Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Greater Noida
Introduction to Computer Networks

Unit: 1

Computer Networks
ACSE 0602 Sujeet Singh
Bhadouria
B Tech 6th Sem Assistant Professor
CSE Department

Sujeet Singh BhadouriaACSE0602 CN Unit 1

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2/9/2023
 Faculty Profile

FACULTY PROFILE
Name of Faculty: Sujeet Singh Bhadouria

Designation & Department: Assistant Professor, CSE

Qualification: Ph.D (Pre-Submission) M.Tech

Experience: 10 Years of teaching experience

Area of Interest: Computer Network

Reviewer: IET Communications ISSN 1751-8644 (SCI

& SCOPUS INDEX)
Research Publications:
International Journal 09
Paper Presentation 06
International Patent 01 (Granted)
National Patent 04(Published)+01(Granted)
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 Contents
• Evaluation Scheme
• Syllabus
• Branch wise syllabus
• Course Objective
• Course Outcome
• Program Outcome
• CO-PO Mapping
• PSO
• CO- PSO Mapping
• PEO
• Result analysis
• Paper template
• Prerequisites
• Introduction to subject
• Unit objective
• Topic objective
– Modes of Transmission
– Computer Networks
– Topology
– Types of Networks
– Internet
– Digital data
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 Contents
• OSI model
• Topic objective & recap of previous topic
• TCP/IP model
• Physical layer
• Topic objective & recap of previous topic
– Transmission medium
– Switching methods
• ISDN
• Topic objective & recap of previous topic
• Terminal handling
• Video Links
• Daily Quiz
• Weekly Assignment
• MCQs
• Expected Questions in University Exams
• Summary
• References

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 Evaluation Scheme

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 Syllabus
Unit Topic
I Introductory Concepts: Goals and applications of networks, Categories of networks, Organization of the
Internet, ISP, Network structure and architecture (layering principles, services, protocols and standards), The
OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, Network devices and components, Mode of Communication.
Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types of connections, LAN, WAN AND MAN Transmission media,
Signal transmission and encoding, Network performance and transmission impairments, Switching
techniques and multiplexing, IEEE standards.

II Link layer: Framing, Error Detection and Correction, Flow control (Elementary Data Link Protocols, Sliding
Window protocols). Medium Access Control and Local Area Networks: Channel allocation, Multiple access
protocols, LAN standards, Link layer switches & bridges (learning bridge and spanning tree algorithms).

III Network Layer: Point-to-point networks, Logical addressing, Basic internetworking (IP, CIDR, ARP, RARP, DHCP,
ICMP), IPv4,Routing, forwarding and delivery, Static and dynamic routing, Routing algorithms and protocols,
Congestion control algorithms, IPv6.
IV Transport Layer: Process-to-process delivery, Transport layer protocols (UDP and TCP),Connection
management, Flow control and retransmission, Window management, TCP Congestion control, Quality of
service.

V Application Layer: Domain Name System, World Wide Web and Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, Electronic mail,
File Transfer Protocol, Remote login, Network management, Data compression, Cryptography – basic concepts,
Firewalls.
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Sujeet Singh BhadouriaACSE0602 CN Unit 1
 Branch wise Applications

• Resource Sharing
• Server-Client model:
• Communication Medium:
• Access to remote information
• Person-to-person communication
• Electronic commerce
• Cloud-based Applications
• AI and Expert System
• Neural Networks and parallel programming
• Decision support and office automation systems etc.

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 Course Objective

To develop an understanding of
• To understand computer networking basics.
• To understand different components of computer networks.
• To study and understand various protocols.
• The standard models for the layered approach to communication
between autonomous machines in a network.
• To study and understand the main characteristics of data
transmission across various physical link types.

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 Course Outcome

At the end of the course, the student will be able

Bloom’s
Course Outcomes (CO)
Knowledge
Level (KL)
Build an understanding of the fundamental concepts K2, K6
C0602.1 and Layered Architecture of computer networking.

