PROGRESS REPORT

Title WATER TURBINE PROJECT

Made by  Muhammad Omer Amjad

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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Table of Contents

PROGRESS REPORT.....................................................................................................................1
WATER TURBINE PROJECT.......................................................................................................1
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
Reaction Turbine.........................................................................................................................4
Kinetic Energy Turbine...............................................................................................................4
Project Background.....................................................................................................................4
Problem Statement.......................................................................................................................4
Project Scope...............................................................................................................................4
WORK PROGRESS........................................................................................................................4
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................5
 Reaction turbines...............................................................................................................6
 Impulse turbines................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

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ABSTRACT
The water turbine is a machine which converts fluid energy into electrical energy. Our aim is to
produce at least three watts of electrical energy by using the Under-head Turbine. The primary
components of turbine are two wheels, belts and pulley structure, bearings, dynamometer and
shaft. The turbine will make use of the fluid energy from a source which will create an impact on
the wheels resulting in the rotation of the wheels which through shaft and bearing will produce
electricity at the other end. Water turbine ranges from small structure to large structures
depending upon the need. They are being used for commercial production of electricity while
small units are also installed for house to fulfill domestic needs.

INTRODUCTION
Hydropower comes from converting energy in flowing water by means of a water wheel or
through a turbine into useful mechanical power that is conversion of water‘s potential and kinetic
energy into electrical energy. The hydraulic machines that convert hydraulic energy into
mechanical energy is called Hydraulic Turbine. Water turbines were developed in the 19 th
century and were widely used for industrial power to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used
for electric power generation. Water turbines are mostly found in Embankment dams to generate
electric power from water kinetic energy.

There are two main types of hydro turbines: impulse and reaction. The type of hydropower
turbine selected for our project is the reaction turbine which is based on lower head.

Reaction Turbine

A reaction turbine develops power from the combined action of pressure and moving water. The
runner is placed directly in the water stream flowing over the blades rather than striking each
individually. Reaction turbines are generally used for sites with lower head and higher flows than
compared with the impulse turbines. There are several different types of propeller turbines. Our
project consists of kinetic energy turbine.

Kinetic Energy Turbine

Kinetic energy turbines, also called free-flow turbines, generate electricity from the kinetic
energy present in flowing water rather than the potential energy from the head. The systems may
operate in rivers, man-made channels, tidal waters, or ocean currents. Kinetic systems utilize the
water stream's natural pathway. They do not require the diversion of water through manmade
channels, riverbeds, or pipes, although they might have applications in such conduits. Kinetic
systems do not require large civil works; however, they can use existing structures such as
bridges, tailraces and channels.

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Project Background

This project is about fabrication of hydro turbine. Hydropower systems which produce on small
scale are appropriate in most cases for individual users or groups of users who are independent of
the electricity supply grid Water is pumped from the source and channeled into a turbine. The
turbine blades are now turned by the flowing water and create a rotary movement of the turbine.
The rotary movement is then used to turn the generator. The generator converts the mechanical
rotary movement into electrical energy.

Problem Statement

Since the industrial revolution begun in the 18th century, fuel has become one of the vital energy
in our life. However the amounts of non-renewable fuels such as gasoline are shrinking day by
day and will eventually depleted at the end. In order to ensure having the sufficient alternative
energies for future, renewable energies should be produced. One of the most effective renewable
energy is the hydropower which uses hydro turbines to generate electricity.

Project Scope

1. To set up hydro turbine that will produce energy on small scale

WORK PROGRESS
The water turbine project is the imitation of the water turbines used for greater efficiencies
although almost all the elements and processes are similar. For our project we designed the water
turbine to meet our need of our output that is 3 watts for which we have progressed in the
following way.

The project of constructing a water turbine was distributed in such a way:

One of the most important phases for the respective project was the Design which laid the bases
of the future work and success. The Design of the turbine consists of the design f the wheel with
blades and its compatibility with the other apparatus. It was made sure for design to be
amendable for changes that could be possible as the result of experiment or in a result of any
error.

