Science – 2nd Quarter Periodical Exam  Determine the ion (charge) for each

Reviewer element.
Ex.
 Electron configuration – The arrangement of Na – 1 valence electron - +1 Charge
electrons in an atom, molecule or other physical Cl – 7 valence electron - -1 charge
structure.  Use arrows to criss-cross the charges from
“1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f the metal and non-metal.
6d 7p”
Ex. Na+1 Cl−1=Na 1 Cl 1
S – 2 orbitals
 Simplify if necessary.
P – 6 orbitals
 Final answer: NaCl
D – 10 orbitals
 Naming Binary Ionic Compound – Composed of
F – 14 orbitals
ion of two different elements: metal and non-metal.
 Chemical Bonds – The forces that hold atoms or
- The full name of the cation is listed first, then
ions together.
the root anion followed by the suffix –ide.
 Octet rule – “Having eight electrons in the
Ex. Hydrogen – Hydride
outermost shells.
- If the compound contains a transition metal, a
- Rule of eight.
Roman Numeral is included after the metal
 Valence electron – The electrons found in the
name to indicate the oxidation number of the
outermost shell.
metal.
- This can derived from the electron configuration.
- Ex. Iron (III) Ferric
Sodium (Na) - 1 s 2 2 s 2 2 p6 3 s 1 - 1 valence electron. Iron (II) Ferrous
Carbon (C ) - 1 s 2 2 s 2 22 - 4 valence electron. Copper (II) Cupric
Copper (I) Cuprous
 Lewis Dot Symbol – A representation of atoms
Cobalt (III) Cobaltic
where only their valence electron shows. Cobalt (II) Cobaltous
- Consist of the chemical symbol for an element Tin (IV) Stannic
surrounded by dots, with each dot corresponding to Tin (II) Stannous
a valence electron. Lead (IV) Plumbic
- Named after Gilbert Newton Lewis. Lead (II) Plumbous
Mercury (II) Mercuric
- Dots are placed singly first before pairing them up.
Mercury (I) Mercurous
- Ex.
 Oxidation Number – A set of whole numbers
useful in writing formulas of compounds.
Oxygen –
- Directly related to the ability of an element to
Carbon - combine with another in forming a compound.
 Ionic Bond Formation - This is formed when the  Stock system – Name of the metal (transition)
valence electron of an atom is transferred to with oxidation number in parenthesis.
another atom. Ex.
 Cation – A positively charged ion. Fe Cl2 - Iron(II) Chloride.
- When a metal loses electrons.  Classical system – Name of the metallic ion
 Anion – A negatively charged ion. usually in Latin.
- When a non-metal gains electrons. - Stem name of a metal with lower oxidation
 Ionic Bonding – The transfer of valence number. + -ous
electrons from a metal to a non-metal. Ex.
 Metals – Lose electrons. (+) FeCl2 – Ferrous Chloride
 Non-metals – Gain electrons. (-)
 Steps in Crisscross method
 - Stem name of a metal with higher oxidation  Dipole–dipole – Exists between polar covalent
number. + - ic molecules.
FeCl3- Ferric Chloride  Dipole – A molecule whose ends are of
 Polyatomic Ions – Consist of two or more atoms opposite charges.
that are covalently bonded and can be considered  London Dispersion Forces – Exits as a result
to behave like a single ion. of the random movement of electrons in an
atom or molecule.
Name Formula and Charge - The only present intermolecular force in
Acetate C 2 H 3 O−¿¿
2 nonpolar molecules.
Ammonium N H +¿¿
4  Hydrogen Bonding – A special type of dipole-
Carbonate C O2−¿¿
3 dipole interaction.
Hydroxide O H −¿¿ - A hydrogen atom which is bonded to F, O, or N
Nitrate N O−¿¿
3 is attracted to another molecule that contains a
Nitrite N O−¿¿
2 highly electronegative atom like N, O, or F.
Phosphate P O3−¿¿
4  Electronegativity – Can be determined when an
Phospite P O 3−¿¿
3
atom is already bonded to another atom in a
2−¿¿ molecule.
Sulfate S O4
 Linus Pauling – Developed the
Sulfite S O 2−¿¿
3
electronegativity scale based on bond energies.
 Nonpolar Covalent – EN < 0.4
 Covalent Bonds – This occurs between
 Polar Covalent – 0.4 ≤ EN ≤ 1.8
nonmetallic atoms.
 Ionic - 1.8 ≤ EN
- Consists of neutral or uncharged molecules.
 Metallic Solid – The crystal structure of metallic
- The resulting atom compound is referred to as
solids includes a “sea of moving valence
covalent compound.
electrons”(negative) and metal iron cores (positive).
 Bonding electrons – The shared electrons
- Metals such as sodium, lithium, calcium, and
in the resulting molecule.
copper are held in their solid states by metallic
 Electronegativity – A measure of the ability
bonds.
of an atom in a molecule to attract
- Most metals have high melting and boiling
electrons to itself.
points.
 Electron density – The probable volume of
 Nature of Bonds in Solids
space occupied by electrons.
 Ionic Solid – Consists of ions strongly held by
 Nonpolar Molecules – A covalent bond
ionic bonds.
formed by two identical nonmetallic atoms.
- Have high melting points and are generally
- This results in a balanced electron density
brittle.
around them.
 Molecular Solids – Consists of covalent
 Polar Molecules – Formed when two different
molecule held in fixed positions in the crystal.
kinds of nonmetallic atoms are covalently
- Significantly weaker than the electrostatic
bonded.
interaction of ions in ionic solids.
- Creates an unbalanced electron density.
 Network Covalent Solids – The covalent
- The bond’s end with greater electron density
bonds run through the whole crystal structure.
becomes partially negative, while the end with
- The unit particle of the solid, usually atom, is
less electron density becomes partially positive.
−¿¿ held to another unit particle by a covalent
- The presence of δ +¿∧δ ¿ characterizes a polar
bond.
bond.
 Metallic Solids - Held together by metallic
 Intermolecular Forces of Attraction ( Van der
bonds.
Waals forces)
 Mole – The term was coined by Friedrich Wilhelm
Ostwald
- The amount of substance that contains as many
elementary entities as there are atoms in
exactly 12 g of carbon-12
- Approximately equal to 6.02 ×1023particles,
also known as Avogadro’s number ( N A ), named
in honor of Amedeo Avogadro who conceived
the basic idea of a mole but never determined
its exact number.
 Atomic mass – The mass of one atom of an
element and is usually expressed in atomic mass
units (amu).
 Molar mass – The mass of one mole of an
element, or a compound, expressed in grams per
mole (g/mol).
 Mass per atom – Molar mass * 1 mol/6.02 ×1023
- Expressed in grams per atom (g/atom).
 Molecular Mass - The mass of one molecule of a
covalent compound.
- The sum of the atomic masses of its constituent
atoms.
- amu or g/molecule.
- Molecular mass in g/molecule = molar mass
g/mol * 6.02 ×1023
 Formula Mass – Refers to the mass of one unit of
an ionic compound.
- amu or g/ formula
- Formula mass in g/formula unit = molar mass
g/mol * 6.02 ×1023