Understand the basic concepts of link layer properties K2, k6

C0602.2 to detect error and develop the solution for error
control and flow control.
Design, calculate, and apply subnet masks and K3, K4, K6
C0602.3 addresses to fulfil networking requirements and
calculate distance among routers in subnet.
Understand the duties of transport layer, Session K2, K4
C0602.4
layer with connection management of TCP protocol.
Discuss the different protocols used at application K2
C0602.5
layer.
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 Program Outcome

1. Engineering knowledge
2. Problem analysis
3. Design/development of solutions
4. Conduct investigations of complex problems
5. Modern tool usage
6. The engineer and society
7. Environment and sustainability
8. Ethics
9. Individual and team work
10. Communication
11. Project management and finance
12. Life-long learning
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 CO-PO Mapping

The highlighted text shows the mapping of course outcome with PO

mapping of this unit

Computer Networks (ACSE-0602) Year of Study: 2022-23

CO PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
C0602.1 3 2 3 2 1 1 2 3
C0602.2 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 1 3
C0602.3 3 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 3
C0602.4 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 3
C0602.5 2 2 2 1 1 3
C0602.6 2 1 3 2 3 1 1 3

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 Program Specific Outcomes

 PSO1: The ability to identify, analyze real world problems and design their
ethical solutions using artificial intelligence, robotics, virtual/augmented
reality, data analytics, block chain technology, and cloud computing.
 PSO2:The ability to design and develop the hardware sensor devices and
related interfacing software systems for solving complex engineering
problems.
 PSO3: The ability to understand inter-disciplinary computing techniques and
to apply them in the design of advanced computing.
 PSO4: The ability to conduct investigation of complex problems with the help
of technical, managerial, leadership qualities, and modern engineering tools
provided by industry-sponsored laboratories.

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 CO-PSO Mapping

The highlighted text shows the mapping of course outcome

with PSO mapping of this unit

CO PSO1 PSO2 PSO3 PSO4

C0602.1 3 3 2 1
C0602.2 3 3 2 1
C0602.3 3 3 2 1
C0602.4 3 3 1 1
C0602.5 3 3 1 1
C0602.6 3 3 1 1

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 Program Educational Objectives
• PEO1: To have an excellent scientific and engineering breadth so
as to comprehend, analyze, design and provide sustainable
solutions for real-life problems using state-of-the-art technologies.

• PEO2: To have a successful career in industries, to pursue higher

studies or to support entrepreneurial endeavors and to face the
global challenges.

• PEO3: To have an effective communication skills, professional

attitude, ethical values and a desire to learn specific knowledge in
emerging trends, technologies for research, innovation and
product development and contribution to society.

• PEO4: To have life-long learning for up-skilling and re-skilling for a

successful professional career as an engineer, scientist,
entrepreneur or bureaucrat for the betterment of the society.
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 Result Analysis

• Computer Networks Result of 2020-21: 96.97%

• Average Marks: 54.33

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 End Semester Question Paper Template

B TECH
(SEM-VI) THEORY EXAMINATION 20__-20__
COMPUTER NETWORK
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 100
Note: 1. Attempt all Sections. If require any missing data; then choose
suitably.
SECTION A
1. Attempt all questions in brief. 2 x 10 = 20
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 2
2 2
. .
10 2

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 End Semester Question Paper Templates

SECTION B
2. Attempt any three of the following: 3 x 10 = 30

Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10
. .
5 10
SECTION C
3. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10
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 End Semester Question Paper Templates

4. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10

Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10
5. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO
1 10
2 10
6. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10
Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10

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Unit 1
 End Semester Question Paper Templates

7. Attempt any one part of the following: 1 x 10 = 10

Q.No. Question Marks CO

1 10
2 10

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 Prerequisite

• The student should have knowledge of

– Networking
– Layout of computer
– Hardware
• The basic knowledge of C

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 Brief Introduction to Subject

• Computer network is a group of devices connected with each other

through a transmission medium such as wires, cables etc.

• These devices can be computers, printers, scanners, Fax machines

etc.

• The purpose of having computer network is to send and receive

data stored in other devices over the network.

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 Topic Mapping with Course Outcome

Topics Course outcome

•Introductory Concepts: Goals and applications

CO1
of networks.
• Categories of networks CO1

• Organization of the Internet, ISP, Network CO2

structure and architecture (layering principles,
services, protocols and standards),

•The OSI reference model, TCP/IP protocol suite, CO1

Network devices and components.

