Fluid Mechanics
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, toa t VuP gpo\yneIZE Em Oy \ORNQ 1336 ea 4 atm = nS 1S OPEL 10? oe oleh onde Watev head 0-76 ¢ 12-6 xloF xX DSN= hw “a? ape i P hw = 10-336 My. % . IND Ny o'dae ABN 9) 4 psi * Tin” j oot ial th fas | Ree o Pa ' J Alls volar Neg ) 4 / "tore ; 59 pare’ s PT adin\ = |[P60) tov eS ‘ Po Stuy ee vay noegnt, vy ae A Pinsent Lata potty ln yay Slot dluid oy Pony Fan "GAR. = AS gir Spe ‘ol. Glas ys RIN vit ve wl ou. dA? oxen Force on rvs pe weight ob Ugalde sabe aa? on a aOOO OEE 8 ~ we apph 0, F he so ah R ; J » ) = SxdAnng Fg ; Presure, p= ets = aR “(a Guage prewsurs. Absolute pressusc ad that poind wv we q Pabs-=+ Pagin att Lo TP th 4 wseptise Mann Tread ond. nory Zoot S sae STIS 3 eq Sato Tne” Win tneden > a=0 (FO) « Boe moore sgudo Puree 300 ol oppesiteste atceleradion , aye a > Ne ain Covegt aed, Aw amo. 2 mms I" NAL \ c | n= tne: NS Mm Ca- | a kone, ehh g ae tie: Lee) i ety Bead 6 tenet | Pseudo Sore. = may 6 ses energ (0 = Ca ; N— more acc” <0 : te 7 : I "G Tig Es: NS frame} | a ve mlata y+ 4 = ad Cope-L pene wil Litt ''s ret up ae wha” atictontton ‘a* P> SloCgay” > 7 Spyry, MOA BIE bSarfS o8H Sunn o4 seany Dewshaoeg downward with arccleratiqn! a? ad VW. Behomoend Cy | aps By absny jCoe IE oar ila, 0° Litt ds morige with constant walectese (Yovard « : a : dow nwas, 4 ge yr Why Pay? ny se A PRB Be jesund ay TR to t Pl M EBS i Aa [ee Fhe ~ Pracducey Vaccum pressure. also Cattesrt neghtive quege Pressure. : Pressure Measuring Devices : Hee 1) Barometer IR is device aes 1S! Bagheoee \ ued do measure espe Pes. Made’ tee Tries eee man Ot, de Nr havin: sath ov puts Bprometria Hetty ‘Sloe ts) a a | WH \dersi uid. apes He ie tue a vaqour Pee cp 3 ot ts total pressure ' Hence a “ nes “aye metric flud and- mod water. (HH We HA @), Piedericter =n hela, \ Siva abe. f00) Les Oy Used to mesture oni moderade [0% Chow ormetlion) CHD on, Sores tte pe positives ee fe positive inal napadiviet tS phere both tyes and f*8, ' , . at a Witoss di’ sosaeel. CY Stmple ‘Ui tube! Menomeder™ Used -to messure Pressure P tesa zh §, Sn CY Ditterenttal 'U' Tybe monemerer Used to measured ditpevence. pressure. s| Dibexend dio Bis das 5 Helant o¢ area | ArH, SAL Te ER this w “we Gan Pereage. . u x Sensitt VY shise a Jie Se bas na A Roane die & manometer : ; Thess Sutends ‘Oba fe ¥ " Limb ob the ria r\amelast- ae pressive ai €; in the in ut, bib ooecier Badd 5s a5 sensitiv'y ia manometer, I 2S Sy To, Mereate_ “senaigivi' op: diy ahs ahs 0} The, ae ob Oustpwd, tir i re y ’ POLE be, \Key Ze stham the Vngae time. | 1 Soran Basen ta © Inpu Ut atime poked be inclined, Yoru ncug thst Note’: : ‘ Tt oud put iimb- ts tel ted Mens -Sensitivit $ a decreases + VA rts, ’ Wid StackHomework »° aut Vs The! Fuse: Shows ‘ays fube-| having§ A brim a BR Fe Cyoss= Seetion Fitted! with \ meee! Cs pecsfics (Ovi =13-6) up to a he 8120 Cra iny each Lire Cepen te the. atmosph wt! el b \ \ > BY 2 PENT 4) ( \ BORE OAL LN \ S91) BOC x:, \ « syst 4 - EA VV ACN oe Te & cm? bye! ae is added. eo the. ve Limb , | tre—news hep (in cm, up to two Jeetmat- plates) ob ewe | tn the LEFT [imb wi be— a * ? Hejgnt ot moter fy £24 “WY ye gut Jao Somxh cm= 5 cms or, he 2 OS