UNIT 2: ALGEBRA (MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS)

Concept mapping

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LEARNING OUT COMES:
1. Define matrix
2. Identify different kinds of matrices
3. Find the size/order of matrices.
4. Determine equality of two matrices
5. Write the transpose of matrices
6. Define symmetric and skew symmetric
7. Perform operations like addition and subtraction of matrices of same order
8. Perform multiplication of two matrices of appropriate order
9. Find determinant of a square matrix
10. Define the inverse of square matrix.
11. Solve the system of simultaneous equations using (i) Cramer’s rule (ii) inverse of coefficient
matrix.

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MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS
DEFINITIONS
A matrix is a rectangular array of m  n numbers arranged in m rows and n columns.
a11 a12 …………a1n 
a a 22 …………a 2n 
A =  21 OR A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , where i = 1, 2,., m ; j = 1, 2,….,n.
 
 
a m1 a m2 …………a mn  mn

Note :1. Element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 =(𝑎𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑗𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ) ie 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑜𝑤 𝑗 𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 → 𝑟𝑜𝑤 1
[ 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] → 𝑟𝑜𝑤2
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 → 𝑟𝑜𝑤3
↓ ↓ ↓
𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛1 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 2 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 3
* Order of Matrix: Number of Row × Number of columns
* Row Matrix : A matrix which has one row is called row matrix. A=[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]1×𝑛
1
For example, B = [− 2 √5 2 3] is a row matrix.
1×4
* Column Matrix: A matrix which has one column is called column matrix. A =[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×1 .
0
√3
For example, A = −1 is a column matrix of order 4 × 1.
1
[ 2 ]
* Square Matrix: An 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is said to be a square matrix if 𝑚 = 𝑛 (ie no. of Row is equal to no.
of column )and is known as a square matrix of order ' 𝑛 '. A =[𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 .
−13 0
3
For example 𝐴 = [ 2 3√2 1 ] is a square matrix of order 3.
4 3 −1
* Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is called a Diagonal Matrix if all the elements, except the diagonal
elements are zero. A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ] , where𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , i  j and 𝑎𝑖𝑗  0 , i = j.
𝑛×𝑛
* Scalar Matrix: A square matrix is called scalar matrix it all the elements, except diagonal elements
are zero and diagonal elements are same non-zero quantity.
A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑛×𝑛 , where 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0 , i  j. 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = , i = j.
* Identity Matrix: A square matrix in which all the non diagonal elements are zero and diagonal
elements are unity is called identity or unit matrix.
* Null Matrices: A matrices in which all element are zero.
* Equal Matrices: Two matrices are said to be equal if they have same order and all their
Corresponding elements are equal.
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*Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar: if A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another
matrix which is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.
𝑥1 𝑦1 𝑧1 𝑘𝑥1 𝑘𝑦1 𝑘𝑧1
Example: A=[ 2𝑥 𝑦2 𝑧2 ] then k A = [𝑘𝑥2 𝑘𝑦2 𝑘𝑧2 ]
𝑥3 𝑦3 𝑧3 𝑘𝑥3 𝑘𝑦3 𝑘𝑧3
*Product of matrices:
(i) If A & B are two matrices, then product AB is defined, if Number of column of A = number of
rows of B.
i.e. A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑛 , B = [𝑏𝑗𝑘 ]𝑛×𝑝 then AB =[𝑐𝑖𝑘 ]𝑚×𝑝 .
(ii) Product of matrices is not commutative. i.e. AB  BA.
(iii) Product of matrices is associative. i.e A(BC) = (AB)C
(iv) Product of matrices is distributive over addition. A(B+ C) = AB +AC

* Transpose of matrix: If A is the given matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows
and columns is called the transpose of a matrix. Denoted by 𝐴𝑇

Properties of Transpose:
If A & B are matrices such that their sum & product are defined, then
(i) (𝐴𝑇 )𝑇 =A (ii) (𝐴 + 𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 + 𝐵 𝑇
(iii) (𝐾𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝐾𝐴𝑇 where K is a scalar. (iv) (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 = 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇
(v) (𝐴𝐵𝐶)𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐵 𝑇 𝐴𝑇 .
Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is said to be symmetric if A = AT
i.e. If A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑚 then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝑎𝑗𝑖 for all i, j. Also elements of the
symmetric matrix are symmetric about the main diagonal
2 5 0
For Example A= [5 3 −1]
0 −1 4
Skew symmetric Matrix: A square matrix is said to be skew symmetric if AT = -A.
A = [𝑎𝑖𝑗 ]𝑚×𝑚 then 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖 if i  j. and 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 0, i = j
0 −2 3
For Example A= [ 2 0 −4]
−3 4 0
Note : 1. Expressing A as symmetric matrix A = k (A + 𝐴′ )
2. Expressing A as skew symmetric matric A = k (A - 𝐴′ )
1 1
3. Expressing A as sum of symmetric and skew symmetric matricA = (A + 𝐴′ ) + (A - 𝐴′ )
2 2
Determinants :
To every square matrix we can assign a number called its determinant
If A = [a11], det A = | A | = a11.
 a 11 a 12 
If A =  , |A| = a11a22 – a21a12.
a 21 a 22 
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Properties:
(i) The value of a determinant remains unchanged if its rows and columns are interchanged.
(ii) If any two rows/ cols. are interchanged, then sign of the determinant changes.
(iii) If two rows/ columns of a determinant are identical, value of the determinant is zero.
(iv) If all the elements of a row/ column of a determinant are multiplied by a constant k, then its value
gets multiplied by k. i.e. |𝑘𝐴| = k|𝐴|
(v) If elements of any one column (or row) are expressed as sum of two elements each, then determinant
can be written as sum of two determinants.
(vi) If A & B are square matrices of same order, then |AB| = |A| |B|