•Physical Layer: Network topology design, Types

of connections, Transmission media, Signal CO1
transmission and encoding, Network
performance and transmission impairments,
Switching techniques and multiplexing.

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 Communication (CO1)

Topic Objective
• The student will get an insight of communications, networking
• Medium used for transmission
• Various topologies used
• The LAN, WAN and MAN concept

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 Communication (CO1)

• For communication we share the information

• Data refers to any information
• Data communication
– exchange of data between two devices by some transmission
medium.
• Effectiveness of data communication depends on
– Delivery
– Accuracy
– Timeliness
– Jitter

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 Computer Networks (CO1)

• A computer network is an interconnection of two or more

computers that are able to exchange information
• Network is a set of devices connected by communication link
• The computer may be connected via any data communication link
• Computers can be personal or main frames
• The computer network may be located anywhere in the world and
its size can vary
• Generally follow a client server model.

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 Computer network Communication(CO1)

• Components
– Message – information to be communicated
– Sender – a device that sends the data
– Receiver – a device that receives the data
– Transmission medium – physical path by which message
transmits
– Protocol – a set of rules that govern data communications
• We transmits information or data by two types of signals
– Analog – telephones and radios
– Digital - computers

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 Data representation

• Text
– Bit pattern, sequence of bits
– set of bits – code, process is coding
• Numbers
– Number system
• Images
– Matrix of pixels
– Size of the pixel depends on resolution
• Audio
– Continuous
• Video
– Continuous / combination of images

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 Modes of transmission(CO1)

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 Computer networks

• A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) connected

by communication links. A node can be a computer, printer, or any
other device capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network.
• Types of connections

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 Computer networks

• Distributed Processing
– Most networks use distributed processing, in which a task is
divided among multiple computers.
– Instead of one single large machine being responsible for all
aspects of a process, separate computer (usually a personal
computer or workstation) handle a subset.

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 Computer networks

• Network Criteria
– Performance
• Transmit time is the amount of time required for a message
to travel from one device to another.
• Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry and a
response.
• depends on
– the number of users,
– the type of transmission medium,
– the capabilities of the connected hardware,
– and the efficiency of the software.
• evaluated by two networking metrics: throughput and delay.

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 Computer networks

• Network Criteria
– Reliability
• the frequency of failure,
• the time it takes a link to recover from a failure.
– Security
• protecting data from unauthorized access,
• protecting data from damage and development,
• and implementing policies and procedures for recovery from
breaches and data losses.

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 Computer networks

• Goals of networking
– Resource sharing
– High reliability
– Saving Money
– Interprocess Communication
– Flexible access
– Distribution of Process
– Peer to Peer communication (equal)
– Centralized communication (one)

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 Computer networks

• Applications of networking
– Accessing Remote Database
– Virtual Access Communication Facility
– Marketing & Sales
– Financial Services
– Manufacturing
– E-messages
– Direct Services
– Teleconferencing
– Cable TV

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 Topology(CO1)

• Categories of topology

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 Topology(CO1)

• Mesh Topology
– Every device has a dedicated point-to-point link to every other
device.
– The number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network
with n nodes = n(n - 1)/2
– Advantages
• Carry its own data load
• Robust
• Privacy or security
• Fault identification and fault isolation easy
– Disadvantages
• Amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports required
• Installation and reconnection are difficult
• Sheer bulk of the wiring
• Expensive

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 Topology (CO1)

Mesh Topology
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 Topology (CO1)

• Star Topology
– Each device has a dedicated point-to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub. The devices are not directly
linked to one another
– Advantages
• Less expensive
• Easy to install and reconfigure
• Less cabling
• Robustness
• Easy fault identification and fault isolation
– Disadvantages
• Dependency of the whole topology on one single point, the
hub
• Often more cabling is required

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 Topology (CO1)

Star Topology

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 Topology (CO1)

• Bus Topology
– Multipoint
– One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
network
– Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines and taps.
– A drop line is a connection running between the device and the
main cable
– Advantages
• Ease of installation
• Less cabling than mesh or star topologies
– Disadvantages
• Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
• Difficult to add new devices
• A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission

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 Topology (CO1)

Bus Topology

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 Topology (CO1)

• Ring topology
– Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection with only the
two devices on either side of it.
– A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from device to device,
until it reaches its destination.
– Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater.
– When a device receives a signal intended for another device, its
repeater regenerates the bits and passes them along
– Advantages
• Easy to install and reconfigure
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two connections
• Fault isolation is simplified
– Disadvantages
• Constraints are media and traffic considerations (maximum ring
length and number of devices)
• Unidirectional traffic can be a disadvantage
• A break in the ring can disable the entire network

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 Topology (CO1)

Ring topology

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 Types of Networks (CO1)

• LAN
– A local area network (LAN) is usually privately owned and links
the devices in a single office, building, or campus
– Resources can be shared
– In addition to size, LANs are distinguished from other types of
networks by their transmission media and topology

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 Types of Networks (CO1)

• MAN
– A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a network with a size
between a LAN and a WAN. It normally covers the area inside a
town or a city.
– It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have endpoints
spread over a city or part of city

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 Types of Networks (CO1)

• WAN
– A wide area network (WAN) provides long-distance transmission
of data, image, audio, and video information over large
geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent, or
even the whole world

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 Internet(CO1)

• When two or
more networks
are connected,
they become an
internetwork, or
internet.

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 Physical layer (CO1)

Topic Objective
• To understand the Physical Layer
• Various transmission medium and
• Switching methods

Recap of previous topic

• The layered architecture of OSI and TCP/IP model
• Comparison of both the models

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 OSI & TCP/IP models (CO1)

Topic Objective
• To understand the OSI and TCP/IP models
• Differences between two and the protocols supported

Recap of previous topic

• The basic networking layout and topology were studied
• Data flow mode supported

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 OSI Reference model(CO1)

• ISO OSI Reference model

• Standardization of protocols used in various layers
• Developed in 1983 revised in 1995
• Layers based on
– A layer should be created where a different abstraction is
needed
– Each layer should perform a well-defined function
– The function of each layer should be according to internationally
standardized protocols
– The layer boundaries should be chosen to minimize the
information flow across the interfaces
– The number of layers should be large enough for necessary
functions required and small enough not to become unwieldy

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 Layered architecture(CO1)

• Peer to peer process

• Interfaces
• Protocols
• Header and trailer
• Encapsulation
• Seven layers
– Physical
– Data link
– Network
– Transport
– Session
– Presentation
– Application
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 OSI Model(CO1)

• Physical layer - coordinates the functions required to carry a bit stream over a
physical medium
– Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium
– Representation of bits
– Data rate
– Synchronization of bits
– Line configuration
– Physical topology
– Transmission mode
• Data Link Layer - transforms the physical layer, a raw transmission facility, to a
reliable link
– Framing
– Physical addressing
– Flow control
– Error control
– Access control

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 OSI Model(CO1)

• Network Layer - responsible for the source-to-destination delivery

of a packet, possibly across multiple networks
– Logical addressing
– Routing
• Transport Layer - process-to-process delivery of the entire message
– Service-point addressing
– Segmentation and reassembly
– Connection control
– Flow control
– Error control
• Session Layer - establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems
– Dialog control
– Synchronization
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 OSI Model(CO1)

• Presentation Layer - concerned with the syntax and semantics of

the information exchanged between two systems
– Translation
– Encryption
– Compression
• Application Layer - enables the user to access the network
– Network virtual terminal
– File transfer, access, and management
– Mail services
– Directory services

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 OSI Model(CO1)

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 TCP/IP model(CO3)

• Prior to OSI Model

• Basically had 4 layers
– Host –to-network
– Internet
– Transport
– Application
• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules,
each of which provides a specific functionality
• TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols that
can be mixed and matched depending on the needs of the system

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 TCP/IP Model(CO1)

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 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP(CO1)

TCP/IP OSI
TCP refers to Transmission Control Protocol. OSI refers to Open Systems Interconnection.

TCP/IP has 4 layers. OSI has 7 layers.

