Bode Plots

M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!
* The unit “Bel” was developed in the 1920s by Bell Labs engineers to quantify attenuation of an audio
signal over one mile of cable.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!
* The unit “Bel” was developed in the 1920s by Bell Labs engineers to quantify attenuation of an audio
signal over one mile of cable.
Interesting facts:
- Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone in 1876, could never talk to his wife on the phone
(she was deaf).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!
* The unit “Bel” was developed in the 1920s by Bell Labs engineers to quantify attenuation of an audio
signal over one mile of cable.
Interesting facts:
- Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone in 1876, could never talk to his wife on the phone
(she was deaf).
- Bell considered the telephone an intrusion and refused to put one in his office.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!
* The unit “Bel” was developed in the 1920s by Bell Labs engineers to quantify attenuation of an audio
signal over one mile of cable.
Interesting facts:
- Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone in 1876, could never talk to his wife on the phone
(she was deaf).
- Bell considered the telephone an intrusion and refused to put one in his office.
* The unit Bel turned out to be too large in practice → deciBel (i.e., one tenth of a Bel).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference quantity.
X (in dB) = 10 log10 (X /Xref ).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference quantity.
X (in dB) = 10 log10 (X /Xref ).
For example, if P1 = 20 W and Pref = 1 W ,
P1 = 10 log10 (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log10 (20) = 13 dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference quantity.
X (in dB) = 10 log10 (X /Xref ).
For example, if P1 = 20 W and Pref = 1 W ,
P1 = 10 log10 (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log10 (20) = 13 dB.
* The gain of a voltage-to-voltage amplifier is often expressed in dB. In that case, the ratio Vo2 /Vi2 is
considered (since P ∝ V 2 or P ∝ I 2 for a resistor).
AV in dB = 10 log10 |Vo /Vi |2 = 20 log10 |Vo /Vi |,
* “dBm” is a related unit used to describe voltages with a reference of 1 mV.
2.2 V
 
For example, 2.2 V: 20 log10 = 66.85 dBm.
1 mV

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV
! !
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV
! !
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV
! !
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV
! !
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V
!
Vbo
Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log10
b ,
1 mV

bo = 10x × 1 mV, where x = 1 V

V bo (in dBm)
20

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm.
10
1 mV
! !
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V
!
Vbo
Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log10
b ,
1 mV

bo = 10x × 1 mV, where x = 1 V

V bo (in dBm)
20
→V bo = 162.5 mV.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1: Method 2:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm. AV = 36.3 dB
10
1 mV
! ! → 20 log10 AV = 36.3 → AV = 65.
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10
1 mV 1 mV
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V
!
Vbo
Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log10
b ,
1 mV

bo = 10x × 1 mV, where x = 1 V

V bo (in dBm)
20
→V bo = 162.5 mV.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1: Method 2:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm. AV = 36.3 dB
10
1 mV
! ! → 20 log10 AV = 36.3 → AV = 65.
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10 bo = AV × V
bi = 65 × 2.5 mV = 162.5 mV.
1 mV 1 mV V
!
Vbi
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V
!
Vbo
Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log10
b ,
1 mV

bo = 10x × 1 mV, where x = 1 V

V bo (in dBm)
20
→V bo = 162.5 mV.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Example

Vi (t) Amplifier Vo (t) Let Vbi and Vbo be the input and output amplitudes.
If V
bi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB, compute V bo in dBm and mV.

Method 1: Method 2:
2.5 mV
 
bi = 20 log
V = 7.96 dBm. AV = 36.3 dB
10
1 mV
! ! → 20 log10 AV = 36.3 → AV = 65.
V
co AV Vbi
20 log10 = 20 log10 bo = AV × V
bi = 65 × 2.5 mV = 162.5 mV.
1 mV 1 mV V
162.5 mV
!  
Vbi bo in dBm = 20 log
V 10 = 44.2 dBm.
= 20 log10 AV + 20 log10 1 mV
1 mV
bo = 36.3 + 7.96 = 44.22 dBm.
V
!
Vbo
Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log10
b ,
1 mV

bo = 10x × 1 mV, where x = 1 V

V bo (in dBm)
20
→V bo = 162.5 mV.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

* Permissible day-time dB levels in India (from MoEF, Govt of India)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

* Permissible day-time dB levels in India (from MoEF, Govt of India)

Industrial area 75 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

* Permissible day-time dB levels in India (from MoEF, Govt of India)

Industrial area 75 dB
Commercial area 65 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

* Permissible day-time dB levels in India (from MoEF, Govt of India)

