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    Ma.Dulce Manalastas
    Literature can be defined in several ways according to the document. It discusses literature as written works with artistic value, a body of written works, writings on a subject, body of music, and printed information. The document also discusses the universal characteristics of literature such as timelessness, eternity, universality, and permanence. Additionally, it provides examples of early Filipino literature from the pre-colonial period such as proverbs, riddles, folk songs, and tales that were passed down orally from generation to generation.

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    21st 1

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    Ma.Dulce Manalastas
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    Literature can be defined in several ways according to the document. It discusses literature as written works with artistic value, a body of written works, writings on a subject, body of music, and printed information. The document also discusses the universal characteristics of literature such as timelessness, eternity, universality, and permanence. Additionally, it provides examples of early Filipino literature from the pre-colonial period such as proverbs, riddles, folk songs, and tales that were passed down orally from generation to generation.

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    Literature can be defined in several ways according to the document. It discusses literature as written works with artistic value, a body of written works, writings on a subject, body of music, and printed information. The document also discusses the universal characteristics of literature such as timelessness, eternity, universality, and permanence. Additionally, it provides examples of early Filipino literature from the pre-colonial period such as proverbs, riddles, folk songs, and tales that were passed down orally from generation to generation.

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    15 views8 pages

    21st 1

    Uploaded by

    Ma.Dulce Manalastas
    Literature can be defined in several ways according to the document. It discusses literature as written works with artistic value, a body of written works, writings on a subject, body of music, and printed information. The document also discusses the universal characteristics of literature such as timelessness, eternity, universality, and permanence. Additionally, it provides examples of early Filipino literature from the pre-colonial period such as proverbs, riddles, folk songs, and tales that were passed down orally from generation to generation.

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    What is LITERATURE?

    It is derived from the Latin term “litera” which means letter.

    According to Webster,
    Literature is anything that is printed, as long as it is related to the
    ideas and feelings of people, whether it is true, or just a product of
    one’s imagination.

    According to Brother Azurin


    Literature expresses the feelings of people to society, to the
    government, to his surroundings, to his fellow men and to His Divine
    Creator

    According to Atienza, Ramos, Salazar and Nazal


    “true literature is a piece of written work which is undying.”

    Literature can be defined in several ways:

    Written works with artistic value


     written works like fiction, poetry and drama are recognized
    as having important or permanent artistic value.
    Body of written works
     written works of a culture, language, people or period of
    time.
    Writings on the subject
     the body of a published work concerned with a particular
    subject
    Body of music
     the body of musical compositions for a particular instrument
    or group of instruments.
    Printed Information
     printed matter such as brochures or flyers that give
    information.
    Production of literary works
     the creation of literary work, especially as an art or
    occupation.
    Universal Characteristics of Literature

    TIMELESSNESS
     The condition of literature being timeless means that it can
    be applied to different contexts and situation.
     Literature knows no expiration and has the immortality and
    capability to cross time boundaries.
    ETERNITY
     Eternity as a characteristic of literature pertains to the
    appeal of the moral values of the literary masterpieces
    toward its audience.
    UNIVERSALITY
     This literature characteristic pertains to the global
    applicability in which a work transcends across culture,
    gender, religion, age, time, and generation.
    PERMANENCE
     Literature is a permanent expression in words of some
    thought or feelings or idea about life and the world.

    Why do we study literature?


     We study literature because it feeds our souls.
     Great works of literature treat timeless themes that resonate
    with readers across centuries.
     The human condition remains fundamentally the same today
    as it was when the printed word was first produced.
    More than this, there are several reasons why we study literature
     Understanding social milieu
     Understanding culture
     Understanding human nature and behavior
     Develop a historical sense
     Relish aesthetics of artistic expression
     We learn more about human problems and difficulties
     Universality of such problems and ways to overcome them
     Make ourselves better human beings.
     Humanity and compassion
     International understanding and world peace.
    The 21st Century Literature
     21st Century Literature is the new literary work that deals
    with the current themes/issues and reflects technological
    culture.
     It is created within the last decade and written by
    contemporary authors who often break traditional writing
    rules.
     21st Century Literature consists of written works of various
    genres (poetry, drama, fiction/prose, nonfiction, media)
    printed and published from the start of the new millennium
    up to the present.

    Understanding the 21st Century Readers


    Characteristics of the 21st Century Reader:
     Grew up using technology as a primary learning tool.
     Is capable of navigating and interpreting digital formats and
    media messages.
     Possesses literacy skills which include technological abilities
    such as keyboarding, internet navigation, interpretation of
    technological speak, ability to communicate and interpret
    code language and decipher graphics

    Historical Events that Influenced 21st Century Philippine


    Literature
    1. Jose Rizal’s Revolutionary Ideals through his novel Noli Me
    Tangere
     Rizal’s 1889 novel Noli Me Tangere was the impetus that
    turned Philippine society upside down. Younger upstart
    heroes like Bonifacio and Jacinto who have read his novel
    were roused into action to establish the revolutionary sect
    Katipunan.
    2. The Execution and Death of National Hero Jose Rizal.
     After five years of trial and exile, the entire nation witnesses
    the execution of Jose Rizal in Luneta by firing squad. From
    then on, it was open warfare for the Katipuneros against the
    Spaniards.
    3. MARTIAL LAW
     President Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the entire country
    under Martial Law rule in 1972. Other people believed that
    it was a period of discipline and order, for others, it was an
    era of gross human rights abuses, the end of individual
    rights and loss of freedom of expression in Philippine
    society.