TCP/IP is more reliable OSI is less reliable

TCP/IP does not have very strict boundaries. OSI has strict boundaries

TCP/IP follow a horizontal approach. OSI follows a vertical approach.

TCP/IP uses both session and presentation OSI uses different session and presentation
layer in the application layer itself. layers.

TCP/IP developed protocols then model. OSI developed model then protocol.

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 Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP

TCP/IP OSI
TCP does not clearly distinguish between
OSI has explicit distinction between these.
service, protocols and interfaces

Specific protocols protocols are better hidden

Protocols can be replaced as technology
Protocol based model
changes

Description of the protocols General model

Protocols do not fit in the function Protocols do not fit in the function

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 Physical layer

Addressing
• Physical addressing
• Logical addressing
• Port Address
• Specific address

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 OSI and TCP/IP models

Recap of previous topic

• To understand the OSI and TCP/IP models
• Differences between two and the protocols supported

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 Physical Layer(CO1)

• Analog data and digital data

– Continuous values and discrete values
• Analog and digital signals
– Infinite number of values and limited number of values
• Periodic and non periodic signals
– Repeat a pattern
• Data communications uses periodic analog signals
– Sine wave
• Peak amplitude
• Period and Frequency (f=1/t)
• Phase
• Wavelength
• Time and frequency domain
• Composite signals
• Bandwidth

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 Digital to Analog

• Digital-to-analog conversion is the process of changing one of the

characteristics of an analog signal based on the information in
digital data.
• Digital data needs to be carried on an analog signal.
• A carrier signal (frequency fc) performs the function of transporting
the digital data in an analog waveform.
• The analog carrier signal is manipulated to uniquely identify the
digital data being carried.

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 Digital to Analog conversion(CO1)

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 Digital Data

• PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

– A simple periodic analog signal, a sine wave.
– A composite periodic analog signal is composed of multiple sine
waves.
• The three parameters: the peak amplitude, the frequency, and the
phase
• Time and Frequency Domains
• Bandwidth
• Bitrate
• Bit length

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 Transmission impairment

• Causes
– Attenuation – loss of energy
– Distortion– change in shape & form of signal
– Noise – extra signal

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 Data Rate(CO2)

• A very important consideration in data communications is how fast

we can send data, in bits per second, over a channel. Data rate
depends on three factors:
• 1. The bandwidth available
• 2. The level of the signals we use
• 3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)
 Noiseless Channel: Nyquist Bit Rate
 Noisy Channel: Shannon Capacity
 Using Both Limits

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 Physical Layer

• Digital signals
– 0 and 1
– For no. of levels (L) require log2 L bits
– Bit rate – no. of bits send per second(bps)
– Bit length
• Transmitted by
– Baseband transmission
– Broadband transmission (using modulation)
• TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT

Impairment causes

Attenuation Distortion Noise

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 Physical Layer

• Data rate limit

– The bandwidth available
– The levels of signals that we use
– The quality of channel
– To calculate data rate
• Nyquist for noiseless channel
• Shannon for noisy channel
– Performance
• Bandwidth
– In hertz and bits per second
• Throughput
• Latency
– Propagation time + transmission time +queuing time +
processing time
– Jitter

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 Physical Layer

• Conversion from digital to analog

– ASK
– FSK
– PSK
– QAM

• Bandwidth utilization
– Multiplexing
– Spreading
– three basic multiplexing techniques:
• frequency-division multiplexing,
• wavelength-division multiplexing,
• time-division multiplexing

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 Transmission medium(CO1)

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 Transmission media(CO1)

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 Transmission media - guided

• Guided media, which are those that provide a conduit from one
device to another
– Twisted-Pair Cable
– Coaxial Cable
– Fiber-Optic Cable

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 Transmission media - guided

• Twisted Pair cable

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 Transmission media - guided

• Twisted Pair cable

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 Transmission media - guided

• Coaxial Cable

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 Transmission media - guided

• Fiber Optic Cable based on

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 Transmission media - guided

• Fiber optic Cable

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 Transmission media - unguided

• Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a

physical conductor. This type of communication is often referred to
as wireless communication.