Industrial area 75 dB
Commercial area 65 dB
Residential area 55 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

dB in audio measurements

* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa (our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is 20 log (P/Pref ) dB.
* Some interesting numbers:

mosquito 3 m away 0 dB
whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

* Permissible day-time dB levels in India (from MoEF, Govt of India)

Industrial area 75 dB
Commercial area 65 dB
Residential area 55 dB
Silence zone 50 dB

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Bode plots

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Bode plots

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Bode plots

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ
* H(jω) is a complex number, and a complete description of H(jω) involves
(a) a plot of |H(jω)| versus ω (Bode magnitude plot),
(b) a plot of ∠H(jω) versus ω (Bode phase plot).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Bode plots

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ
* H(jω) is a complex number, and a complete description of H(jω) involves
(a) a plot of |H(jω)| versus ω (Bode magnitude plot),
(b) a plot of ∠H(jω) versus ω (Bode phase plot).
* Bode gave simple rules which allow construction of the above plots in an
approximate (asymptotic) manner.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

ω
For ω  ω0 ,  1, |H(jω)| → 1.
ω0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

ω
For ω  ω0 ,  1, |H(jω)| → 1.
ω0
ω 1 1
For ω  ω0 ,  1, H(jω) ≈ , and |H(jω)| → .
ω0 ω ω
j
ω0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

ω
For ω  ω0 ,  1, |H(jω)| → 1.
ω0
ω 1 1
For ω  ω0 ,  1, H(jω) ≈ , and |H(jω)| → .
ω0 ω ω
j
ω0
* The magnitude and phase of H(jω) are given by,
1
 
ω
|H(jω)| = q , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω ) 2 ω 0
0

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

ω
For ω  ω0 ,  1, |H(jω)| → 1.
ω0
ω 1 1
For ω  ω0 ,  1, H(jω) ≈ , and |H(jω)| → .
ω0 ω ω
j
ω0
* The magnitude and phase of H(jω) are given by,
1
 
ω
|H(jω)| = q , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω ) 2 ω 0
0

* We are generally interested in a large variation in ω (several orders), and its effect on |H| and ∠H.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

ω
For ω  ω0 ,  1, |H(jω)| → 1.
ω0
ω 1 1
For ω  ω0 ,  1, H(jω) ≈ , and |H(jω)| → .
ω0 ω ω
j
ω0
* The magnitude and phase of H(jω) are given by,
1
 
ω
|H(jω)| = q , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω ) 2 ω 0
0

* We are generally interested in a large variation in ω (several orders), and its effect on |H| and ∠H.
* The magnitude (|H|) varies by orders of magnitude as well.
The phase (∠H) varies from 0 (for ω  ω0 ) to −π/2 (for ω  ω0 ).
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
A simple transfer function: magnitude

R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC
 A simple transfer function: magnitude

R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC

0
0 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 A simple transfer function: magnitude

R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC

1 100

10−1

10−2

0 10−3
0 106 0 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 A simple transfer function: magnitude

R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC
ω0

1 100 100

10−1 10−1

10−2 10−2

0 10−3 10−3 0
0 106 0 106 10 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 A simple transfer function: magnitude

R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC
ω0

1 100 100

10−1 10−1

10−2 10−2

0 10−3 10−3 0
0 106 0 106 10 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

Since ω and |H(j ω)| vary by several orders of magnitude, a linear ω- or |H|-axis is not appropriate → log |H| is
plotted against log ω.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: magnitude
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC
ω0

100 0

10−1 −20

|H| (dB)
|H|

10−2 −40

10−3 0 −60
10 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: magnitude
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s .
RC
ω0

100 0

10−1 −20

|H| (dB)
|H|

10−2 −40

10−3 0 −60
10 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

Note that the shape of the plot does not change.

|H| (dB) = 20 log |H| is simply a scaled version of log |H|.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: magnitude
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0 )2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s, f0 = 159 Hz .
RC
ω0 f0

0 0

−20 −20

|H| (dB)
|H| (dB)

−40 −40

−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (Hz)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: magnitude
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0 )2
1 1  
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = , ω
1 µF 1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
ω0
1
ω0 = = 103 rad/s, f0 = 159 Hz .
RC
ω0 f0

0 0

−20 −20

|H| (dB)
|H| (dB)

−40 −40

−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (Hz)

Since ω = 2π f , log ω = log(2 π) + log f which causes a shift in the x direction, but the shape of the plot does
not change.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
A simple transfer function: phase
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,  
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) ω
1 µF 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
1 ω0
ω0 = = 103 rad/s, f0 = 159 Hz . ω0
RC

