UNIT I: LINEAR ALGEBRA

10
CHAPTER
INVERSE OF A MATRIX BY
ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATION
10.1 DEFINITION
Let us consider a set of simultaneous equations,
x+2y + 3 z+5 t=0
4x +2 y+ 5z+7t=0
3x+ 4y + 2z + 6 t=0.
Now we write down the coefficients of x, y, z, t of the above equations and enclose them within
brackets and then we get
|1 2 3 5
A= 4 2 5 7
|3 4 2 6
The above system of numbers, arranged in a rectangular array in rows and columns and bounded
by the brackets, is called a matrix.
It has got 3 rows and 4 columns and in all 3 x 4 = 12 elements. It is termed as 3 x 4 matrix,
to be read as [3 by 4 matrix]. In the double subscripts of an element, the first subscript determines
the row and the second subscript determines the column in which the element lies, a, lies in the ith
row andjth column.
10.2 USE OF MATRICES
Matrices are generally used in solving simultaneous equations and linear transformation. The
theory of matrices is also applied in differential equations, astronomy, mechanics, theory of electric
circuits etc.

10.3 VARIOUS TYPES OF MATRICES

() Row Matrix. Ifa matrix has only one row and any number of columns, it is called a Row
matrix, e.g.,
[2 73 9]
(b) Column Matrix. A matrix, having one column and any number of rows, is called a Column

matrix, e.g.,

(c) Null Matrix or Zero Matrix. Any matrix, in which all the elements are zeros, is called a
Zero matrix or Null matrix e.g.,
0 0 0 01
0 0 0 0

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 283

(d) Square Matrix. A matrix, in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns,
is called a square matrix e.g.,

(e) Diagonal Matrix. A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements
are zerO e.g.,

I 0 0]
0 3 0
00 4
) Scalar matrix. A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal to a scalar,
say (k) is called a scalar matrix.
For example:
-6 0
[2 0 0]
0 -6
0 2 0
0 -6
|0 0 2 0 0 -6
0, when i j
i.e., A= [a,l, ,is a scalar matrix if a,, k, when i=j
(g) Unit or Identity Matrix. A square matrix is called a unit matrix if all the diagonal elements
are unity and non-diagonal elements are zero e.g.,
|I0 0
0 1 0
|0 0 1|
(h) Symmetric Matrix. A square matrix willbe called symmetric, if for all values of iand j.
4y =4, i.e., A' = A

e.g.,
h bf

() Skew Symmetric Matrix. A square matrix is called skew symmetric matrix, if

() a =- a, for all values of iandj, or A'= -4
(2) AÍl diagonal elements are zero, e.g.
0 -h -8
h 0 -f
Lg f 0
)) Triangular Matrix. (Echelon form) A square matrix, all of whose elements below the
leading diagonal are zero, is called an upper triangular matrix. A square matrix, all of
whose elements above the leading diagonal are zero, is called a lower triangular matrix
e.g.,
|1 3 2| 2 0 0|
0 4 1 4 1 0
|0 0 5 6 7
Upper triangular matrix Lower triangular matrix
(k) Transpose of a Matrix. If in a given matrix A, we interchange the rows and the
corresponding columns, the new matrix obtained is called the transpose of the matrix Aand
is denoted by A' or Ae.g.,

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284 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics -I
[2 3 4| [2 6
A= 10 5 A' =3 07
|6 7 8 |4 5 8|
(I) Orthogonal Matrix. A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix if the product of the
matrix Aand the transpose matrix A'is an identity matrix e.g.,
A. A'= |
if|A|= 1, matrix A is proper.
(m) Conjugate of a Matrix
[1+i 2-3i 4

A-7+2i
Let
-i 3-2i

Conjugate of matrix A is A
|-i 2 +3i 4

i-1-21 [1+i 2-3i

3+2i
(n) Matrix A°. Transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is denoted by A0.
4
Let 4=
|7+2i -i 3-2i|
1-i 2+3i 4
+i 3+2i|
|1-i 7-2i1
(Ay -2+3i
| 4 3+2i|
1-i 7- 21]
2 +3i
4 3+2i