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 Transmission media - unguided

• Propagation modes

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 Transmission media - unguided

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 Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communication
– Radio waves are used for multicast communications, such as
radio and television, and paging systems. They can penetrate
through walls. Highly regulated. Use omni directional antennas

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 Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communication
– Microwaves are used for unicast communication such as cellular
telephones, satellite networks,
and wireless LANs. Higher frequency ranges cannot penetrate
walls. Use directional antennas - point to point line of sight
communications.

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 Transmission media - unguided

• Wireless communications
– Infrared signals can be used for short-range communication in a
closed area using line-of-sight propagation.
• Disadvantages of wireless channels
– Are subject to a lot more errors than guided media channels.
– Interference is one cause for errors, can be circumvented with
high SNR.
– The higher the SNR the less capacity is available for transmission
due to the broadcast nature of the channel.
– Channel also subject to fading and no coverage holes.

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 Transmission media - unguided

Recap of previous topic

• To understand the transmission media
• To understand the digital analog signal, transmission impairement

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 Switching methods(CO1)

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Circuit switched
– Consists of a set of switches connected by physical links.
– A connection between two stations is a dedicated path made of
one or more links.
– Each connection uses only one dedicated channel on each link.
– Each link is normally divided into n channels by using FDM or
TDM.

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Delay in Circuit switched

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Delay in datagram network

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet switched
– Send messages from one end system to another.
– If the message is going to pass through a packet-switched
network, it needs to be divided into packets of fixed or variable
size.
– The size of the packet is determined by the network and the
governing protocol.
– In a packet-switched network, there is no resource reservation;
resources are allocated on demand.

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 Switching methods(CO1)

Packet switched – Datagram network

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet Switched – Datagram Network

– Routing table
• A switch in a datagram network uses a routing table
that is based on the destination address.
• The destination address in the header of a packet in a
datagram network remains the same during the entire
journey of the packet.

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

– a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram
network.
– It has some characteristics of both.
– all packets belonging to the same source and destination travel
the same path;
– but the packets may arrive at the destination with different
delays
if resource allocation is on demand.

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Packet Switched - Virtual-circuit network

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 Switching methods(CO1)

• Delay in virtual circuit

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 Multiplexing(CO1)

• Multiplexing is a technique used to combine and send the multiple data streams over a single
medium. The process of combining the data streams is known as multiplexing and hardware
used for multiplexing is known as a multiplexer.
• Multiplexing is achieved by using a device called Multiplexer (MUX) that combines n input
lines to generate a single output line. Multiplexing follows many-to-one, i.e., n input lines and
one output line.
• Demultiplexing is achieved by using a device called Demultiplexer (DEMUX) available at the
receiving end. DEMUX separates a signal into its component signals (one input and n
outputs). Therefore, we can say that demultiplexing follows the one-to-many approach.
• Why Multiplexing?
• The transmission medium is used to send the signal from sender to receiver. The medium can
only have one signal at a time.
• If there are multiple signals to share one medium, then the medium must be divided in such
a way that each signal is given some portion of the available bandwidth. For example: If there
are 10 signals and bandwidth of medium is100 units, then the 10 unit is shared by each
signal.
• When multiple signals share the common medium, there is a possibility of collision.
Multiplexing concept is used to avoid such collision.
• Transmission services are very expensive.

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 Multiplexing(CO1)

Concept of Multiplexing

• The 'n' input lines are transmitted through a multiplexer and multiplexer
combines the signals to form a composite signal.
• The composite signal is passed through a Demultiplexer and demultiplexer
separates a signal to component signals and transfers them to their
respective destinations.

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 Multiplexing(CO1)

Advantages of Multiplexing:
• More than one signal can be sent over a single medium.
• The bandwidth of a medium can be utilized effectively.