delntol) x . =Pa_ 1 oe Sy Gorn tol Sy BB agoronors OAT Bee Ee oily tas er \ : y UeVER ; Sua Gein = : ths xgo # Me cool 7 “s ae | (0, 13-6 (204%) "S, Ie ar Ss) (20-4) {ace | % a1 bY ; Asy Q) oo, 270 HSN a5 cn \ . oth dict” davans yw 9 +. Mew height oe mercury = (20 to 735) cm = d0-F35 cm 78 A Vertical, tube ot uniform) Inner Cross — Scetion Centains rm tiny beds ob 4s) arniiA Giycering. (densit ; wager) Column obsylengtn\,. loc visw tages into qne.ol- the avis: {Only eT densi aes poured Mn the Other, a ar 1. HD until wei’ upp ex Surfaces ob the oil ‘and Glycerine Ore in the Come: horizorital level Find the Levee ot} the oi column. ? 8 Iycen'ne. = I+ ‘ : us Vag emt ‘106 Ne = 13-6 Fem Jer =.0:8 BG LmF y y Vaty Length. ok Glgcernc= locm yeviscols our PB 2 Pe Bi Igy ge = Sug xg UO “Ay sph” 4 : my HE BURL Geo BO sit oy na¥lole 13-6 y Cdl WAS O8 A, 5 euae Or he 96 com The manometer Shown in Fi ae dete Lec ard Filled with oil (s=0-3)and water (ese. Se 1 bom ayms open fo Hac. 7rtas PUer Ad a4 the’ Poink A fs: OE IES FPS Pe fad @ 196 fa Gore Y 353. Fa CY 7R4 Pe ey 18t Pe. o & Nob "oalgs rad te ee eeHt The manometer shown Indien below y's poral with ol(s= 0. per 5= 0) with: bethy OFA. OF (= 0-8) ands wade (SO) EWE OTN Te Open to. the- admmesphere:, The Fanve pre a" Poing A is: ro AE Ce Fy ye Sak ce iy A (4) 196 Pa, Cty! 3e3 Pa gf im vee’, SI CO FRA, Pa qee & 45% Paste throw | (2) pot eno infosmadion -te telt baopi Pa = Pp Si = 5G ew) OR xlooexa = | x |pfo x( x-20) on, O8x = x-20 or, O-QuL= 20 or, w= loonm oy WE OL m Pa = SQpe = 0-8 #1000 K 2-81 XO = FAR Nive = F848 Py y ny Optien ‘e) Is Covree? |Flute SAUCES. rn) ,) oo _ Fluid Saree ne surfaces ae Hedro stad fortes on plo ; = e [fan xdA F Jor ce nos "i H1ygsine fagehh = J asine eA\ with Talo pressure S presuere ath O. £14 P S aaa = 454 moment ab asc } {an = oot moment 0 areal we Vv) = ge ty) +) iy OMAR The tovee ts pooh Altrough a point brew at aoe Ob pressure ep, de Ths | & y VObR A Vv apy | _Hacalien ot 7NEP. Jee F Ge, Dorion tiedeer] © D [speaa qe GRA: Kp ~ 2. Va D ([seysine dag = [ena Ey, > sone een aes eee Se: ing: I = Ah., S i ? ve sa ‘Geo 2 [hep } I i eX wrt CA . i % = te (tea a ¥ Jagat her vy eS reo Bin + sh w v = tensive 5 sine Ab h 7 ‘ Fa Ten, for vertical surja Ken to minimiam depth, h henee— Chep ~T) deaveages Te ‘Surface is t4 incremes ance 2 SoCO ed lds ft OM CP tS Shigied dpwords cass Te ft is tanen te tnpondecr, rn Fis cP ‘and. Ga: SAE, sandae Point. ¥ » ¥ >» mete ® for hor'zoa tat Surfaces 62.6), Se Bop &h, For ~ertica® surface 9= 90°" E Samples Rectangular Sushace + ’ Fahsaa $ surface. 06> Water = Gpraone[ [Oe = Ese = — Teo sin \; Wep = ht an » abe OB y Cette ab x Fe hy A i see ae x Sgxae / a \ } ee (2gthiny Us tert Sa ais a ab (4%_Bucganegis Awchimedic’S princ ple: Wher a vod y sy Stbmeryed or imnersesl fullet or pareiacte imetad a Static o Hud, then the vesultant bydyostalie force on the body acts in the. vest ci ward direction. “This force is Known as buoyant force-s'and the. Natue of this ie Is equat:tovthear Wweignt oe the aerate ol tee she body , : Net hoxizontet hgaresteti, fece = On Net vertical hydrostatic jJorce- (Fe) ding. meee eat = = pdhaty LWA | of © San (han = Ip gab . = fgqv’ yl Se pes atid 