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Test #1 Review Sheet

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Part 1: Grade 9 Review

- Chemistry → the study of the composition, properties and changes of matter


- Matter → anything that has mass, and takes up space (made of atoms)
- Periodic Table → made up of all the known types of matter (elements)
- Metals → anything shaded in green on the periodic table
- Properties:
- High melting point
- Good conductors of electricity and heat
- Malleable
- Non-Metals → anything on the upper right hand side of the periodic table +
hydrogen
- Properties:
- Brittle
- Non-lustrous
- May be solids, liquids, or gases at room temperature
- Metalloids → on the ladder between metals and nonmetals
- Properties:
- Solid
- Have a metallic lustre
- Brittle, easily shattered
- Special Families:
- Alkali Metals (Group 1) → the first column of the periodic table
- Properties:
- Low melting points
- Very good conductors
- Stored in oil because of reactivity with water and air

- Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2) → the second column of the periodic table
- Properties:
- Excellent conductors
- Solid at room temperature
- Less violent reactions (but still quite reactive)

- Halogens (Group 17) → the seventeenth column on the periodic table


- Properties:
- Fairly toxic
- 7 valence electrons
- Highly reactive (most reactive out of all non-metals)
- Noble Gases (Group 18) → the eighteenth column on the periodic table
- Properties:
- 8 valence electrons (full valence shell)
- Extremely non-reactive
- Colourless in natural state
- Atomic Structure:
- Protons (positive)→ charge +1, located in the nucleus (the centre of the atom), mass
is 1 amu (atomic mass unit)
- Neutron (neutral) → charge 0, located in the nucleus, mass is 1 amu (atomic mass
unit)
- Electron (negative) → charge -1, located in shells (energy levels), the mass is ~0 amu
(atomic mass unit)
- Location on the Periodic Table:
- Atomic Number → number of protons
- Period → row on the periodic table
- The row represents the amount of orbitals (energy levels) an element
has
- Group → column on the periodic table
- The column represents the amount of valence electrons
- Chemical vs. Physical Changes
- Physical Changes → no new substance, just a change in state (or shape)
- Ex. melting good or cutting paper
- Chemical Changes → the atoms are rearranged making a new substance
- Ex. change in colour
- Energy Level Diagrams:
- Ex. Nitride Ion

- Ex. Sodium Ion


sodium ion

Part 2: Naming and Writing Formulas


- For naming, everything should be in LOWERCASE so no capital letters
- Ions → when an atom has gained or lost electrons to be stable. Can have a positive or negative
charge
- Naming:
- Monatomic:
- Cations → name of element + ion (ex. sodium ion)
- Anion → take the ions name and make it end in “ide” + ion (ex. oxide
ion)
- Polyatomic:
- Name shown on chart + ion (ex. acetate ion)
- Ionic Compounds → composed of cations and anions attracted to each other in a 3D crystal
lattice, the ratio of cations to anions must be such that the overall charge of the compound is
zero
- Formula:
- Criss cross the charges for them to balance each other (ex. Sc 3+Cl2- →
Sc2Cl3)
- Watch for polyatomic ions, subscript is outside them with brackets
(ex. (NH4)5)
- Subscript (bottom) → represents the number of atoms in the
compound
- Superscript (top) → represents the charge of the atom
- If criss crossing numbers have a common factor, divide by that
factor, try to simplify (ex. Mg2+O2- → MgO)
- Naming:
- Cation followed by anion (ending in “ide”)
- If cation is multivalent, un crisscross the ionic compound to find out
the charge to write using roman numerals (ex. copper (II) oxide)
- Roman Numerals:
- I→1
- II → 2
- III → 3
- IV → 4
- V→5
- VI → 6
- VII → 7
- VIII → 8
- IX → 9
- X → 10
- Recognizing:
- Made of a cation (positive) and anion (negative)
- Metal + Non-Metal
- Properties:
- Formed after a TRANSFER of electrons
- Exist as a 3D crystal lattice of cations and anions
- Held together by electrostatic attraction between the cations and
anions
- Always solid at room temperature
- Have high melting points
- Brittle → break along clean lines
- Conduct electricity when in molten form or when dissolved in water
- Molecular Compound (Covalent Molecule) → when 2 or more atoms share electrons to have
a full valence shell, all parts are non-metals
- Formula:
- Use prefixes in naming to find out what to write in the subscript
- For exceptions, just write the formula you memorised
- Naming:
- Molecular Elements → atoms that will never be alone (always in pairs), these
elements will be referred to as just their name (ex. O2= Oxygen)
- I2 Br2ing Cl2ay F2rom O2ur N2ew H2ouse for P4aving eight
S8idewalks
- Binary Molecular Compounds:
- You don’t have to worry about balancing charges (criss
crossing)
- Use prefixes to refer to subscript:
- 1 → mono
- 2 → di
- 3 → tri
- 4 → tetra
- 5 → penta
- 6 → hexa
- 7 → hepta
- 8 → octa
- 9 → nona
- 10 → deca
- Last element ends in “ide”
- For the first element, you don’t use mono if there is only one
atom (ex. OCl2 → oxygen dichloride)
- Exceptions → where you don’t use the common naming rules
- Water → H2O
- Hydrogen Peroxide → H2O2
- Ammonia → NH3
- Methane → CH4
- Octane → C8H18
- Ethanol → C2H5OH
- Sucrose → C12H22O11
- Glucose → C6H12O6
- Recognizing:
- All parts are non-metals
- Properties:
- Low melting and boiling points
- Poor electrical and thermal conductivity
- Can be a solid, liquid or gas
- Counting Protons and Electrons in an Ion → use the atomic number, and then apply the ion
charge to it
- Atomic Number → number of protons
- Counting Atoms → the sum of the subscript of the formula, as subscript represents the
number of atoms of each element
- Matching Questions Vocabulary:
- Isoelectric → same number of electrons
- Atoms → the basic unit of a chemical element
- Multivalent → contains more than one charge listed on the periodic table
- Cations → positive ions that have LOST electrons to become stable. Either a metal or
specific type of polyatomic ion (ammonium, hydronium, or mercury (I))
- Anions → negative ions that have GAINED electrons to become stable. Either a non-
metal or polyatomic ion
- Monatomic → one atom
- Polyatomic → more than one atom
- Binary → only 2 different elements
- Non-Binary → more than 2 elements
- Ionic → has a metal (cation) and a nonmetal (anion)
- Molecular → 2 non-metals

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