0◦ 0◦

−90◦ −90◦
0 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: phase
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,  
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) ω
1 µF 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
1 ω0
ω0 = = 103 rad/s, f0 = 159 Hz . ω0
RC

0◦ 0◦

−90◦ −90◦
0 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

* Since ∠H = − tan−1 (ω/ω0 ) varies in a limited range (0◦ to −90◦ in this example), a linear axis is
appropriate for ∠H.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

A simple transfer function: phase
R
(1/s C) 1
1k Vo = Vs , |H(jω)| = q
R + (1/s C) 1 + (ω/ω0)2
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,  
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0) ω
1 µF 6 (H(jω)) = −tan−1
1 ω0
ω0 = = 103 rad/s, f0 = 159 Hz . ω0
RC

0◦ 0◦

−90◦ −90◦
0 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

* Since ∠H = − tan−1 (ω/ω0 ) varies in a limited range (0◦ to −90◦ in this example), a linear axis is
appropriate for ∠H.
* As in the magnitude plot, we use a log axis for ω, since we are interested in a wide range of ω.
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).

(In addition, there could be terms like s, s 2 , · · · in the numerator.)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).

(In addition, there could be terms like s, s 2 , · · · in the numerator.)

We will assume, for simplicity, that the zeros and poles are real and distinct.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).

(In addition, there could be terms like s, s 2 , · · · in the numerator.)

We will assume, for simplicity, that the zeros and poles are real and distinct.

Construction of Bode plots involves

(a) computing approximate contribution of each pole/zero as a function of ω.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Construction of Bode plots

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).

−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).

(In addition, there could be terms like s, s 2 , · · · in the numerator.)

We will assume, for simplicity, that the zeros and poles are real and distinct.

Construction of Bode plots involves

(a) computing approximate contribution of each pole/zero as a function of ω.
(b) combining the various contributions to obtain |H| and ∠H versus ω.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0
|H| (dB)

−20

−40

−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20

−40

−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20

−40

−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω

−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 |H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
Frequency (rad/s)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 |H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
Frequency (rad/s)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of −20 dB/decade.
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
asymptote 2
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 |H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
Frequency (rad/s)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of −20 dB/decade.
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
asymptote 2
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 |H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
Frequency (rad/s)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of −20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = p, the actual value of |H| is 1/ 2 (i.e., −3 dB).
 Contribution of a pole: magnitude

p
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
20
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.
asymptote 2
0 Asymptote 1:
|H| (dB)

ω  p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

exact
−20
Asymptote 2:
1 p
−40 ω  p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 |H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
Frequency (rad/s)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of −20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = p, the actual value of |H| is 1/ 2 (i.e., −3 dB).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 2:
1
ω  p (say, ω > 10 p): H(s) ≈ → ∠H = −π/2.
j(ω/p)

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 2:
1
ω  p (say, ω > 10 p): H(s) ≈ → ∠H = −π/2.
j(ω/p)
asymptote 2

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 2:
1
ω  p (say, ω > 10 p): H(s) ≈ → ∠H = −π/2.
j(ω/p)
asymptote 2
Asymptote 3:
−90◦ For p/10 < ω < 10 p , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 → at ω = p, ∠H = −π/4
Frequency (rad/s) (which is also the actual value of ∠H).
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

asymptote 3 Asymptote 2:
1
ω  p (say, ω > 10 p): H(s) ≈ → ∠H = −π/2.
j(ω/p)
asymptote 2
Asymptote 3:
−90◦ For p/10 < ω < 10 p , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 → at ω = p, ∠H = −π/4
Frequency (rad/s) (which is also the actual value of ∠H).
 Contribution of a pole: phase

1 1
 
−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
p
asymptote 1 In this example, p = 103 rad/s.

0◦ Asymptote 1:
exact ω  p (say, ω < p/10): H(s) ≈ 1 → ∠H = 0.

asymptote 3 Asymptote 2:
1
ω  p (say, ω > 10 p): H(s) ≈ → ∠H = −π/2.
j(ω/p)
asymptote 2
Asymptote 3:
−90◦ For p/10 < ω < 10 p , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 → at ω = p, ∠H = −π/4
Frequency (rad/s) (which is also the actual value of ∠H).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60

40
|H| (dB)

20

−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
|H| (dB)

20

−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
|H| (dB)

20

asymptote 1
−20
0
10 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z

asymptote 1
−20
0
10 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20 ω1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 ω1
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20 ω1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 ω1
Frequency (rad/s)
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of +20 dB/decade.
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 2
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20 ω1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 ω1
Frequency (rad/s)
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of +20 dB/decade.
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 2
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20 ω1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 ω1
Frequency (rad/s)
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of +20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = z, the actual value of |H| is 2 (i.e., 3 dB).
 Contribution of a zero: magnitude

p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .
z 3
In this example, z = 10 rad/s.