The construction f the turbine includes the augmentation of different parts in a manner to give
shape to a complete machine. It includes the joining of shaft member to the wheel then to the
dynamometer which produces output at the other end. We bought a bicycle tire, made cuts at its
rim using hacksaw so that we can fix cups in those cuts. These cups will act as turbine blades.
Blades are installed on the wheel which rotates when water strikes them and whole other
components then starts to operate. More is the revolutions by the blade more will be the
generation of electricity.
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Now we will do gas welding to firmly attach these cups between the cuts. After that we will pass
a plastic rod through our wheel and attach it second wheel. The attached rod will act as a shaft.
Later we will attach dynamo to the wheel. Dynamo will generate output at the other end. We are
in a process to get maximum revolutions through the dynamo because of the required output. We
hope that we will be able to derive the maximum output in next few days.

LITERATURE REVIEW
The Water Turbine, also known as a Hydro Turbine, is a fairly simple machine that produces
a rotary turning action at a medium to high rotational speed. Also, water turbines can be used as
part of a home hydroelectricity system by installing an electrical generator. Unlike a water pump
which is mechanically driven by an electric motor or wind turbine and uses suction to pump the
water through it, a typical water turbine design uses nozzles and differential water pressure to
produce a mechanical rotation and output.

The water turbine is the heart of any hydro power plant. It consists of a number of metal or
plastic blades fitted to a central rotating shaft or plate. Water flowing through the casing of the
enclosed turbine, strikes the blades of the turbine producing torque and making the shaft rotate
due to the velocity and pressure of the water. As the water pushes against the turbine blades, its
velocity and pressure reduces (energy is lost) as it rotates the turbine shaft.

However, as a typical "water turbine design" has lots more blades attached to this central shaft,
this rotation causes the next blade behind it to come into contact with the entering water pressure
causing the turbine to rotate some more and so on.

As the turbine continues to rotate, the water becomes trapped in between the turbines blades and
is pushed along by the rotational movement of the turbine. At some point along the rotational
angle of the turbine blades, the water encounters an opening in the casing, usually located at the
centre, which allows the water to exit and return back to the river or stream from where it
originally came.[1]

Water turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.

 Reaction turbines
Reaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the
turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or
suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.
 Impulse turbines
Impulse turbines change the flow velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes on the turbine's
curved blades which changes the direction of the flow. The resulting change in
momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning,
the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with
diminished energy. An impulse turbine is one which the pressure of the fluid flowing

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 over the rotor blades is constant and all the work output is due to the change in kinetic
energy of the fluid.

Prior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic
energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades,
and the turbine doesn't require a housing for operation.[2]

Design and Application

Turbine selection is based on the available water head, and less so on the available flow rate. In
general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low head
sites. Small turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large
bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal.[3]

Environmental impact

Water turbines are generally considered a clean power producer, as the turbine causes essentially
no change to the water. They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for
decades. They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply. Historically there
have also been negative consequences, mostly associated with the dams normally required for
power production. Dams alter the natural ecology of rivers, potentially killing fish, stopping
migrations, and disrupting peoples' livelihoods.[4]

CONCLUSION

The Turbine is set to produce at least 3 watts of power by the water head provided by the water
of the river. The turbine can work endlessly if the water head is sufficient and with the proper
maintenance. The project, however, is the miniaturization of the mega projects thus it can be
improved for greater efficiency.

REFERENCES
[1] T. Ackermann, G. Andersson, and L. Söder, “Distributed generation: a definition,”
Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 57, no. 3, pp. 195–204, 2001.
[2] R. Susan-Resiga, T. C. Vu, S. Muntean, G. D. Ciocan, and B. Nennemann, “Jet control of
the draft tube vortex rope in Francis turbines at partial discharge,” in Proceedings of the 23rd
IAHR Symposium on Hydraulic Machinery and Systems, 2006, pp. 17–21.
[3] J. D. Lindsay, S. M. Ghiaasiaan, and S. I. Abdel-Khalik, “Macroscopic flow structures in
a bubbling paper pulp-water slurry,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 3342–3354, 1995.
[4] J. Macknick, R. Newmark, G. Heath, and K. C. Hallett, “A review of operational water
consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies,” Contract, vol. 303,
pp. 275–3000, 2011.

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