(o) Unitary Matrix. A square matrix A is said to be unitary if

A°A=I
1+i -1+i| 1-i 1-i|
2 2 2 2
e.g. A= A-A =1
1+i 1-i -1-i 1+i
2 2 2 2
(p) Hermitian Matrix. A square matrix A = (a,) is called Hermitian matrix, if every i-jth
element of Ais equal to conjugate complex j-ith element of 4.
In other words,

1 2+3i 3 +i ]
2-3i 2 1-2i
e.g.
3-i 1+2i 5
Necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix Ato be Hermitian is that A = A' ie. conjugate
transpose of 4
A= (Ay.

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 285

(g) Skew Hermitian Matrix. A square matrix A=(a,) will be called a Skew Hermitian matrix
if every i-jth element of 4 is equal to negative conjugate complex ofj-ith element of A.
In other words, - ,;
All the elements in the principal diagonal will be of the form
a + a, =0
If a a + ib then a,, = a- ib
(a+ ib) + (a- ib) =0 2a= 0 ’ a = 0
So, a,, is pure imaginary ’ a, =0+ ib = ib
Hence, all the diagonal elements of a Skew Hermitian Matrix are either zeros or pure imaginary.
2-3i 4+5i1|
-(2 + 3i) 2i
e.g.
-(4-5i) 2i -3i
The necessary and sufficient condition for amatrixA to be Skew Hermitian is that

(Ay =-A
(r) Idempotent Matrix. Amatrix, such that 4'= Ais called Idempotent Matrix.
2 -2 -4 2 -2 4 | | 2 -2 -41 2 -2 -4
e.g. A=-1 3 4,4 -1 3 4 -1 3 4=-1l 3 4=A
1 -2 3| 12 -3| 1 -2 -3 12 3
(s) Periodic Matrix. A matrix A will be called a Periodic Matrix, if

where k is a tve integer. If kis the least t ve integer, for which 4k+l= A, then k is said to
be the period of 4. If we choose k = 1, we get 4 = A and we call it to be idempotent
matrix.
() Nilpotent Matrix. Amatrix will be called a Nilpotent matrix, if4k = 0 (nullmatrix) where
k is a +ve integer ; ifhowever k is the least tve integer for which Ak =0, then k is the index
of the nilpotent matrix.
ab ab
e.g., A = A=
-a -ab -a' -ab||-a -ab
A is nilpotent matrix whose index is 2.
(u) Involuntary Matrix. A matrix A will be called an Involuntary matrix, if 4' = l (unit
matrix). Since P = Ialways :. Unit matrix is involuntary.
(v) Equal Matrices. Two matrices are said to be equal if
() They are of the same order.
(i) The elements in the corresponding positions are equal.

Thus if
Here A=B
(w) Singular Matrix. If the determinant of the matrix is zero, then the matrix is known as

singular matrix e.g. is singular matrix, because |4| =66=0.

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286 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I
10.4 MULTIPLICATION
The product of two matrices Aand B is only possible if the number of columns in Ais equal
to the number of rows in B.
Let A=a,] be an mxn matrix and B=[b,] be an n xpmatrix. Then the product AB of these
matrices is an mxp matrix C= [c] where
c, =4, b, t a, b, t ag by t.. t a,b
10.5 (AB)' = BA'
IfA and B are two matrices conformal for product AB, then show that (AB) = B'A', where
dash represents transpose of a matrix.
Solution. Let A =(a,) be an m x n matrix and B = (b,) be n xp matrix.
Since AB is m xp matrix, (AB)' is ap x m matrix.
Further B' is p Xn matrix and 4' an n x m matrix and therefore B' A' is a p Xm matrix.
Then (ABY and B'A' are matrices of the same order.

Now the (G, i)th element of (ABY = (i, j)th element of (AB) = ...(1)
k=l

Also the jth row of B' is b, b . bap and ith column of 4' is a,, ap ag-..an
G, )th element of B'A' = byak ...(2)
k=1

From (1) and (2), we have (ý, i)th element of (AB)'=, ) th element of B'A'.
As the matrices (ABY and B'A' are of the same order and their corresponding elements are
equal, we have (AB)' = B'A'. Proved.
01 2|
Example 1. IfA=|| 2 3 and B=-l
2 3 4| 2 -1|
obtain the product AB and explain why BA is not defined.
Solution. The number of columns in A is 3 and the number of rows in B is also 3, therefore
the product AB is defined.

