 3 below shows the heating curve of water. From point A to point B, you have ice
and there is a temperature change from -300C to 00C. Thus, as temperature here is
increasing, the kinetic energy of the particles and average kinetic energy also increases.
In this situation, there is a net gain of energy evident by the change in temperature.
However, take note that water here is still in a solid phase. Then at 00C the solid ice can
start now to melt with the latent heat of fusion and at this point, the temperature is
constant, meaning no temperature change as represented by the flat or horizontal line
or plateau from point B to point C. If there is no temperature change at this point, what
happens to the heat? Here, the temperature remains constant until phase change is
completed. The heat here is used to break the force of attraction between particles of
water that leads to change from solid ice to liquid or what we call melting. Thus, at 00C,
solid water can exist in equilibrium with liquid water and this state is called thermal
equilibrium, where temperature remains constant.

Now, at point C to D, obviously, heat again is added and the average kinetic energy of
water again increases as you can see that its temperature increases up to 100oC. What
about in point D to E? What happens here? Is there a change in temperature? Well, at
this point, heat energy absorbed by the water will not be used to increase temperature
but to allow liquid water to change into vapor, as evident by another plateau at point D to
E. Once all liquid water turns to vapor, heat added here will be used again to warm up
the vapor and temperature again increases.

Thus, the heating curve of water shows us how water undergoes change in temperature
due to heat added and to undergo phase change while at constant temperature at
some point like what we see in the flat line or plateau from point B to C and point D to E.
.

Figure 3. The graph shows the way the temperature of water changes as heat is
added, starting with ice at -30 °C. The pressure is an atmospheric pressure.
(Image from: Cutnell, John D. and Johnson, Kenneth W. (2012). Physics 9th ed. United States of America: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

Time Allotted: 15 min Actual Time: __________

Learning Guide 14.1 - Student’s Copy | page 4 of 7

GRADED FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT

HEATING CURVE WORKSHEET

The diagram below is a plot of temperature vs. time. The water is initially at -10OC
at a near constant rate of heat transfer. (15 pts.)

1) In what phase is water in segment 1?

_________________________________________

2) A) What phase will water be in Segment 2?

_________________________________________

B.) What process takes place in this segment?

_________________________________________

3) A) In what phase is water in segment 3?

_________________________________________

B.) What process is taking place in this segment?

4) A) In what phase is water in segment 4?

_________________________________________

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 C.) How do you describe the phase change of water in this segment?

_________________________________________

5) A) In segment 4, is there any change in temperature of water?

_________________________________________

6.) Which of the following is true about the event in segment 2?

A. Average kinetic energy of water is increasing since solid ice melts.
B. Average kinetic energy of water is decreasing because some of liquid
water freezes.
C. Average kinetic energy of water remains constant because the energy is
used to melt some solid ice.
D. Average kinetic energy is unstable and cannot be determined.

7.)Which of the following is true about heat?

A. it refers to the total internal energy of a body.
B. It measures the temperature of the object.
C. It describes the movement of particles in an object
D. It refers to the transferred energy due to difference in temperature.

8.) Which of the following is correct about temperature?

A. The higher the heat present in an object, the higher its temperature.
B. The higher the average kinetic energy of particles in an object, the higher
its temperature.
C. The lower the average kinetic energy of particles in an object, the higher
its temperature.
D. The lower the heat present in an object, the lower its temperature.

9.) What happens to the temperature of a boiling water when you add more heat?
A. Temperature will increase.
B. Temperature will decrease
C. Temperature will remain the same.
D. Temperature will most likely fluctuate

10.) What happens to the heat energy that is transferred to a body?

A. It will become kinetic energy.
B. It will be converted into potential energy.
C. It will become an internal energy.
D. It will be converted as thermal energy.

Time Allotted: 10 min Actual Time: __________

Learning Guide 14.1 - Student’s Copy | page 6 of 7

In Summary
● The term used to explicate the coldness or hotness of a substance is called
temperature.
● Scientifically, temperature is defined as the measure of the average kinetic energy
of particles.
● Heat is the energy that flows from a higher-temperature object to a
lower-temperature object due to a difference in temperatures.
● Matter can change from one phase to another, and heat plays a role in the change.
● Thermal equilibrium is a state where two objects are in contact with one gaining
energy from the other but no net energy is transferred.

Time Allotted: 2 min Actual Time: __________

If you want to know more about Temperature & Heat, you can check the link below for an
additional information:

Brown, Theodore L. & Lemay, Eugene H. (2012). Chemistry: The Central Science 12th Ed.
Pearson Prentice Hall

Cutnell, John D. and Johnson, Kenneth W. (2012). Physics 9th ed. United States of
America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Hewitt, Paul G. (2007). Conceptual Integrated Science 1st Ed. City College of San
Francisco, United States of America. Pearson Education.

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