    Literary compositions that have influenced the world.


    1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings
     This has become the basis of Christianity from Palestine
    and Greece.
    2. KORAN
     It is the Muslim Bible originating from Arabia.
    3. The Iliad and The Odyssey
     These have been the source of myths legends of Greece.
    They were written by Homer.
    4. The Mahabharata
     It is the longest epic of the world. It contains the history of
    religion of India.
    5. Canterbury Tales
     This depicts the religion and customs of the English in the
    early days. This originated from England and written by
    Chaucer.
    6. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
     It is written by Harriet Beecher Stowe of the US. This
    depicted the sad fate of slaves; this became the basis of
    democracy later on.
    7. The Divine Comedy
     It is written by Dante Alighieri. This is considered to be the
    most important poem in the Western world.
    8. El Cid Compeador
     This shows the cultural characteristics of the Spaniards and
    their national history.
    9. The Song of Roland
     This tells about the golden age of Christianity in France.
    10. The Book of the Dead
     This includes the cult of Osiris and the mythology and
    theology of Egypt.
    11. One Thousand and One Nights/ Arabian Nights
     It is from Arabia and Persia (Iran). It shows the ways of
    government, of industries and of the society of the Arabs.

    HISTORY of LITERATURE

    PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
    Early times (1564)
     Literary period before the coming of the Spaniards and
    considered as the first and longest literary history among
    the other periods.
     The literature of a formative past by the various groups of
    people who inhabited the archipelago
     Before the Philippines was colonized, it was already
    brimming with a rich tradition of oral literature. Early
    Filipinos weaved together countless myths and legends to
    explain certain phenomena in life.
     The verses were addressed to the ears rather than the
    eyes.
     Most of what have been transcribed now are taken from oral
    literature, which means that these stories have been passed
    on from one generation to another.

    Different Literature That Was Passed On By The Early


    Filipinos To Today’s Generation.

    1. PROVERBS (Salawikain)

     Are practical observations and philosophy of everyday life


    that are written usually in a rhyming scheme. It is obviously
    meant to entertain while teaching basic skills in surviving
    local life.

    Filipino Proverbs

     Ang taong gipit sa patalim kumakapit.


     Kung anong itinanim, siyang aanihin.
     Nasa Diyos ang awa, nasa tao ang gawa.
     Bago mo sabihin at gawin, makapitong iisipin.
     Ang matapat na kaibigan, tunay na maaasahan.
    - - -You will know a true friend in time of need.

     Pag may tiyaga, may nilaga.


    - - -If you persevere, you will reap the fruits of your labor.

     Magsisi ka man sa huli wala nang mangyayari.


    - - -There is no need to cry over spilt milk.

    2. RIDDLES (Bugtong)

     Are like proverbs with one main difference: they demand an


    answer and are used to test the wits of those who are
    listening to them.

    Purposes of Riddles

    To entertain
     Living in remote areas, before the advent of electricity,
    families would sit around the fire and the elders would quiz
    the younger generation with riddles.
    To educate
     Riddles serve the function of passing down knowledge from
    one generation to the next. They require thinking in order to
    solve them.
    To preserve the culture
     Riddles communicate the old ways from one generation to
    the next.
    Filipino Riddles

     Dala mo dala ka, dala ka ng iyong dala. sapatos (shoes)


     Kung gusto mong tumagal pa ang aking buhay, kailangang
    ako ay mamatay. Kandila(Candle)
     Dalawang batong itim, malayo ang nararating. MATA (EYES)

     Limang puno ng niyog, isa’y matayog. Daliri (fingers)


     Isang butil ng palay, sakop ang buong buhay. Ilaw (Light)

    3. FOLK SONGS

     Are beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our


    ancestors’ experiences in life. These range from courtship
    (which they sing in harana and serenade for a girl), to
    lullabies, harvest, funerals, and others.

    Filipino Folk songs


     Leron leron Sinta
     Magtanim ay di biro
     Ang pipit
     Dandansoy
     Bahay kubo
     Sitsiritsit

    4. TALES (kwentong bayan)

     Are stories of origin for certain places, their names and their
    creation. These are also known as myths and legends.

    Filipino Tales
     Maria Makiling in Philippine Mythology, is a diwata or
    (fairy). Maria is known as the protector of Mount Makiling
    and she punishes those who come to the mountain and seek
    fruits and animals that get more than their fair share.
     The Legend of the Pineapple is a folktale about a young girl
    named Pina. This legend explains where pineapples came
    from.
     The Monkey and the Turtle is a Philippine tale. It involves
    the turtle outwitting a monkey over a banana tree.

    5. EPICS (epiko)

     Are long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and


    misadventures. It usually tells of a male with all the pleasing
    qualities that your ancestors like in a person and who also
    has superhuman capabilities.

    Filipino Epics

    The Life of Lam-Ang

     It is an Ilocano epic that revolves around the bravery and


    courage of Lam-ang, who was gifted with speech as early as
    his day of birth, who embarked on a series of adventures
    which culminated in his heroic death and subsequent
    resurrection.

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