60 Asymptote 1:
ω  z: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.
40
Asymptote 2:
|H| (dB)

ω
20 ω  z: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z
exact
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
0 |H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
asymptote 2
asymptote 1 |H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
−20 ω1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 10 10 10 10 10 10
10 ω1
Frequency (rad/s)
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of +20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = z, the actual value of |H| is 2 (i.e., 3 dB).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

0◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

Asymptote 1:
ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.

0◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

Asymptote 1:
ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.

asymptote 1

0◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

Asymptote 1:
ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.
Asymptote 2:
asymptote 1 ω  z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

asymptote 2 Asymptote 1:
ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.
Asymptote 2:
asymptote 1 ω  z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

asymptote 2 Asymptote 1:
ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.
Asymptote 2:
asymptote 1 ω  z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
◦ Asymptote 3:
0
For z/10 < ω < 10 z , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) → at ω = z, ∠H = π/4 (which is also the actual value of ∠H).
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.

asymptote 2 Asymptote 1:
asymptote 3 ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.
Asymptote 2:
asymptote 1 ω  z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
◦ Asymptote 3:
0
For z/10 < ω < 10 z , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) → at ω = z, ∠H = π/4 (which is also the actual value of ∠H).
 Contribution of a zero: phase

z  
ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z
90◦ In this example, z = 103 rad/s.
exact
asymptote 2 Asymptote 1:
asymptote 3 ω  z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.
Asymptote 2:
asymptote 1 ω  z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
◦ Asymptote 3:
0
For z/10 < ω < 10 z , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) → at ω = z, ∠H = π/4 (which is also the actual value of ∠H).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.

* H(s) = s
Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
* H(s) = s 2
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
* H(s) = s 2
H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 → |H| (dB) = 40 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 40 (dB),
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
* H(s) = s 2
H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 → |H| (dB) = 40 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 40 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 40 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
120 * H(s) = s 2
H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 → |H| (dB) = 40 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 40 (dB),
80
|s2 | (dB)

i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with

a slope of 40 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
40

0
100 101 102 103
Frequency (rad/s)
 Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2

60
* H(s) = K
20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0.
40
|s| (dB)

* H(s) = s
H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω → |H| (dB) = 20 log ω.
20 If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 20 (dB),
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with
a slope of 20 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
0
100 101 102 103 ∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).
Frequency (rad/s)
120 * H(s) = s 2
H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 → |H| (dB) = 40 log ω.
If ω → 10 ω, log ω → log ω + log 10, |H| → |H| + 40 (dB),
80
|s2 | (dB)

i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with

a slope of 40 dB/decade, passing through (1, 0).
40 ∠H = π (irrespective of ω).

0
100 101 102 103
Frequency (rad/s)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:

|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:

|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
→ In the Bode magnitude plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 simply get added.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:

|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
→ In the Bode magnitude plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 simply get added.

Phase:

H1 (jω) and H2 (jω) are complex numbers.

At a given ω, let H1 = K1 ∠α = K1 e jα , and H2 = K2 ∠β = K2 e jβ .
Then, H1 H2 = K1 K2 e j(α+β) = K1 K2 ∠ (α + β) .
i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:

|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
→ In the Bode magnitude plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 simply get added.

Phase:

H1 (jω) and H2 (jω) are complex numbers.

At a given ω, let H1 = K1 ∠α = K1 e jα , and H2 = K2 ∠β = K2 e jβ .
Then, H1 H2 = K1 K2 e j(α+β) = K1 K2 ∠ (α + β) .
i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .
In the Bode phase plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 also get added.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms

Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:

|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
→ In the Bode magnitude plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 simply get added.

Phase:

H1 (jω) and H2 (jω) are complex numbers.

At a given ω, let H1 = K1 ∠α = K1 e jα , and H2 = K2 ∠β = K2 e jβ .
Then, H1 H2 = K1 K2 e j(α+β) = K1 K2 ∠ (α + β) .
i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .
In the Bode phase plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 also get added.