Multiplexing Techniques
• Multiplexing techniques can be classified as:

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 ISDN and Terminal Handling(CO1)

Topic Objective
• To understand the ISDN services
• Understand Terminal Handling
• To understand the IEEE standard

Recap of previous topic

• Various transmission media used in physical layer
• Switching methods used for transmission
• Multiplexing concept

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 Integrated Services Digital Network(CO1)

• ISDN
– These are a set of communication standards for simultaneous
digital transmission of voice, video, data, and other network
services
– A circuit-switched telephone network system, but it also provides
access to packet switched networks that allows digital transmission
of voice and data.
– ISDN is employed as the network in data-link and physical layers
– The ISDN works based on the standards defined by ITU-T
– The various principles of ISDN
• To support switched and non-switched applications
• To support voice and non-voice applications
• Reliance on 64-kbps connections
• Intelligence in the network
• Layered protocol architecture
• Variety of configurations
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 Integrated Services Digital Network(CO1)

• Services
– Bearer Services-Transfer of information between users without
the network manipulating the content of that information
– Teleservices - the network may change or process the contents
of the data.
– Supplementary Service - Additional functionality to the bearer
services and teleservices

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 Terminal Handling

• A computer terminal is an electromechanical or electronic hardware

device which is used for entering data into, and displaying data from a
computing system or computer.
• The early terminals were inexpensive but slower than punched cards or
paper tape for input.
• Video displays were introduced with the advancement in technology.
• Time sharing systems also developed.
• Multiple users could work on the same machine at their own terminals.
• A smart terminal has a significant local programmable data processing
capability.
• A terminal which depends on the host computer for its processing power
is known as a client.
• A personal computer can run software which emulates the function of a
terminal and can sometimes allow concurrent use of local programs and
access to a distant terminal host system
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 IEEE Standard

• IEEE stands for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

• It is designed to build industry standards, serve professionals
involved in every aspect of electrical, electronic and computing
field.
• IEEE focuses in following areas:
 Electrical Engineering
 Electronics & Communication Engineering
 Computer Engineering
 Information Technology
• IEEE was founded in 1963 by the merger of the two institutes, first
is Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) and second is American Institute
of Electrical Engineers (AIEE).

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CN Unit 1
 IEEE Standard cont.

• IEEE Standards
 802 - LAN/MAN
 802.1 - Media access control (MAC)
 802.2 - Logical Link Control (LLC)
 802.3 - Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
 802.11 - Wireless Networking "WiFi“
i) IEEE 802- IEEE 802 is a family of Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) standards for local area networks(LAN), personal area
network (PAN), and metropolitan area networks (MAN).
ii) IEEE 802.1 and 802.2- The services and protocols specified in IEEE 802
map to the lower two layers (data link and physical) of the seven-layer
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) networking reference model. IEEE
802 divides the OSI data link layer into two sub-layers: logical link control
(LLC) and medium access control (MAC)

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CN Unit 1
 IEEE Standard contd.

iii ) IEEE 802.3- IEEE 802.3 is a set of standards and protocols that define
Ethernet-based networks. Ethernet technologies are primarily used in LANs
.Also known as Ethernet LAN. The IEEE 802.3 standard determines the
CSMA/CD access control protocol. The best known scheme for controlling a
local area network on a bus structure is carrier sense multiple action with
collision detection(CSMA/CD).
Format of IEEE 802.3

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CN Unit 1
 IEEE Standard contd.

iv ) IEEE 802.11- IEEE 802.11 standard, popularly known as WiFi, lays down
the architecture and specifications of wireless LANs (WLANs). WiFi or WLAN
uses high-frequency radio waves instead of cables for connecting the devices
in LAN. Users connected by WLANs can move around within the area of
network coverage.

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CN Unit 1
 Glossary

• ___________ are used for unicast communication such as cellular

telephones, satellite networks
• One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the devices in a
_____Topology
• A computer network is an interconnection of two or more computers that
are able to _____ _______
• _______ _______ is a physical path by which message transmits
• _______a set of rules that govern data communications
• the number of physical links in a fully connected mesh network with
n nodes = ______
• The devices are connected through a _____ in star topology
• LANs are distinguished from other types of networks by their ______ and
_________

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 Weekly Assignment

1. Compare and contrast the ISO OSI model with TCP/IP model. CO1
2. Give advantages and disadvantages of fiber optic cable over metallic
cable. Explain the use and design of latest technology used for
transmission. CO1
3. A device is sending out data at the rate of 2000 bps. How long does
it take to send out 100 bits? CO1
4. If you have to set up a lab of 50 computers, which topology will you
use and why? CO1
5. Differentiate between connection oriented and connectionless
communication. CO1