[o 1 2] R 1 21 R C RC;|
AB 1 2 3|R, x-1 0 |R, C R, C;
|2 3 4| R, 2 -1|
R, R,, R, are rows of Aand C, C, are columns of B.

0 1 2 -1| 0 1 2 0
2

1 -2
=
12 3 -11 2 3 0
2

1
2 3 4 -12 3 4
2

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 287

For convenience of multiplication, we write the columns in horizontal rectangles.

0 1 2
1-1 2-2 0 -1
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 -1 2 -2 0 -1|
2 3 4 2 3 4|

I -1 2-2 0-1
[Ox1+1x(-I) +2x 2 0x(-2) +lx0+2x (-1)]
lx1+2x(-) +3x 2 lx(-2) +2 x0+3 x (-1)
2x1+3x(-I) +4x2 2x(-2) + 3 x0+4x(-)|
0-1+4 0+0-2 3 -2
1-2+6 -2+0-3=5 -5 Ans.
|2-3+8 -4+0-4| -8
Since, the number of columns of B is (2) = the number of rows ofA is 3, BA is not defined.
1 -2 3 |1 0 21
Example 2. IfA = 2 3 -1 and B 01 2
-3 I 2| | I 2 o|
from the products AB and BA, and show that AB BA.
1 -2 31 1 0 2
Solution. Here, AB = 2 3 -1 |01 2
-3 1 212 0
1-0+3 0-2+6 2-4+0 4 4 - 2|
2+0-1 0+3-2 4+6-0=| 1 1 10
|-3+0+2 0+1+4 -6+2+0-1 5 -4|
[1 0 2|| 1 -2 3
BA = 01 2 2 3 -1
| I 2 0-3 1 2
[1+0-6 -2+0+ 2 3-0+4] [-5 0 7|
0+2-6 0+3+2 0-1+4 =-4 5 3
|1+4+0 -2+6+0 3-2+0| 5 4 1
AB BA Proved.

10.6 ADJOINT OFA SQUARE MATRIX

Let the determinant of the square matrix Abe|4 |.

If A= Than |4 |= b b b
C2

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288 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics -I
The matrix formed by the co-factors of the elements in

A A A,
|4|is B B, B

b, b
where A, =?
-
B, =--a,c; +a,e,

= a,b, - asb, C, =-=-4b, +a,h,

G,-=4b, -ash
Then the transpose of the matrix of co-factors

A, B, C
4, B C
is called the adjoint of the matrix A and is written as adj A.
10.7 PROPERTY OF ADJOINT MATRIX
The product of amatrixAand its adjoint is egual to unit matrix multiplied by the determinant A.
Proof. IfAbe a square matrix, then (Adjoint 4) A =A -(Adjoint 4) = 4| I
[A B G
Let A= b, b, and adj. A= B2
Cz A B CG
A B
A. (adj. A) = b b, A, B, C3
C C B

4, A, +a, A, +ag A, 4 B, +a, B, +a, B, 4 C+ a, C, +ag C3

h A +b, A, +b, A_ b B +b, B, +b, B, hC,+b, C, +b, C;

|4| 0 0| 1 0 0]
0 |4| 0 = | A|| 0 1 0=|4|I (A.M.I.E., Summer 2004)
0 0 |4| 0 0 1|

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 289

10.8 INVERSE OF A MATRIX

IfA andB are two square matrices of the same order, such that
AB = BA = I (|= unit matrix)
then B is called the inverse of A i.e. B = A-l and A is the inverse of B.
Condition for a square matrix A to possess an inverse is that matrix A is non-singular;
i.e, |4 |#0
IfA is a square matrix and Bbe its inverse, then AB =1
Taking determinant of both sides, we get
| AB |=|I | or |4|| B |=I
From this relation it is clear that | A | 0
i.e. the matrix A is non-singular.
To find the inverse matrix with the help of adjoint matrix
We know that A-(Adj. A) =|A |I
4Adji. 4) =| [Provided |A |= 0] ...(1)
and A-A-l=| ...(2)
From (1) and (2), we have