Minor: Minor of an element aij of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ith row and jth
column in which element aij lies. Minor of an element aij is denoted byMij.
Cofactor: Cofactor of an element aij , denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (–1)i+jMij , where Mij is minor of aij.
Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be singular, if | A| = 0.
Non-Singular matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ of order ‘n’ is said to be non-singular, if | A| ≠ 0.
Adjoint of matrix: If A = [a ij ] be a n-square matrix then transpose of cofactors of element of
matrix A, is called the adjoint of A.
adj A = [A ij ]T .
NOTE: A(adjA) = (adjA)A = | A| I.
Invertible Matrix: A Matrix A is said to be invertible if there exists another matrix B such that
AB = BA = I
Inverse of a matrix: Inverse of a square matrix A exists, if A is non-singular.
1
A-1= adjA
A
NOTE:|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1, where ‘n’ is the order of the matrix A.
*System of Linear Equations:
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3.
In Matrix form the above equations can be written as:-
 a 1 b 2 c1   x   d 1 
a b c   y = d 
 2 2 2    2
a 3 b 3 c 3   z  d 3 
i.e. AX = B
 X = A-1B { | A |  0}.

Criteria of Consistency.
(i) If |A|  0, then the system of equations is said to be consistent & has a unique solution.
(ii) If |A| = 0 and (adjA)B = 0, then the system of equations is consistent and has infinitely many
solutions.
(iii) If |A| = 0 and (adj. A) B 0, then the system of equations is inconsistent and has no solution
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 MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
1. If 𝐴 is a square matrix such that 𝐴2 = 𝐴, then (𝐼 + 𝐴)2 − 3𝐴 is
(a) 𝐼 (b) 2𝐴 (c) 3𝐼 (d) 𝐴
2 2 2
Ans: (𝑎), as (𝐼 + 𝐴) − 3𝐴 = 𝐼 + 𝐼𝐴 + 𝐴𝐼 + 𝐴 − 3𝐴 = 𝐼 + 𝐴 + 𝐴 + 𝐴 − 3𝐴 = 𝐼
2. The diagonal elements of a skew symmetric matrix are
(a) all zeroes (b) are all equal to some scalar 𝑘(≠ 0)
(c) can be any number (d) none of these
Ans: (𝑎), as in skew symmetric matrix, 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = −𝑎𝑗𝑖
⇒ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = −𝑎𝑖𝑖 ⇒ 2𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0
⇒ 𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 0, i.e. diagonal elements are zeroes.
3. 5 𝑥
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐴 = 𝐴′ then
𝑦 0
(a) 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 5 (b) 𝑥 = 𝑦 (c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 (d) 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 5
Ans: (b) x = y
5 𝑥 5 𝑦
A= 𝐴′ ⇒ [ ]=[ ]⇒𝑥=𝑦
𝑦 0 𝑥 0
4. 1 3 𝑦 0 5 6
If 2 [ ]+[ ]=[ ], then write the value of 𝑥 and 𝑦.
0 𝑥 1 2 1 8
(a) x = 3, y = 3 (b) x = 3, y = 2 (c) x = 2, y = 2 (d) 𝑥 = 2, 𝑦 = 3

Ans: (a) x = 3, y = 3
1 3 𝑦 0 5 6 2 6 𝑦 0 5 6
2[ ]+[ ]=[ ] ⇒[ ]+[ ]=[ ]
0 𝑥 1 2 1 8 0 2𝑥 1 2 1 8
2+𝑦 6 5 6
⇒[ ]=[ ]
1 2𝑥 + 2 1 8
Comparing both matrices ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 and 2𝑥 = 6
2 + 𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 + 2 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3, 𝑦 = 3.
Comparing both matrices
2 + 𝑦 = 5 and 2𝑥 + 2 = 8 ⇒ 𝑦 = 3 and 2𝑥 = 6
⇒ 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 3.
5. 𝐴 is a skew-symmetric matrix and a matrix 𝐵 such that B'AB is defined, then 𝐵 'AB is a:
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) Diagonal matrix (d) upper triangular symmetric
Ans: (b) skew-symmetric matrix A is a skew-symmetric matrix ⇒ A’ = -A Consider (B’AB)’ =
(AB)'(B’)’ = B’A'(B’)’ = B’A’B = B'(-A)B = -B’AB As (B’AB) = -B’AB Hence, B’AB is a
skew-symmetric matrix
6. 1 2 3 1 7 11
If [ ][ ]=[ ], then write the value of k.
3 4 2 5 𝑘 23
(a) 17 (b) -17 (c) 13 (d) -13
1 2 3 1 3 + 4 1 + 10 7 11 7 11
Ans:[ ][ ]=[ ]⇒[ ]=[ ] ⇒ 𝑘 = 17
3 4 2 5 9 + 8 3 + 20 17 23 𝑘 23