7 iy Nile veflorme be liquid som ctl Neletine Fo = meg ‘ orb ; Fpewe = we Uquid displaced ; ge v wealhb Vo Bibb | A4E eco nde [abbas va N3st Atay sky IEE 9 i hg RO ay f, sts G58 pe Lal ORE Le Bool, Walpvibewe Sah ii fl RD . faethe Fuss na Centre: ol— Buo, Sina ft . " TE Is a point onthe bode | rb m “ain buoyont force aets. This int te Same Os the CG ob the displaced fluid, | Te a be t's funy Submers at then cones ol buoyancy doesnot Chane wrth ati for floating bodies | centre. of bk abies al ty Wh ddstuxbanze |! anes, ) EE Sphere dt nyhesy + Concept!’ ot Jloatation : Cose-I Toe Beli} Case R yet.wy §), Stee Kem" On = g5e vere Find the fraction ot bode” tn water’ and oi! Solution ts we =. oy, 4 Fa pete eee Ge Soli He) v ve be oir gg : a 4 7 th oe the body ik in water! Godan uy ol ee) 3B. An icebere ob density NF vie mM ocean water = BATTLE GS SLOT be +. Laas Here, we Fa, th us M PNG e MSG u DP NagIEE Vy Loat v > 4-28 Vv foay 4 et “Fraction ob- ice berg seerl | \ ged ve ‘wale. Nott . Ct aaa, oat) | oneflo tis pe sigia 4H Apparent laeigit inal 1) auld ag ETM : to (alia Aso be | oe akquy aca Te tce—melts will the water Level wl iors Belove. melding » W= FE ‘ Mice xEe V'Bual «a BD bee tiles |e ONE a a ; } Ake mellnts Mwy = mice Mia =alp = _Mice . ~ Sw ! - Wear 4 + Water level will xemotn same. i \ 3. v tt Stone/maue ice meks will He water evel rise ov feo i}m Before melting, wyyyed Ling Wieck Wade veiFbs © gos sSflits’ 2 fee Pee “Mnade x g = Vi mete Aber nena, . (odin ® Mags Mon J | Na = * wy Tau iY \) i Smait > Sy 3 Mp w! ! LL ee water, dee wot dad ri wit the ped in, water Wy van \® is water level vise oF “fae n\e so Before dl ping: , Sep Vesa oe WEF iar Chrensi shoe) Re 3 7 7 Mog t Ms ee = Na Su AG 3 Me Me Fa Tug Suelo? ave Md Jopiba Bo Sy + Water Level wilt da « Types ot— Fgiblibbrivam : \ Ak Noly SS 1 Stable: equllibviven unstable 1° neutral Cquilibriiim quill te Stable cq bher a bed Ongnal_ Stable Position otter amy displacement fs yetuyng back te tksUnsteble equilibtum <> When a ibod te at turn back to Hs originate stable paige H Slobitite cr Subme wedge ‘6 Soe Wit Called stable equilibrium - At vege Hert», h, ; ate md @lB : { ais ni, i) ie oy yess (uy ¥ ce wy toa ~ Sequitits um” A CD Fees -bomsttty shan lational / ‘cqutlibrtwin . B48 G@ must lie Mn Same verticde line = gone ereltipre) Corchdion. (2) Jor Stakre equ li bef dy typ) 2 pth a | DEV bs 4sl bsvh ar afy W BR must Lie above. a BY m Crretacentse ) vast Lie ee aq Ag @ am so C Gu > Metrceniete eae Condition (3) for unstable ‘eguilix rium Y) B must fie below G at ‘ys Waite sil » M mut Lie, delew © ee 2) am Lo ty) Neurol equil: i byte: Condition (4) : DY Bomwstrle below A (OM Comcides with q (3) @m=o : , Cgut brhenn. Ah ated ageHF "Metacentre. ( Ms Tt is adeftne dh ae tee intersection ot bucgrant force, bine oft axis ot the boy Uni Lh SHR OALL, Or th Fiver oe tad vol dy. oink may beL (Inside Or pudside the. ea | Me, Sl, defined OS the Point about which fhe bodies a oscillatin: The-Verticat distance petween .M and A ts Called Mela Cente as —\Gm onhihss N= Volume ek ‘ahs "boxe Depth of the submtvged Porbion = Sp-g x helgnt ot cn vl ssi ge Volos 4K? APA Me Te 6 oh ol Agi < Ta = 75 bP > plitebingh ‘phenomenon \ ! 