A= (Adj. A)
|A|

3 -3 4
2 3 4, find A.
Example 3. IfA= (A.M.IE. Summer 2004)

3 -3 41
2 -3 4
Solution. A =
0 -1 1
|4|=3(-3+4) + 3 (2 0) + 4(-2-0) = 3 +6-8= 1
The co-factors of elements of various rows of | A | are

[-3+4) -2-0) (-2-0)]

(34) (30) (3 -0)
(-12+12) (-12+8) (-9+6)|
Therefore, the matrix formed by the co-factors of | 4 | is
1 -1 0
1 -2-2
-1 3 3, Adj. A= -2 3 -4

0 -4 -3| -2 3 -3

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290 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I

0 1 -1 0
3 -4=-2 3 -4
Adj. A= 1 -2 3 -2 3 -3|
Ans.
-3)
-8 1 4
Example4. IfA= 4 4 7. prove that A-l=A,A' being the transpose of A.
1 -8 4

(A.M.IE., Winter 2000)

-8 1 4] C -8 4 1
Solution. We have, A 4 4 7 A=1
9
4 -8
II -8 4 4 7 4

-8 1 4 -8 4 1
4 4 7 1 4 -8
AA'= 9 9
1 -8 4 4 7 4

64+1+ 16 -32+4+ 28 -8-8+ 16|

-32 +4+ 28 16 +16+ 49 4-32 + 28
81
-8-8+16 4-32 + 28 1+64 +16|
81 0 0 1 0 0|
0 81 0=0 1 0 or AA'=1
F 81
0 0 810 0 1|
A'= 4-1 Proved.

EXERCISE 10.1
Find the adjoint and inverse of the following matrices: (1-5)
2 5 3] -3 7 [I 1 2] 6 6 -15
3 1 2 | 93 1 0 -1
1. Ans. -1 -1 5 2. Ans.
I2 1 4 5 1 |1 4 2 -s -3
-13] 8

0 -1| 2 6 4
3. 3 4 Ans. 21 -7 -8
20
-6 -7 -18 6 4

|3 -4n
4. If4 = then show that
1-2n

1 1 3] -1 0 0]
5. IfA =-1 2 ) 3 2 show thatP AP= 0 2 0
01 -1| 001|

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 291

|1 1 1| 2 5 3
6. IfA = | 2 3, B=3 1 2, show that (AB = B A.
|1 4 9 I 2 1|
3 2 2 [3 4 2|
7. Given the matrix A = 1 3 1 compute det (A), A- and the matrix B such that AB = 1 6 1
|5 3 4| |5 6 4
Also compute BA. Is AB = BA ?
9 -2 -4| |1 0 0
Ans. 5, 1 2 -1| B=|0 2 0,AB BA
-12 01
8. Find the condition of k such that the matrix

13 4
A= 3 k 6 has an inverse. Obtain 4-1 for k = 1.
-1 5 1|
-29 17 141
Ans. k* -9 5 6
16 -8 -8
9. Prove that (4y = (4T!.
10.9 ELEMENTARY TRANSFORMATIONS
Any one of the following operations on a matrix is called an elementary transformation.
1. Interchanging any two rows (or columns). This transformation is indicated by R, if the ith
and jth rows are interchanged.
2. Multiplication of the elements of any row R, (or column) by a non-zero scalar quantity k is
denoted by (k.R).
3. Addition of constant multiplication of the elements of any row R, to the coresponding
elements of any other row R, is denoted by (R, + kR).
If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more E-operations, then B is said to be
equivalent to A. The symbol ~ is used for equivalence.
i.e., A ~ B.
Example 5. Reduce the following matrix to upper triangular form(Echelon form) :
[I 2 31
2 57
|3 1 2|
Solution. Upper triangular matrix. If in a square matrix, all the elements below the principal
diagonal are zero, the matrix is called an upper triangular matrix.
1 2 3 2 3 2 3
25 7~0 R, ’ R, -2Ro 1
Ans.
R;
3 1 20 -5 -7| K3 k, -3 R o o -2Ks ’R, +5
[I 3 3
Example 6. Transform 2 4 10|into a unit matrix. (Q. Bank U.P, 2001)
|3 8 4