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7. 2 −1 10
If 𝑥 [ ] + 𝑦 [ ] = [ ], find the value of 𝑥.
3 1 5
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Ans: (c) 3
2 −1 10 2𝑥 − 𝑦 10
x[ ] + 𝑦 [ ] = [ ] ⇒ [ ]=[ ]
3 1 5 3𝑥 + 𝑦 5
By definition of equality of matrix as the given matrices are equal, their corresponding elements
are equal. Comparing the corresponding elements, we get
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 10 … (i)
and 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 … (ii)
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 5𝑥 = 15 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3
8. 2 3
If 𝐴 = [ ] write 𝐴−1 in terms of 𝐴 A
5 −2
2 −3 1 2 3 −2 3 1 2 −3
(a)[ ] (b) [ ] (c) [ ] (d) [ ]
−5 −2 19 5 −2 5 −2 19 5 −2
Adj(𝐴)
Solution:-A-1 = |𝐴|
−1 −2 −3
= 19 [ ]
−5 2
1 2 3
=19 [ ]
5 −2
1
= 19 A
9. For what value of 𝑥, is the following matrix singular?
(a)0 (b)-1 (c)2 (d)5
3 − 2𝑥 𝑥 + 1
A=[ ]
2 4
Solution:-
A matrix is singular if |𝐴| = 0
(3 − 2𝑥)4 − (𝑥 + 1)2 = 0
On solving we get 𝑥 = 1
10. If A is a nonsingular matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = −4, find |𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|
(a)16 (b)32 (c)-64 (d)64
Solution:- |𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴|= |𝐴||𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| =|𝐴||𝐴| =|𝐴| = (−4) = −64
2 3 3

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1 If A is a matrix of order 3x4 and B is a matrix of order 4x3, write the order of the matrix (AB).
(a)3x3 (b)4x4 (c)3x4 (d)4x3

2 2 3 1 −3 −4 6
If [ ][ ] =[ ] write the value of x
5 7 −2 4 −9 𝑥
(a)13 (b)-4 (c) 6 (d)-9
3 3 −3
If matrix A= [ ] and A2=∝ 𝐴 then write the value of ∝
−3 3
(a)9 (b) 6 (c) 18 (d)12

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4 A matrix A of order 3x3 has determinant 5 what is the value of |3𝐴|?
(a)625 (b)135 (c) 45 (d) 125

5 If a matrix has 5 elements, the no of possible orders it can have

(a)1 (b)2 (c)4 (d)0

ASSERTION REASON BASED QUESTIONS

In the following questions, a statement of Assertion(A) is followed by a statement of Reason
(R). Choose the correct answer out of the following choices
(a). Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
(b). Both A and R are true and R is not the correct explanation of A.
(c). A is true but 𝑅 is false.
(d). A is false but 𝑅 is true.
1. −7 0 0
Assertion: ( 0 −7 0 )is a scalar matrix.
0 0 −7
Reason: All the elements of the principal diagonal are equal, it is called a scalar matrix.
2. 0 ℎ −𝑔
Assertion: (−ℎ 0 𝑓 ) is skew- symmetric matrix.
𝑔 −𝑓 0
Reason: Every square matrix A can be expressed as sum of a symmetric and
skewsymmetric matrix, A = 1/2(A + AT ) + 1/2(A − AT ).
3. Assertion: If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (I + A)2 − 3A = I.
Reason: AI=IA=A, where I is the identity matrix
4. 1 1 1 𝑛
Assertion: If A = [ ], then An = [ ], for all n ∈ N.
0 1 0 1
0 1
Reason: If 𝐵 = [ ], then (𝐼 + 𝐵)𝑛 = 𝐼 + 𝑛𝐵, for all 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁.
0 0
5. Assertion: An identity matrix is a non- singular matrix.
Reason: Assertion is correct as for identity matrix I, modulus of I = 1 ≠ 0.
6. Assertion: For two matrices A and B of order 3, |𝐴| = 3, |𝐵| = −4 then |2𝐴𝐵| = −96
Reason: For a matrix A of order n and a scalar 𝑘𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘 raised to the power n. (det
A)
7. Assertion: A inverse exists
Reason: det 𝐴 = 0
8. Assertion: adj A is a non- singular matrix
Reason: A is non - singular matrix
9. Assertion: det 𝑄 = 𝑂
Reason: Determinant of skew symmetric matrix is O
10. Assertion: The value of 𝑘 for which area of the triangle with vertices (1,1), (0,2), (𝑘, 0) is 3
square units
Reason: We can use the determinant formula for finding area of triangle