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 Weekly Assignment

6. List some applications of networking. CO1

7. Discuss the design issues for the layers in computer Networks.CO1
8. We modulate several voice signals and send them through the air. Is
this baseband or broadband transmission. CO1
9. A periodic composite signal contains frequencies from 20 to 30 kHz,
each with an amplitude of 8V. Draw the frequency spectrum. CO1
10. A signal travels from point A to point B. At point A, the signal
power is 200 W. At point B, the power is 170 W. What is the
attenuation in decibels? CO1

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 MCQ s

1. A communication between a computer and a keyboard depicts

a) full duplex transmission
b) half duplex transmission
c) simplex transmission
d) Both A and B
2. _________ model is a protocol based model
a) OSI
b) IEEE
c) TCP/IP
d) All of the above

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 MCQ s

3. Computer Network can be defined as

a) Multiple devices interconnected with a communication
channel
b) Collection of hardware components and computers
c) Sharing of resources and information
d) All of the above
4. The information to be communicated in the data communication
system is the
a) Message
b) Medium
c) Protocol
d) Transmission

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 MCQ s

5. The Full form of ANSI is

a) American Notation for standard international
b) American national standardization Institute
c) American notion standards Institute
d) American national Standards Institute
6. The oldest and the still most commonly used transmission media
is
a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic
d) WiFi

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 MCQ s

7. The example of guided media is

a) Twisted pair cable
b) Coaxial cable
c) Fiber optic cable
d) All of the above
8. Effectiveness of a data communication depends on
a) Timeliness
b) Delivery
c) Accuracy
d) All of the above

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 Faculty Video Links, Youtube & NPTEL Video Links and Online
Courses Details

• Youtube/other Video Links

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lnU-Zw3NEEQ
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kNKHM_isojI
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vv4y_uOneC0

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 Old Question Papers

• 18-19
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=17OUMNnX0kFDc9UB8tx8qd8zyE
j7lCD5P
• 17-18
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1oFmw__qC7wdUP85gUkKbkohZ
vd9Vopm_
• 16-17
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1eDrOkj2wVsxdTZPb7-
A78YuYn16HC1ob
• 15-16
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1ljNxmZP1_pl10rbxJvK6xB1ybG7
AMuqU
• 14-15
• https://drive.google.com/open?id=1tjERKPwEA9icWcQTBZQnKUq_tt
qBDeo5

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 Sessional Question Paper

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 Sessional Question Paper

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 Expected Questions for University Exam

• Write the function of physical layer of ISO-OSI reference model.CO1

• What is a protocol? CO1
• List some applications of networking. CO1
• Explain different transmission media used for networking? CO1
• What are the goals of networking? CO1
• Explain the difference between OSI and TCP/IP model. CO1

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 Question paper of University Exam

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 Question paper of University Exam

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 Question paper of University Exam

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 Question paper of University Exam

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 Summary

• Understanding of Network structure and Architecture.

• The layout of OSI reference model and TCP/IP model.
• Various Network Topology Design used .
• The different Networking.
• Physical Layer and types of Transmission Media.
• Overview of ISDN and Terminal Handling.

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 References

1. Forouzen, "Data Communication and Networking", TMH

2. A.S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, Pearson Education
3. W. Stallings, Data and Computer Communication, Macmillan Press
4. Gary R.Wright, W.Richard Stevens "TCP/IP Illustrated,Volume2 The
Implementation" Addison-Wesley
5. Michael A. Gallo and William M. Hancock "Computer
communication and Networking Technology" Cengage Learning
6. Bhavneet Sidhu, An Integrated approach to Computer Networks,
Khanna Publishing House
7. Anuranjan Misra, “Computer Networks”, Acme Learning
8. G. Shanmugarathinam, ”Essential of TCP/ IP”, Firewall Media

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 Text Books

1. Behrouz Forouzan, “Data Communication and Networking”, McGraw Hill

2. Andrew Tanenbaum “Computer Networks”, Prentice Hall.

3. William Stallings, “Data and Computer Communication”, Pearson.

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 Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology,
Greater Noida

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