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292 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I

[1 3 3] [1 3 3
2 4 10 0-2
Solution. 4| R ’ R, -2 R
|3 8 4 0 -1 -5R, ’ R, -3 R
3 31 9R ’ R-3 R,
0 1 -2| R, 01-2
|0 -1 -5| |0 0 -7 R ’ Ry +R,
1 0 9 1 0 0|R -9R,
01 -2 ~0 1 0 R, + 2R,
0 0

10.10 ELEMENTARY MATRICES

A matrix obtained from a unit matrix by a single elementary transformation is called elementary
matrix.
|1 0 0
l=|0 1 0
0 01
Consider the matrix obtained by R, +3 R,
|1 0 0
3 1 0 is called the elementary matrix.
0 0 1
10.11 THEOREM
Every elementary row transformation ofa matrix can be affected by pre-multiplication with
the corresponding elementary matrix.
[2 3 4
Consider the matrix A=|5 67
|3 5 9
Let us apply row transformation R, + 4 R, and we get a matrix B.
2 3 4
5 6 7
B=
|11 17 25|
Now we shall show that pre-multiplication ofA by corresponding elementary matrix R, +4 R,
willgive us B.
100 [I 0 0]
01 0
Now, if I= then, Elementary matrix = 010
0 0 1| 4 0 1+4R)

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 293

2 3 4| 2 3 4
Elementary matrix xA=0 I 0x5 6 7= 5 6 7 =B
|4 0 1||3 5 9| |11 17 25
Similarly, we can show that every elementary column transformation of a matrix can be affected
by post-multiplication with the corresponding elementary matrix.
[1 21
Example 7. Calculate the iverse of the matrix |5 7| (GB.TU. Dec. 2012)

Solution.

R,’ R,- 5R,

0|
5
3
AR, ’
2
3 3
|4 R’R - 2R,
3
I=A-1. A
-7 2
3
Hence, A-! = Ans.

10.12 TO COMPUTE THE INVERSE OF A MATRIX FROM ELEMENTARY

MATRICES (Gauss-jordan Method)
IfAis reduced to I by elementary transformation then
PA = I where P=PP- . PP,
P=A-l = Elementary matrix.
Working rule. Write A = IA. Perform elementary row transformation onA of the left side and
on I of the right hand side so that A is reduced to / and I of right hand side is reduced to P getting
I= PA.
Then P is the inverse of A.

10.13 THE INVERSE OF A SYMMETRIC MATRIX

The elementary transformations are to be transformed so that the property of being symmetric
is preserved. This requires that the transformations occur in pairs, a row transformation must be
followed immediately by the same column transformation.
Example 8. Find the inverse ofthe following matrix employing elementary transformations:
[3 -3 4
2 -3 4 (U.P., I Semester, Compartment 2002)

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294 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I
3 -3 4
Solution. The given matrix is A =2 -3 4
|0 -1 1|
[3 -3 41 I0 0
3
2 -3 4 0 1 0A 4 = 0 1 0 A
2 -3
|0 -1 1| 0-1 1

4
1 -1 3
00
1 -1
4
3
0o
4 2 4 2
0 -1 10 1 --3 -1 0A
3 3
0 -1 00 1 R,’R, -2R, 1 0 0 |R, ’- R,

4 1
1 -1 0 0
3 3
4 2
’0 1 -1 0A
3
2
0 0 -1 1| R ’R, + R,
3 3
4 0
1 -1
3 3
4 2
0 -1 04
3
0 0 -2 3-3 R, ’-3 R,

4
|1 -1 0| 3-4 4]
1 0 =-2 3-4A 3
0 0 1 3 -3
1 0 0] 1 -1 0 R’ R+ R,
0 1 0 =-2 3 -44
|0 0 1|-2 3 -3|
0
Hence, A-=-2 3 4 Ans.
-2 3 -3
Example 9. Find by elementary row transformation the inverse of the matrix.