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Answers
1. (a) 2.(b) 3.(a) 4.(a) 5.(b) 6.(b) 7.(c) 8.(a) 9.(c) 10.(d)

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Assertion: Given A and B are symmetric matrices of same order. If AB is symmetric ,then
AB=BA
Reason: Given A and B are symmetric matrices of same order .If AB=BA then AB is
symmetric
Ans (a)
2. Assertion: Given A is matrix of order 3x3, then (A2)-1=(A-1)2
Reason: If A is matrix of order 3x3, then the number of minors in determinant of A is 6
Ans. (c)
3. 1 2 4 −2
Assertion: The adjoint of the matrices [ ] is( )
3 4 −3 1
a b 𝐴 𝐴12
Reason: If A=[ ] is then adjoint A=[ 11 ]
c d 𝐴21 𝐴22
Ans.
(a)
4. 2 4 2𝑥 4
Assertion: | |=| |then value of x is±√3
5 1 6 𝑥
2 4 2𝑥 4
Reason: | |=| |⤇2×1−5×4 =
5 1 6 𝑥
2𝑥 × 𝑥 − 6 × 4 ⤇ 2 − 20 = 2𝑥 2 − 24 ⤇ 𝑥 = ±√3
Ans.
(a)
5. For a matrix A having |𝐴| = 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
Assertion: A-1does not exists
Reason: A-1 exists with ⌈𝐴−1 ⌉ = 0
Ans: (c)

VERY SHORT ANSWERS(2MARKS)

1
Construct a 2x2 matrix A = aij   whose elements are given by a ij =
i
j
1
Ans: 𝐴 = [1 2]
2 1
2. If A is a Square matrix of order 3 and |𝐴| = 6 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 |2𝐴| _____________
Ans: |𝐴| = 6 and O(A) = 3
∴ |2𝐴| = 23 |𝐴| = 8 × 6 = 48
3. 5 3𝑥 5 12
If [ ]=[ ]then find the value of 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧
2𝑦 𝑧 6 4
Ans. 5 3𝑥 5 12
[ ]=[ ]
2𝑦 𝑧 6 4
∴ 3𝑥 = 12 ⇒ 𝑥 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2𝑦 = 6 ⟹ 𝑦 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4

40
4. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = 64, 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑑 |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴𝑇 |.
Ans. As |𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴| = |𝐴|𝑛−1 ,
∴ |𝐴|3−1 = 64 ⇒ |𝐴| = 8
As |𝐴| = |𝐴𝑇 | ⇒ |𝐴𝑇 | = 8
5 2𝑎 −1
Find the value of a for which ( ) 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥
−8 3
Ans. Given matrix is singular
2𝑎 −1
∴| |=0
−8 3
4
∴ 6𝑎 − 8 = 0 ⟹ 𝑎 =
3
6. 2−𝑘 3
For what value of K, the matrix [ ] is not invertible?
−5 1
Ans. The given matrix is not invertible if
2−𝑘 3
| | ≠ 0 ⇒ −𝑘 + 17 ≠ 0 ⇒ 𝑘 ≠ 17
−5 1
7. If A is a matrix of order 2x3 and B is a matrix of order 3x5 what is the order of matrix (𝐴𝐵)𝑇
Ans. AB is a matrix of order 2x5 ⇒ (𝐴𝐵)𝑇 is a matrix of order 5x2
8. 𝑥 4
Find the value of x :| |=0
2 2𝑥
𝑥 4
Ans. As | | = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 8 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 2 = 4 ⇒ 𝑥 = ±2
2 2𝑥
9. If A is a square matrix satisfying A2 = I, then what is the A-1 ?
Ans. As 𝐴2 = 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐴2 𝐴−1 = 𝐼𝐴−1 ⇒ 𝐴(𝐴𝐴−1 ) = 𝐴−1
⇒ 𝐴𝐼 = 𝐴−1 ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝐴−1
10. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Evaluate | |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
Ans. | | = 2 cos2 𝑥 + 2 sin2 𝑥 = 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Construct a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements in the ith row and jth column are given by aij =i+j
2 3
Ans. (3 4 )
4 5
2. 𝛼 𝛽
If A =[ ] is such that A2=I, then the value of 1 − 𝛼 2 − 𝛽𝛾
𝛾 −𝛼
Ans. 0
3. 4 2 −2 1
Find a matrix X such that 3A +2B - X = 0 where A =[ ], B = [ ].
1 3 3 2
8 8
Ans. [ ]
9 13
4. 𝑥2 𝑥 −2
Solve the matrix equation [ 2 ] - 3 [ ] = [ ]
𝑦 2𝑦 −9
Ans. { (x , y) : x = 1, 2 y = 3 }
5 2 −2
If A is a square matrix[ ]such that A2=pA, then find the value of p
−2 2
Ans. P=4
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 SHORT ANSWER TYPE PROBLEMS(3MARKS)
1. 𝑖+4𝑗
Construct a 3 x 2 matrix whose elements in the ith row and jth column are given by aij = .
2
5 9
𝑎11 𝑎12 22
Ans. [aij]3 x 2 = [𝑎21 𝑎22 ] = [3 5]
𝑎31 𝑎 32 7 11
2 2
2. 2−1 0 4
If A =[ ] and B = [ ] find 3A2 – 2B.
3 2 −1 7
2 −1 2−1
Ans. 3A2 = 3[ ][ ]
3 2 3 2
1 −4 3 − 12
= 3[ ] = [ ] …….(1)
12 1 36 3
0 4 0 8
2B = 2[ ] = [ ] …….(2)
−1 7 −2 14
3 − 20
(1) – (2) → 3A2 – 2B = [ ]
38 − 11