3 hn 1 Tin pq bb => Rotting — at Se ce 4 Iu >? In at a _fMpienng 7) GM vetng abu Passer ip Le 5 GMP more aes Tn flicking gm ts Large 4 Fuerte gino res " D Fy .con. yet back te es origina’ Ne quicety, HH Stobilty. ob bela) bs designed new Bath Phe no meren: v x Pastenge ‘Ship Le “thd i ae S30 Task Bom i Ship (3 bapa Sorcha oe Far f act. SS ecane. mewe_tine ber StabilityWarship > pave Gh leis tine fee stably Tine perid Me apcilatiry: | Ry | \ Kyi at 8 ) + ars? Wigocthh Hie eae Cary) ’ pat UR K= Radivg 0b Garation ‘ Boy as, oe oN &e (oman baths dnd es Tb ee ey al N 2 am: WA OT RR Rod 5 Riedy BF > th Concept, oimilsneanly accelertded mmptior “ mS “hy i THR) bee be Fc ah ba ah x So Sayan a hehe Pd | 1 ) AL equationequilibsi um mod | SAH Ane ee 3 ; PASE ~ hgSgr =ennhae ( ieee { E msn) Mig ae ratyig a e a bE: -e ae a pond Py! aa y OG) Finch, movin oicn acceleration 30 that water does net sptii aceclertted! out from sreesedi Gi) Te acechertbion is AB m free” Fingcout, the Volyime ob water” Spilteslout - [eye (ii Th ocegleration *s 60 mi /se0y Find out theses yi: Nalame. oF Water Spilied oue>) 9 ;,\-WY Water ‘dees not» spitt vautiii Te water cloes not spi outs then, mee Gomis Magen =o = 6)'= A m 3 Sade = 4am! , Now thy 2 GY asks ee he tan @= 2 “5H et boa ' O-* 4-52 oar she. ee my we Vepittes. = Vinibiad -Ns (Area 21 Ute x O- FQ < eGAQxI- 1s see ea bn I~ ose (degtono =e" 3-1 oth on? | 106.19. Pylon Volume spitied = wie Nd = Ears = det 63x lox 3 ZB EK Tb ts ab a the tua ot fluid ee motion Withbud? “pal ot the bese Cause ob motion, te forte. Ditrexent : i = Pes of tow in Suid Sow or ete ahd unsteady flow! : wb pevdieay # et te te ENDikererit types of flow _in fuels flow Soften f } door Weye baie Habe SHR v. v Steacty and | uristeodt- Flows ho “PT, the prope wties) ta | the Pow ave ney, arene wih) time ‘Ore called stenda FM ys oh ore Called unsteady , lows Properties th he. flow axe. chante wets OMe Fer steacty. flow, dR x9 ota conservation pb— marsh | Care = it - Maps A sed as In 3 ae velocttgs idan he, expressed 45. A v alu + va whey | sont nyo hat Where-~Lv,w ove Nelocrtey Components et soy 2 snes tet be A direction vespeetive | ; ud a The anifude ob UW are, functions seb space and time. (ey.2-¥) ie vb wrw oF bey 2h)" - 5 1 From Conservation ol- mass . Mig — Mout = Mstorage pn arealBIE Soe sath Fe Be ly eda 2 = es eUSw- av boll Steril, dor aa en ‘ Cinin trad!) P= at (3%) ad. Z-ox!'s (min — mae) =u) age t Noel, dram aneahaialk OMAK Wan Qog }. diet = ar Ua Mstommpe © = a ve Mine Oust Crt Is Slay [ae ( (34+ 4g dg ere ie Ch7 For Steady incompressible HEM in, ’ iy § fey) 4+ & (SW) ta =? G2 Tay CY ag yr rgett ‘ ‘id pow ae 9 7 it Soy droog oA vee zope tow! wid This Fig Commuter “equagromnc Eitan pe tt Speetak Cases.) 4 ie Sid beak IM op ae , Tried 1h, hoo dwlk Jaa do ao | D For stent }tow' at! folly’? ' | + A ad £ py) as. (Pe ge Gu)+ 3y Cw tts : 1 ad SS Ceibeank atditse = a idu 4 3v 4 J ; 3 " 4 Wa 7) Stead, bes com a Su, SU , t 4% 1 fl ‘| WY 4-> Continue equation Foor state How pore" GT Cra stooge) Cm + mie = litle sb y3 of (shu ¢ yuu) © ad 2) dee [Bu dye Juxsoror on FS 7 es ‘ sl hae a Ut a)ro oe ae Por in compressib/ © fiow, Joo » rho oft FLA ae Sed i No > “Ses Dmaue= Constant : ; WSU EL eb APaansas Teo cot ett rite + alt bof ye Steaelt- tin Compressible flow: re Awe yead eee f® poOhywyStreamline. 