2 3 (UP, I Semester: Winter 2003, 2000)

|3 I 1|

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 295

[o 1 2
Solution. Let A=1 2 3
3 1 1|
Elementary row transformation, which will reduce A= 14to I= PA, then matrix P will be the
inverse of matrix A.
[0 1 2| 1 0 01
1 2 3=0 1 04
3 11
|1 2 3|
|1 0 0
01 2 =
|3 1
2 31 10
1 2 0 0

|0 -5 -8 0 -3 1R, ’ Rg -3R
12 3| 10
4
0 1 2|= 0 0

|0 0 2| |5 -3 1 R’ R, +5R,

|1 2 1 0
01 2 = 1 0 04
3 1
2

15 3
1 2 0] 2 2
R’ R-3 R,
0 1 0 = -4 3 -1|A R, ’R, -2R,,
0 0

2 2 2
01 0 = 4 3 -1
|R ’R -2R,
A
|0 0 3
2
I= PA .:. P= A-l

4 3 -1
A-l= Ans.
5 3 1
2

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296 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I
Example 10. Find the inverse of the matrix Mby applying elementary transformations
0 2 3
| I - I -2
I2 0 [U.PTU. (C.0,) 2003]
|-1 2 6
Solution. Here, we have

0 2 1 3
1 1 -1 2
A= 1 2
|-1 1 2 6

0 2 1 3 1 0 0 01
1 -1 -2 010 0
4
Let 1 2 0 00 1 0
-1 1 2 6 |0 0 0 1

I 1 -1 2 0 1 0 0R ’R,
0 2 1 3 10 0 0
1 2 00 1 04
|-1 1 2 6 |0 0 0 1

|1 1 -I -2] [o 100
2 1 3 1 0 0 04
0 1 1 3 0 -1 1 0R, ’Rg-R
o 2 4| 1 0 1R ’ R+ R

|1 1 -1 -21 0 10 0
01 1 3 0 -1 1 04
0 2 1 3 0 0 0 R, > R,
|0 2 1 4 0 10 1|

[O 1 0 0
A
0 1 1 3 0 -1 10
00 - -3 1 2 -2 0 R, ’R,-2R,
0 0 -1 -2
0 3 2 1|R, ’ R- 2R,

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 297

1 1 -1 2| 1 0 0
01 1 3 0 1 04
-1
00-1 3 1 2 -2 0
|0 0 0 0 1]R, ’R- Rg
0 1 0 0
01 3
=
0 -1 1 0|4
00 1 3 -1 -2 2 0 R’-R
00 0 1 0 1|
|1 1 -1 0] [-2 3 0 2| R ’R +2R,
3 -4 1 -3 R, ’ R, -3R4
A
= 2 -5 2 -3 R, ’ R -3R,
00 10 1 0
-1
|0 0
1 1 0 01 0 -2 2 -1]R ’R+ R,
01 0 1 1 -1 o R, ’ R, - R
0 0 2 -5 2 -3A
|0 0 0 1| -1 1

|1 0 0 0] -1 3 3 -1]R ’R- R,
01 0 0 1 1 -1 0
=

0 0 1 0 2 -5 2 -34
|0 0 0 1| 0 1
1=+A

-1 -3 3 -1|
1 1 -1 0
Hence, A-1= Ans.
2 -5 2 -3
-1 1 0 1|
Example 11. Compute the imverse ofthe following matrix by using elementary transformations
2 -6 -2 3
5 -13 -4 -7
-1 4 2
0 1|

-1 4 1 2 0 0 1 01
2 -6 -2 -3 100 0
Solution. 4
5 -13 -4 -7 01 0 0 R> R
0 1 0
00 0 1

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298 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics -I

-1 4 2 00 1 0
2 -6 -2 -3 100 0
4
5 -13 -4 010 0
0 0 0 1|

-1 4 1 2] 0 0 1 0 R, R, +2 R
0 2 0 1| 10 2 0 A
=

07 3 015 0 R R +5 R
0 1 0 1| 000 1

[i -4 -1 -2] 00 -1 0
1 1 R ’-R
1 0 0 10
2 1
7 1 0 1 5 0
0 0 0

0 0 -1 0
[i -4 -1 -21 1 A
0 1 0
0 1 0
2
2 7
2
1 -2 0 R, ’ R, -7 R,
0 0 1
2
-1 1| R, ’ Ry R,
0