3. 4 2 −2 1
Find a matrix X such that 3A – 2B + X = 0 where A =[ ], B = [ ].
1 3 3 2
Ans. Given 3A – 2B + X =0
X = 2B – 3A
−2 1 4 2
=2 [ ]–3[ ]
3 2 1 3
−4 2 12 6
X = [ ]– [ ]
6 4 3 9
−16 − 4
= [ ]
3 −5
4. 2 4
Express A as a sum of symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix where A = [ ].
5 6
1 1 2 5
Ans. A =2 (𝐴 + 𝐴𝑇 ) + 2 (𝐴 − 𝐴𝑇 )𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
4 6
1 2 4 2 5 1 2 4 2 5
=2 ([ ]+[ ] + 2[ ]−[ ])
5 6 4 6 5 6 4 6
1 4 9 1 0−1
=2 [ ] +2[ ]= B +C where B is symmetric and C is skew symmetric.
9 12 1 0
5. 1−1
2 1 3
Verify that (AB)T = BTAT, if A= [ ], B = [0 2 ].
4 1 0
Ans. 5 0
1 −1
2 1 3 17 0
AB = [ ] [0 2] = [ ]
4 1 0 4 −2
5 0
17 0 17 4
 (AB) = [ ], (AB)T = [ ]……(1)
4 −2 0 −2
2 4
1 0 5 17 4
T T
B A = [ ] [1 1 ] = [ ] ……(2)
−1 2 0 0 −2
3 0
from (1) and (2) (AB)T = BTAT
6. 7 0 3 0
Find the matrices A and B if A+B= [ ],𝐴 −𝐵 = [ ]
2 5 0 3

42
Ans. 7 0 3 0
We have A+B=[ ] … . (1) 𝐴 −B=[ ] … . . (2)
2 5 0 3
7 0 3 0 10 0 5 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟(1) + (2), 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐴 − 𝐵 = [ ]+[ ] 2𝐴 = [ ] ⤇A=[ ]
2 5 0 3 2 8 1 4
4 0 2 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟, (1) − (2), (𝐴 + 𝐵) − (𝐴 − 𝐵) ⤇ 2B=[ ]⤇𝐵=[ ].
2 2 1 1
7. 1 1 4 1 −2
Find the matrix of A such that[ ].A=[ ]
0 1 2 −1 3
Ans. Left hand side matrix is of order2× 3, Thus A must be order 2 × 3, 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐴 =
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
[ ] . 𝐵𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎,
𝑑 𝑒 𝑓
1 1 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐 4 1 −2 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑏 + 𝑒 𝑐 + 𝑓 4 1 −2
[ ][ ]=[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
0 1 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 2 −1 3 𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 2 −1 3
Equating corresponding elements, we get d=2,e=-1,f=3,Now ,a+d=4 ⤇ 𝑎 = 2,b+c=1⤇ 𝑏 =
2 2 −5
2, 𝑐 + 𝑓 = −2 ⤇ 𝑐 = −5 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑖𝑠 [ ]
2 −1 3
8. 4 2 𝑥
If A=[𝑦 2 −2]is symmetric matrix, then find x, y and z
3 𝑧 5
4 2 𝑥 4 𝑦 3
Ans. By data, A=AT⤇ [𝑦 2 −2] = [2 2 𝑧 ] ⤇x=3,y=2,z=-2
3 𝑧 5 𝑥 −2 5
9. 2 1 −1
Find the integral value of x if [𝑥 4 −1] [1 0 0 ] [𝑥 4 −1]𝑇 = 𝑂
2 2 4
2 1 −1
[𝑥 4 −1] [1 0 0 ] [𝑥 4 −1]𝑇 =[𝑥 × 2 + 4 × 1 + (−1)2 , 𝑥 × 1 + 4 × 0 +
Ans. 2 2 4
𝑥
(−1)2, 𝑥 × (−1) + 4 × 0 + (−1) × 4][𝑥 4 −1]𝑇 = [2𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2 −𝑥 − 4] [ 4 ]=O
−1
⤇ [(2𝑥 + 2)𝑥 + (𝑥 − 2)4 + (−𝑥 − 4)(−1)] = 0
⤇ 2𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 8 + 𝑥 + 4 =0
⤇ 2𝑥 2 + 7𝑥 − 4 = 0
⤇ (𝑥 + 4)(2𝑥 − 1) = 0
1
⤇ 𝑥 = −4, 𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑥 ∈ 𝐼 𝑠𝑜 𝑥 = −4
2
10. If A is square matrix such that A2=A, then find the value of (I-A)3+A
Ans. I3-A3-3A2I+3AI2+A =I-A2 A-3A2+3AI+A
=I-AA-3A+3A+A
=I-A-3A+3A+A
=I