4! Rye \ (wi This am agg toed Ps an biel to Hetd ty. seh & Wage, that, a tax anger wa at a point on this (ine wepresents ‘a dfrection ob the. instantaneous vole et Ne 5 Nector ot- that lula parte, at that, point: Ve d lori Ye 7 int a (i Ha Chey 4 Two ditperent sercamiii readin rrevesnitrtsaset V each other, GS One portiete canned, have two Neloetta vector: i Equation ob— Sheamll ned on esd Ee = ant 3 oa tae age 2 A de xv-0 wr ; SWieangwed ai yeh VE | 2. tome EY al dx tg de ae ; i Wwe oye. % enh ted Sp W309: } witha a0 aye hl ane 4 (way =va2)-F5 (vida, = oad an Cee Since EER DB Big b VDD are zen Ke wd -vdz =0 3 dag de yw \ tdi a Wanez=? oo si¢ua | b 2 1 die. He ( £ 2 aye Uinnday ‘ ea FU VA 4° d9 A 2-® stead in compressible Y= (apt mig ys y)e\Finds Hh CAS Stream Line “phatna “4hrough the point. : Pee mle So os ayy be . f es A A Vosan 3G vou : (-s pda gig sal Se Se us| Age I ae le 2 + tart aotllng + bre 2 logan a log + lege 3° S47 | PD bert load = Ee 7 log Cay = ge D mac sak At, point CY) Da bx = ~ bug. 434 ? doit dng ned | Pelon + ha [=An 3 > ie “spell, “foougs ouy Intec 3 cee i agi gs ividuatflutd TE ts an actuat, path traced) by ind Particles -Path’ (Mmes” Can Intersect. each other and \ Streak line = This theloevs of the moments. which hove CW, ts itsedt— also fuil. particles at am Powtiautar syed. the Same poind - Shree bnesii yee ih we The Velocity CoMpenents oh—e He is arengne § west deepens we eadenit AE: ty Cyuadion or stream Line ce wei afe Ca4t). . A | > “asa. | Equledion of streemA7S- 4, 9 Tay Viz Api. Ws 578 U ‘ dy. a2 ic edt hg laa ta | re rho} 2 Se ag ae ' ) Wes! of ps) du _ .f dt ., * ; \ se Ba 2 Bs ehh ED boil td ate va 4¢, iw hprett re atrais VER Sy pr = Dt LNG % > avi=zcs 6, 2, Bs du, | dz =H [= > thin a hater? 2) fog ‘poy Mais Sh » Seine Boh Sia4 ANT eh a Wen Rb = waar GU afer rine Flow te, occurs AV (Be) and Ble, 2) ig Vip = avy + (Ve ee i acre = ax PKOy + (ary ot =0 aX peo an =P.x “ve Yee avg Cyt ay wa pve ca a axona + ¢ y ; f ws 1 ad ) PN ero 2h UT taal b, 2 he =A f i. ae ye Feyoe dt Bhi th ae , h = = a seks gS Yr Mp =< § ae iy = oA mes ’ O Beg in dais Joust th ‘ KE: pa pr ed wl gy KE per untt Nol = —vaere ' v BE = me Hoe, yal 13k ae Be” eG shya Note— ; Steam [ne Atreotion ob velocity Nector Path tine —> Individual protio ¢ Steak bine > Tdenpification of ‘Yo coct'or | oJ lui parte Acceleration ot fluid particles: mn 0 the paréietes! Ve x Netley, Vos ulavite2ep ga AT 6? oe , SP dey ST dB cars tie ae gg eae St _ toy 2 au shy ys? yey ae st ' . , Lo locas ar tempore Qnveclive atceleration actehesatier a su-ghev fe ty dey 58 : a as 7 der Oy =, a a et rat a UDA ete ae tae ; a= aw ew wy Sy chews Vge thay tae Sab Total aceckeration pdt Kent a = (Oe edge Oe & | Sey ye | Note: 4 > a 4 | ym fy! & unihrr, then Conveetive acceleration yar temporal aeccleratian i fave ction tempo eas | sh 3) For steacey 0 ae uniform dia, Pipe of Av = Constant ! + Velocite is Constant Le dia Convective. accclevation\iis ,2ex0.- wih TE We Consdand » Fileady. stow ~ Lecat ov temporae ox gcedleratisn Te it's Nogiabte- [unsteady Fw] 9 Is uniform, uniform oui