SOUTHERN LEYTE STATE

UNIVERSITY
Mathematics in the Modern World
(GE-MATH 101)
 The Nature of Mathematics

Mathematics is present in everything we do; it is

all around us and it is the building block of our daily
activities. It has been at the forefront of each and every
period of our development, and as our civilized
societies advanced, our needs of mathematics
pioneering arose on the frontier of our course as we
prepare our human species to traverse the cosmic
shore.
“Mathematics is the language with which God has
written the universe”

~ Galileo Galilie
MATHE is ?
 Different Kinds of Pattern

As we look at the world around us, we can sense the

orchestrating great regularity and diversity of living and
non-living things. The symphonies vary from tiny to
gigantic, from simple to complex, and from dull to the
bright. The kaleidoscope of patterns is everywhere and
they make the nature look only fascinating but also
intriguing. Paradoxically, it seemed that everything in
the world follows a pattern of their own and tamed by
the same time pattern of their own.
Patterns of Visuals

Visual patterns are often unpredictable,

never quite repeatable, and often contain
fractals. These patterns are can be seen from
the seeds and pinecones to the branches and
leaves. They are also visible in self-similar
replication of trees, ferns, and plants
throughout nature
Patterns of Visuals
Patterns of Visuals
Patterns of Visuals
Patterns of Visuals
Patterns of Visuals
Patterns of Flow

The flow of liquids provides an

inexhaustible supply of nature’s patterns.
Patterns of flow are usually found in the
water, stone, and even in the growth of trees.
There is also a flow pattern present in
meandering rivers with the repetition of
undulating lines.
Patterns of Movement
In the human walk, the feet strike the ground
in a regular rhythm: the left-right-left-right-left
rhythm. When a horse, a four-legged creature
walks, there is more of a complex but equally
rhythmic pattern. This prevalence of pattern in
locomotion extends to the scuttling of insects, the
flights of birds, the pulsations of jellyfish, and also
the wave-like movements of fish, worms, and
snakes.
Patterns of Rhythm

Rhythm is conceivably the most basic pattern

in nature. Our hearts and lungs follow a regular
repeated pattern of sounds or movement whose
timing is adapted to our body’s needs. Many of
nature’s rhythms are most likely similar to a
heartbeat, while others are like breathing. The
beating of the heart, as well as breathing, have a
default pattern
Patterns of Texture

A texture is a quality of a certain object

that we sense through touch. It exists as a
literal surface that we can feel, see, and
imagine. Textures are of many kinds. It can
be bristly, and rough, but it can also be
smooth, cold, and hard.
Geometric Patterns

A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern

which consists of a series of shapes that are
typically repeated. These are regularities in
the natural world that are repeated in a
predictable manner. Geometrical patterns are
usually visible on cacti and succulents.
Symmetries

In mathematics, if a figure can be folded or

divided into two with two halves which are the
same, such figure is called a symmetric figure.
Symmetry has a vital role in pattern formation. It is
used to classify and organize information about
patterns by classifying the motion or deformation
of both pattern structures and processes.
Symmetries

There are many kinds of symmetry, and

the most important ones are reflections,
rotations, and translations. These kinds of
symmetries are less formally called flips,
turns, and slides.
Symmetries
Vitruvian man – two fold symmetry
Three Fold Symmetry Five Fold Symmetry
Six Fold Symmetry
Fractals

- are objects in which the same

pattern occur again and again at different
scale and sizes.
Fractals
Tessellation

- is a pattern of shapes that fit together with

no gaps
Tessellation
Spiral

- are shapes that wind in a gradually or

tightening curve
Spiral
Ans. C
Ans. 12
Ans. K
Ans. 4
Sequence

- refers to an ordered list of numbers

called terms, that may have repeated values.
The arrangement of these terms is set by a
definite rule.
1 3 5 7 9…
1st Term 2nd Term 3rd Term 4th Term 5th Term
Arithmetic Sequence

- It is a sequence of numbers that follows

a definite pattern. To determine if the series
of numbers follow an arithmetic sequence,
check the difference between two
consecutive terms. If common difference is
observed, then definitely arithmetic sequence
governed the pattern.
Arithmetic Sequence

2, 4, 6, 8, 10…

2 2 2 2

Common difference = 2
Geometric Sequence

- If in the arithmetic sequence we need to

check for the common difference, in geometric
sequence we need to look for the common ratio.
The illustrated in the example below, geometric
sequence is not as obvious as the arithmetic
sequence. All possibilities must be explored until
some patterns of uniformity can intelligently be
struck.
Geometric Sequence

2, 8, 32, 128, 512…

4 4 4 4

Common ratio = 4
Harmonic Sequence

- In the sequence, the reciprocal of the terms

behaved in a manner like arithmetic sequence.
Consider the example below and notice an
interesting pattern in the series. With this pattern,
the reciprocal appears like arithmetic sequence.
Only in recognizing the appearance that we can
finally decode the sequencing the govern the
series.
Harmonic Sequence
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
, , , , …
𝟐𝟐 𝟒𝟒 𝟔𝟔 𝟖𝟖 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏

2 2 2 2

Common difference = 2
Fibonacci Sequence

- This specific sequence was named after an

Italian mathematician Leonardo Pisano Bigollo
(1170 - 1250). He discovered the sequence while
he was studying rabbits. The Fibonacci
sequence is a series of numbers governed by
some unusual arithmetic rule. The sequence is
organized in a way a number can be obtained by
adding the two previous numbers.
Fibonacci Sequence

𝟏𝟏, 𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐, 𝟑𝟑, 𝟓𝟓, 𝟖𝟖, 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏, 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 …

0+1=1 3+5=8
1+1=2 5 + 8 = 13
1+2=3 8 + 13 = 21
2+3=5
To explore a little bit more about the
Fibonacci sequence, the location of the term
was conventionally tagged as Fib(𝑛𝑛). This
means that Fib(1)=1, Fib(2)=1, Fib(3)=2 and
Fib(4)=3. In this method, the Fib(𝑛𝑛) is actually
referring to the the 𝑛𝑛th term of the sequence.
It is also possible to make some sort of
addition in this sequence. For instance:
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 6 = ? 1 + 8 = 𝟗𝟗
Formula for computing for the 𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏𝒏 term in
the Fibonacci Sequence
 The amazing grandeur of Fibonacci
sequence was also discovered in the
structure of Golden rectangle. The golden
rectangle is made up of squares whose sizes,
surprisingly is also behaving similar to the
Fibonacci sequence. Also known as the
“The Golden Ratio”
Examples: Identify what type of sequence is the
one below and supply the sequence with the next
two terms.

1. 1, 4, 7, 10, _, _? Type of Sequence: ?

Ans. 13, 16 Arithmetic Sequence
2. 80, 40, 20, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ?

Ans. 10, 5 Geometric Sequence

Examples: Identify what type of sequence is the
one below and supply the sequence with the next
two terms.

3. 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ?
Ans. 13, 21 Fibonacci Sequence
4. 56, 46, 36, 26, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ?

Ans. 16, 6 Arithmetic Sequence

Examples: Identify what type of sequence is the
one below and supply the sequence with the next
two terms.

5. 2, 20, 200, 2000, _, _ ? Type of Sequence: ?

Ans. 20000, 200000 Geometric Sequence