-2 0 -5 4 R’ R+4 R4
|1 4 -1 0
10 2 -1 R, ’ R, - R4
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0=
4 1 -3
-1 R ’ R, + Ry
0 0

[1 -4 -1 0] -2 0 -5 4|
0 0 0 10 2 -1
|= A
0 0 1 0 -4 1-3
0 0 1 - 1 0 -2 2 R 2R,

1 4 0 0 -6 1 -8 5] R R+ Rg
) 10 0 10 2 -1|
= A
0 0 10 -4 1 -3
0 0 0 |-1 0 -2 2

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Inverse of a Matrix by Elementary Transformation 299

100 0 -2 1 0 1|R’R +4 R,
01 0 0 1 0 2 -1|
001 0-4 1 -3
0 0 0 1|-1 0 -2
-2 1 0
10 2 -1
Inverse matrix = Ans.
-4 1 -3
-1 0 -2 2|

EXERCISE 10.2
Reduce the matrices to triangular form:
12 3 |1 2 3 3 1 4 0 1 4

1. A=2 5 7 Ans. 0 1 2. I 2 -5 Ans.0 5 -19

|3 1 2| 0 0 -2 0 I |0 0 22
Find the inverse of the following matrices:
|1 3 3 7 -3-31 1 2 -1|
3. |1 4 3 Ans. -1 1 0 4. 4 10 Ans. -4 -7 4

|1 3 4| |-1 0 1 8 1 1| 4 9 5

2 1 -1 2 2 5 -7 1
1 3 2-3 5 -1 5 -2
Ans,
-1 2 1 -1 18 -7 5 11 10
2 -3 -1 4 L1 -2 10 5

I 2 3 1] 1-2 0
13 3 2 1 -2 2 -3
200))
6.
2 43 3 (. Bank U.P II Semester Ans. 0 1 -1
-2 3 -2 3

2 1 - 2] 2 5 -7

7.
1 3 2 -3 Ans.
5 -1 5 -2
2 1 -1 5 11 10|
2 -3 -1 4
" -2 10

2 -6 -2 -3 [-2 1 0 1
5 -13 -4 -7 10 2 -1
8. Ans.
-1 4 1 2 -4 1 -3
0 1 0 |- 0 -2 2

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300 Introduction To Engineering Mathematics - I

3 3 2 1 30 -20 -15 25 -5]

4 3 3-1 30 -11 -18 7 -8
9. Ans. -30 12 21 -9 6
|1 4 1 1
1 -15 12 6 -9 6

| | -2 -1 2 2 15-7 -6 -1 -1|

10. If X, Yare non-singular matrices and B =

lo r show that g-! where O is a null

matrix.

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct answer:
1. LetA and B be any two matrices such that AB = 0 and A is non-singular.
Then (i) B = 0; (ii) B is also non-singular, (iüi) B = A; (iv) B is singular. Ans. (iv)
2. If AB = 0 and BA0 then necessarily
() A = 0 (ii) B=0 (ii) A = 0, B = 0 (iv) A
0, B0
Ans. (iv)
3. Let A and B be two matrices, such that A = 0, AB = 0, the equation always implies that
() B= 0 (ii) B 0 (iii) B = -A (iv) B = A' Ans. (ii)

4. If4 = , then
() AB = 0 (ii) BA = 0
(iüi) AB and BA are not defined (iv) None of these Ans. (iv)

5. then AB is

4 2
o |1 2 Ans. (üi)
6. Let A and B, be two matrices, then
() AB = BA (ii) AB BA (iii) AB< BA (iv) AB > BA Ans. (ii)
7. In matrices:

() (A + B) = 4 +2 AB + B² (ii) (4 + B - 4 + B²
(i) (4 + B A+2 AB + B² (ivy) (A + B - 4 +2 AB +B² Ans. (iii)

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