PRACTICE TEST/EXERCISE
1. Construct a 3x3 matrix whose elements are given by aij=|𝑖 − 𝑗|

43
2. 1 3 2
Find the value of x if [1 𝑥 ]
1 2[ 5 1]=[0]
15 3 2
3. 1 2
If A=[ ],f(x)=x2-3x+2,find f(A)
2 1
4. 1 2 2
If A=[2 1 2],verify that (AT)T=A
2 2 1
5. 0 −1 28
Find the values of 2𝑎 + 3𝑏 − 𝑐, 𝑖𝑓 [ 𝑎 − 8 0 3𝑏]is a skew-symmetric.
−𝑐 + 2 −2 0
6. 2 −2
If A is a square matrix[ ]such that A2=pA,then find the value of p
−2 2
7. 3 1 1 0
If A=[ ]and I=[ ],Find K so that A2=5A +KI
−1 2 0 1
8. assume X,Y,Z,W and P are matrices of order 2×n,3×k,2×n,n×3 and p×krespectively,if n=p
then find the order of 7X-5Z,
9. If A is a square matrix such that A2=I,Then find the value of (A-I)3+(A+I)3-7A
10. If each dealer receive profit of Rs50000 on sale of a Hatch car, Rs 1,00,000on sale of a sedan car
and Rs 1,50,000on a sale of a SUV car,then find the amount of profit received in a year 2021by
each dealer.
LONG ANSWER TYPE PROBLEMS
1. 𝑥2 𝑥 −2
Solve the matrix equation [ ]–3[ ] =[ ]
𝑦2 2𝑦 −9
Ans. 𝑥2 3𝑥 −2
 [ 2 ] – [6𝑦 ] =[ ]
𝑦 −9
x2 – 3x = -2 ; y2 – 6y = -9
x2 – 3x+2 = 0 ; y2 – 6y + 9 = 0
(x – 1) (x – 2) = 0 ; (y – 3)2 = 0
x = 1,2 ; y=3
{ (x , y) : x = 1, 2 y = 3 }
 {(1,3),(2,3)}

44
2. 2 1 2
If A = [ 0 2 2 ], find A-1. Using A-1 solve the system2x – z = -4 ; x + 2y +3z = 0;
−1 3 −1
2x + 2y – z + 2 = 0.
1
Ans. To find A-1 , A-1 =|𝐴|adj A.
−8 7 −2
1
A-1 = − 14 [−2 0 −4]
2 −7 4
Given System,
2x – z = -4
x + 2y + 3z = 0
2x + 2y – z = -2
2 0 −1
Let ‘C’ be its co-efficient matrix. C = [1 2 3 ] = AT
2 2 −1
Solution of the given system
X = C–1 B
= (𝐴𝑇 )−1 𝐵
= (𝐴−1 )𝑇 𝐵
−8 −2 2 −4
1
= − 14 [ 7 0 −7] [ 0 ]
−2 −4 4 −2
28
1
= − 14 [−14]
0
x = -2 , y = 1 , z = 0.
3. 1 −1 0 2 2 −4
Given A = [2 3 4] , B = [−4 2 −4] Verify AB = 6 I.
0 1 2 2 −1 5
Use this to solve the system
Ans.
x – y = 3 ;2x + 3y + 4z = 17;y + 2z = 7.
To Verify : AB = 6 I.
1 −1 0 2 2 −4
AB = [2 3 4] [−4 2 −4]
0 1 2 2 −1 5
6 0 0
= [0 6 0]
0 0 6
1 0 0
= 6 [0 1 0]
0 0 1
= 6I Verified.
Given system,
x–y =3
2x + 3y + 4z = 17
y + 2z = 7

45
 1 −1 0
Co-efficient Matrix, [2 3 4]= A (given).
0 1 2
Solution of the system
X = A-1 C where C is Constant matrix.
Since AB = 6 I , B = 6 A-1
1
A-1 = B.
6
1
X = BC
6
2 2 −4 3
1
= 6 [−4 2 −4] [17]
2 −1 5 7
12
1
= 6 [−6]
24
2
= [−1]
4
 x = 2; y = -1; z = 4.
4. −1 2 5
Find A-1 if A = [ 2 −3 1]. Hence solve the system,
−1 1 1
2x – 3y + z =15 ; -x + y + z = -3; -x + 2y + 5z =2.
To find A-1 ,
Ans. 1
A-1 =|𝐴|adj A.
−1 2 5
|𝐴| = | 2 −3 1|
−1 1 1
= -1 (-3 – 1) –2 (2 + 1) + 5 ( 2 – 3)
= 4 – 6 – 5 = -7
−4 3 17
1
A-1 = −7 [−3 4 11 ]
−1 −1 −1
Re-arranging the system,
–x + 2y + 5z = 2
2x – 3y + z = 15
–x + y + z = –3
-1
X = A B.
−4 3 17 2
1
= −7 [−3 4 11 ] [ 15 ]
−1 −1 −1 −3
−14
1
= −7 [ 21 ]
−14
x = 2; y = –3; z = 2

46
 a 2 + 1 ab ac
5.
Show That ab b 2 + 1 bc = 1 + a 2 + b 2 + c 2
ca cb c2 +1
𝑎2 + 1 𝑎𝑏 𝑎𝑐 𝑎(𝑎2 + 1) 𝑎2 𝑏 𝑎2 𝑐
1
| 𝑎𝑏 2
𝑏 +1 𝑏𝑐 | =𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑎𝑏 2 𝑏(𝑏 2 + 1) 𝑏2𝑐 |
2
Ans. 𝑐𝑎 𝑐𝑏 𝑐 +1 𝑐 2𝑎 𝑐2𝑏 𝑐(𝑐 2 + 1)
(𝑎2 + 1) 𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎𝑏𝑐
=𝑎𝑏𝑐 | 𝑏 2 (𝑏 2 + 1) 𝑏2 |
𝑐2 𝑐2 (𝑐 2 + 1)

𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1
=| 𝑏2 (𝑏 2 + 1) 𝑏2 |
𝑐2 𝑐 2 2
(𝑐 + 1)
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
=(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1) | 𝑏 (𝑏 + 1) 𝑏 |
𝑐2 𝑐2 (𝑐 2 + 1)
1 0 0
2 2 2
=(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 1)|𝑏 2 1 −1|
𝑐2 0 1
=(𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 + 𝑐 2 + 1)
6. 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
|𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐| =−(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) [(𝑎 − 𝑏)² + (𝑏 − 𝑐)² + (𝑐 − 𝑎)²]
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎 + 𝑏
Ans.
|𝑐 + 𝑎 𝑎+𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 | = |2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 |
𝑎+𝑏 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) 𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑐 + 𝑎
1 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |1 𝑎 + 𝑏 𝑏 + 𝑐 |
1 𝑏+𝑐 𝑐+𝑎
1 𝑐+𝑎 𝑎+𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐) |0 𝑏 − 𝑐 𝑐 − 𝑎 |
0 𝑏−𝑎 𝑐−𝑏
= 2(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[(𝑏 − 𝑐)(𝑐 − 𝑏) − (𝑏 − 𝑎)(𝑐 − 𝑎)]
= −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[2𝑎2 + 2𝑏 2 + 2𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑏 − 2𝑏𝑐 − 2𝑐𝑎]
= −(𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐)[(𝑎 − 𝑏)2 + (𝑏 − 𝑐)2 + (𝑐 − 𝑎)2 ]
7. 𝑥 𝑥² 1 + 𝑥³
If x, y, z are different and |𝑦 𝑦² 1 + 𝑦³| = 0, then 1+xyz =0
𝑧 𝑧² 1 + 𝑧³
Ans. 𝑥 𝑥2 1 + 𝑥3
|𝑦 𝑦2 1 + 𝑦 3 |=0
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3

47
 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥2 − 𝑦2 𝑥3 − 𝑦3
⇒ |𝑦 − 𝑧 𝑦2 − 𝑧2 𝑦3 − 𝑧3 | = 0
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3
0 𝑥−𝑧 (𝑥 − 𝑧)(𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧) |1 𝑦 + 𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 |=0
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3
0 1 (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧)
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑧) |1 𝑦+𝑧 𝑦 2 + 𝑦𝑧 + 𝑧 2 |=0
𝑧 𝑧2 1 + 𝑧3
⇒ (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑦 − 𝑧)(𝑥 − 𝑧)(1 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧) = 0
if 1+xyz = 0 (Since x,y and z are different)
8. 1 + 𝑎² − 𝑏² 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑏
| 2𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎² + 𝑏² 2𝑎 | = (1+a²+b²)³
2𝑏 −2𝑎 1 − 𝑎² − 𝑏²
Ans. 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎𝑏 −2𝑏
| 2𝑎𝑏 1 − 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎 |
2 2
2𝑏 −2𝑎 1−𝑎 −𝑏
1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 0 −2𝑏
=| 0 1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 2𝑎 |
𝑏(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) −𝑎(1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 ) 2
1−𝑎 −𝑏 2

1 0 −2𝑏
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 |0 1 2𝑎 |
2 2
𝑏 −𝑎 1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏
1 0 −2𝑏
2 2 2
= (1 + 𝑎 + 𝑏 ) |0 1 2𝑎 |
𝑏 −𝑎 1 − 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
1 0 −2𝑏
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )2 |0 1 2𝑎 |
2 2
0 0 1+𝑎 +𝑏
1 0 −2𝑏
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3 |0 1 2𝑎 |
0 0 1
= (1 + 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 )3
9. 1+𝑥 1 1
| 1 1+𝑦 1 | = xyz+xy+yz+zx
1 1 1+𝑧

1+𝑥 1 1 1+𝑥 −𝑥 0
| 1 1+𝑦 1 |=| 1 𝑦 −𝑦|
1 1 1+𝑧 1 0 𝑧
= xy + z(xy+x+y) = xy + yz + zx + xyz

48
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON DETERMINANTS
1. Two schools A and B decided to award prizes to their students for three values Honesty (x),
punctuality(y) and Obedience (z). School A decided to award a total of rupees 15000 for three
values to 4, 3 and 2 students respectively, while school B decided to award Rs. 19000 for three
values to 5,4 and 3 students respectively. If all the three prizes together amount to Rs. 5000, then
represent the above situation by a matrix equation and form linear equation using matrix
multiplication. Which value you prefer to be rewarded most and why?
2. Using properties of determinants, prove that
a + b + 2c a b
c b + c + 2a b = 2(a + b + c)2
c a c + a + 2b
.
3. Solve using matrix method:
(i) x+3y+4z =8, 2x+y+2z =5, 5x+y+z =7
(ii) 8x+4y+3z =18, 2x+y+z =5, x+2y+z =5
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 1 1
(iii) - + 𝑧 = 4, + 𝑦 + 2 = 0, + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, x≠ 0, y≠ 0, z≠ 0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥
4. 1 −1 1
If A = [2 1 −3] find A-1 and hence solve.𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 +
1 1 1
𝑧 =2
5. −4 4 4 1 −1 1
If A = [−7 1 3 ] , B = [1 −2 −2] , find AB and use Hence to solve the following
5 −3 −1 2 1 3
equations:𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 9,2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1
6. The management committee of a residential colony decided to award some of its members (say
x) for honesty, some (say y) for helping others and some other (say z) for supervising the workers
to keep the colony neat and clean. The sum of all the awards is 12. Three times the sum of
awardees for cooperation and supervision added to two times the number of awardees for honesty
is 33. If the sum of awardees for honesty and supervision is twice the number of awardees for
helping others, using matrix method, find the number of awardees of each category. Apart from
these values, namely, honesty, cooperation and supervision, suggest one more value which the
management of the colony must include for awards.

PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON MATRICES

1. 2 4 −6
Express the matrix A=[7 3 5 ]as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
1 −2 6
2. 1 3 2
If A==[2 0 −1],then show that A3-4A2-3A+11A=0.
1 2 3
3. −2
If A=[ 4 ], B=[1 3 −6]Verify (AB)T=BTAT
5

49
4. 0 2𝑦 𝑧
If A=[𝑥 𝑦 −𝑧]is matrix which satisfies AAT=I3, then find the values of x, y, z.
𝑥 −𝑦 𝑧
5, 1 2 2
If A=[2 1 −2]is matrix which satisfies AAT=9I, then find the values of a and b.
𝑎 2 𝑏
6. 2 4 −6
Express the matrix A=[7 3 5 ]as the sum of symmetric and skew symmetricmatrices.
1 −2 4
7. Show that the matrix BTAB is symmetric or skew symmetric accordingly when A is symmetric
or skew symmetric
CASE BASED QUESTION(01)

1. Read the following text and answer the following

questions on the basis of the same.
An industry produces only two goods x and y. The
two commodities serve as intermediate input. In each
other’s production, 0.1 unit of x and 0.55 unit of y are
needed to produce a unitof whereas 0.4 unit of x and
0.2 unit of y are needed to produce a unit of y. For
final consumption to 240 units of x and 140 units of
y are needed.
Based on the above information answer the following
1. Find the technology matrix A
2. Evaluate the Value of I-A, where I-A is the identity matrix of the order2
3. Write the demand matrix D
4. Find the value of(I-A)-1
0.1 0.4
1. A=[ ]
Ans. 0.55 0.2
1 0 0.1 0.4 0.9 −0.4
2.[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
0 1 0.55 0.2 −0.55 0.8
240
3.[ ]
140
1 1 0.8 0.4
4. (I-A)-1=|𝐼−𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗𝐴 = 9.4 [ ]
0.55 0.9

CASE BASED QUESTION-2

2. Consider two families A and B. suppose there are 4 men .4women
and 4 children in family A and 2men, 2womenand 2 children
in family. The recommend daily amount of calories is 2400 for a

50