The same reasoning applies to more than two terms as well.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms: example

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms: example

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )

Let H(s) = H1 (s) H2 (s) H3 (s) H4 (s) , where

H1 (s) = 10 ,
H2 (s) = s ,
1
H3 (s) = , p1 = 102 rad/s,
1 + s/p1
1
H4 (s) = , p2 = 105 rad/s.
1 + s/p2

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Combining different terms: example

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )

Let H(s) = H1 (s) H2 (s) H3 (s) H4 (s) , where

H1 (s) = 10 ,
H2 (s) = s ,
1
H3 (s) = , p1 = 102 rad/s,
1 + s/p1
1
H4 (s) = , p2 = 105 rad/s.
1 + s/p2
We can now plot the magnitude and phase of H1 , H2 , H3 , H4 individually versus ω
and then simply add them to obtain |H| and ∠H.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80
H1 (s) = 10
60

40

20

0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

20

−20

−40 1
H3 (s) =
1 + s/102
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60

40 40

20 20

0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

20 20

0 0

−20 −20

−40 1 −40 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80 80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60 60

40 40 40

20 20 20 10 s
H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
0 0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

20 20

0 0

−20 −20

−40 1 −40 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)

80 80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60 60

40 40 40

20 20 20 10 s
H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
0 0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

20 20 80
approx.
0 0 60

exact
−20 −20 40

−40 1 −40 1 20 10 s
H3 (s) = H4 (s) = H(s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105 (1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
−60 −60 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 Phase plot

90◦

45◦

0◦

−45◦
H1 (s) = 10
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
 Phase plot

90◦ 90◦

45◦ 45◦

0◦ 0◦

−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
−90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Phase plot

90◦ 90◦

45◦ 45◦

0◦ 0◦

−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
−90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

90◦ 1
H3 (s) =
◦
1 + s/102
45

0◦

−45◦

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
 Phase plot

90◦ 90◦

45◦ 45◦

0◦ 0◦

−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
−90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

90◦ 1 90◦ 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
◦
1 + s/102 ◦
1 + s/105
45 45

◦
0 0◦

−45◦ −45◦

−90◦ −90◦
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Phase plot

90◦ 90◦ 90◦ 10 s

H(s) =
◦ ◦ ◦
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45 45 45

◦ ◦
0 0 0◦

−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
−90◦ −90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

90◦ 1 90◦ 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
◦
1 + s/102 ◦
1 + s/105
45 45

◦
0 0◦

−45◦ −45◦

−90◦ −90◦
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 Phase plot

90◦ 90◦ 90◦ 10 s

H(s) =
◦ ◦ ◦
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45 45 45

◦ ◦
0 0 0◦

−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
−90◦ −90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

90◦ 1 90◦ 1 90◦ 10 s

H3 (s) = H4 (s) = H(s) =
◦
1 + s/102 ◦
1 + s/105 ◦
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45 45 45

◦ ◦ exact
0 0 0◦

−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

approx.
−90◦ −90◦ −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay
How good are the approximations?

* As we have seen, the contribution of a pole to the magnitude and phase plots is well represented by the
asymptotes when ω  p or ω  p (similarly for a zero).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

How good are the approximations?

* As we have seen, the contribution of a pole to the magnitude and phase plots is well represented by the
asymptotes when ω  p or ω  p (similarly for a zero).
* Near ω = p (or ω = z), there is some error.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

How good are the approximations?

* As we have seen, the contribution of a pole to the magnitude and phase plots is well represented by the
asymptotes when ω  p or ω  p (similarly for a zero).
* Near ω = p (or ω = z), there is some error.
* If two poles p1 and p2 are close to each other (say, separated by less than a decade in ω), the error
becomes larger (next slide).

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

How good are the approximations?

* As we have seen, the contribution of a pole to the magnitude and phase plots is well represented by the
asymptotes when ω  p or ω  p (similarly for a zero).
* Near ω = p (or ω = z), there is some error.
* If two poles p1 and p2 are close to each other (say, separated by less than a decade in ω), the error
becomes larger (next slide).
* When the poles and zeros are not sufficiently separated, the Bode approximation should be used only for a
rough estimate, follwed by a numerical calculation. However, even in such cases, it does give a good idea
of the asymptotic magnitude and phase plots, which is valuable in amplifier design.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

approx. p1 = 102
60 p2 = 104
exact
|H| (dB)

40

20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

approx. p1 = 102 p1 = 102

4
60 p2 = 10 p2 = 103
exact
|H| (dB)

40

20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

approx. p1 = 102 p1 = 102 p1 = 102

4 3
60 p2 = 10 p2 = 10 p2 = 5 × 102
exact
|H| (dB)

40

20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

90◦ p1 = 102
p2 = 104
45◦

0◦

−45◦

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

90◦ p1 = 102 p1 = 102

4
p2 = 10 p2 = 103
45◦

0◦

−45◦

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)
 How good are the approximations?

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )

90◦ p1 = 102 p1 = 102 p1 = 102

4 3
p2 = 10 p2 = 10 p2 = 5 × 102
45◦

0◦

−45◦

−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay