Table 3.

1: Protein, fat and energy deposition during growth in the first year of life a

Energy accrued in normal

Age Protein gain Fat mass gain Weight gain growth b
months g/d g/d g/d kJ/g kcal/g
Boys

0-3 2.6 19.6 32.7 25.1 6.0

3-6 2.3 3.9 17.7 11.6 2.8
6-9 2.3 0.5 11.8 6.2 1.5
9 - 12 1.6 1.7 9.1 11.4 2.7
Girls

0-3 2.2 19.7 31.1 26.2 6.3

3-6 1.9 5.8 17.3 15.6 3.7
6-9 2.0 0.8 10.6 7.4 1.8
9 - 12 1.8 1.1 8.7 9.8 2.3

a
Butte et al, 2000Error: Reference source not found
b
Energy equivalents: 1 g protein = 23.6 kJ (5.65 kcal); 1 g fat = 38.7 kJ (9.25 kcal)

1
Table 3.2: Energy requirements of infants during the first year of life, calculated from linear regression analysis of total energy
expenditure on weight, plus allowance for energy deposition in tissues during growth a
Total energy
Age Wt b Wt gain b expenditure c Energy deposition d Daily energy requirement e
m kg g/d MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) kJ/kg/d (kcal/kg/d)
Boys
0–1 4.58 35.2 1.282 (306) 0.884 (211) 2.166 (518) 473 (113)
1.1–2 5.50 30.4 1.623 (388) 0.764 (183) 2.387 (570) 434 (104)
2.1–3 6.28 23.2 1.912 (457) 0.582 (139) 2.494 (596) 397 (95)
3.1–4 6.94 19.1 2.157 (515) 0.224 (53) 2.380 (569) 343 (82)
4.1–5 7.48 16.1 2.357 (563) 0.189 (45) 2.546 (608) 340 (81)
5.1–6 7.93 12.8 2.524 (603) 0.150 (36) 2.674 (639) 337 (81)
6.1–7 8.30 11.0 2.661 (636) 0.069 (17) 2.730 (653) 329 (79)
7.1–8 8.62 10.4 2.780 (664) 0.065 (16) 2.845 (680) 330 (79)
8.1–9 8.89 9.0 2.880 (688) 0.057 (14) 2.936 (702) 330 (79)
9.1–10 9.13 7.9 2.969 (710) 0.089 (21) 3.058 (731) 335 (80)
10.1–11 9.37 7.7 3.058 (731) 0.087 (21) 3.145 (752) 336 (80)
11.1–12 9.62 8.2 3.150 (753) 0.093 (22) 3.243 (775) 337 (81)
Girls
0–1 4.35 28.3 1.197 (286) 0.746 (178) 1.942 (464) 447 (107)
1.1–2 5.14 25.5 1.490 (356) 0.672 (161) 2.162 (517) 421 (101)
2.1–3 5.82 21.2 1.742 (416) 0.559 (134) 2.301 (550) 395 (94)
3.1–4 6.41 18.4 1.960 (469) 0.285 (68) 2.245 (537) 350 (84)
4.1–5 6.92 15.5 2.149 (514) 0.239 (57) 2.389 (571) 345 (83)
5.1–6 7.35 12.8 2.309 (552) 0.199 (47) 2.507 (599) 341 (82)
6.1–7 7.71 11.0 2.442 (584) 0.083 (20) 2.525 (604) 328 (78)
7.1–8 8.03 9.2 2.561 (612) 0.069 (17) 2.630 (629) 328 (78)
8.1–9 8.31 8.4 2.665 (637) 0.063 (15) 2.728 (652) 328 (78)
9.1–10 8.55 7.7 2.754 (658) 0.074 (18) 2.828 (676) 331 (79)
10.1–11 8.78 6.6 2.839 (679) 0.063 (15) 2.902 (694) 331 (79)
11.1–12 9.00 6.3 2.920 (698) 0.060 (14) 2.981 (712) 331 (79)
a
From Butte, 2001 (background paper)Error: Reference source not found b
From WHO, 1994Error: Reference source not found c
TEE (MJ/d) = – 0.416 +
0.371kg (Section 3.2 in the text)

2
d
Weight gain X energy accrued in normal growth (Table 3.1) e
Requirement = total energy expenditure + energy deposition

3
Table 3.3: Energy requirements of breast-fed, formula-fed, and all infants
a
All (breast- and formula-fed)
Age Breast-fed b Formula-fed c d

months Boys Girls mean Boys Girls mean Boys Girls mean

kJ/kg/
d:
1 445 415 430 510 490 500 475 445 460
2 410 395 405 460 455 460 435 420 430
3 380 375 380 420 420 420 395 395 395
4 330 335 330 360 370 365 345 350 345
5 330 330 330 355 365 360 340 345 345
6 325 330 330 350 355 355 335 340 340
7 320 315 320 340 340 340 330 330 330
8 320 320 320 340 340 340 330 330 330
9 325 320 320 340 340 340 330 330 330
10 330 325 325 340 340 340 335 330 335
11 330 325 325 340 340 340 335 330 335
12 330 325 330 345 340 340 335 330 335
kcal/kg/d:
1 106 99 102 122 117 120 113 107 110
2 98 95 97 110 108 109 104 101 102
3 91 90 90 100 101 100 95 94 95
4 79 80 79 86 89 87 82 84 83
5 79 79 79 85 87 86 81 82 82
6 78 79 78 83 85 84 81 81 81
7 76 76 76 81 81 81 79 78 79
8 77 76 76 81 81 81 79 78 79
9 77 76 77 81 81 81 79 78 79
10 79 77 78 82 81 81 80 79 80
11 79 77 78 82 81 81 80 79 80
12 79 77 78 82 81 81 81 79 80
a
Numbers rounded to the closest 5 kJ/kg/d, and 1 kcal/kg/d, using the mean body weight and energy deposition in Table 3.1, and
the following predictive equations for TEE:
b
TEE (MJ/kg/d) = (– 0.635 + 0.388weight) / weight
c
TEE (MJ/kg/d) = (– 0.122 + 0.346weight) / weight
d
TEE (MJ/kg/d) = (– 0.416 + 0.371weight) / weight

4
Table 3.4: Comparison of present estimates of energy requirements of infants
with those calculated in the previous (1985) FAO/WHO/UNU Report

Age Present estimates 1985 % difference from 1985

months All infants Breast-fed estimates All infants Breast-fed

0–1 460 430 519 -11 -17

1.1–2 430 405 485 -11 -16

2.1–3 395 380 456 -13 -17

3.1–4 345 330 431 -20 -23

4.1–5 345 330 414 -17 -20

5.1–6 340 330 404 -16 -18

6.1–7 330 320 397 -17 -19

7.1–8 330 320 395 -16 -19

8.1–9 330 320 397 -17 -19

9.1–10 335 325 414 -19 -21

10.1–11 335 325 418 -20 -22

11.1–12 335 330 437 -23 -24

5
 Table 4.1: Mean weight gain of boys and girls, 1–17 years old a

Age Weight gain,

Weight gain, girls
boys
years kg/year g/day kg/year g/day

1.1 - 2 2.4 6.6 2.4 6.6

2.1 - 3 2.0 5.5 2.2 6.0
3.1 - 4 2.1 5.8 1.9 5.2
4.1 - 5 2.0 5.5 1.7 4.7
5.1 - 6 2.0 5.5 1.8 4.9
6.1 - 7 2.2 6.0 2.3 6.3
7.1 - 8 2.4 6.6 3.0 8.2
8.1 - 9 2.8 7.7 3.7 10.1
9.1 - 10 3.3 9.0 4.0 11.0
10.1 - 11 3.9 10.7 4.5 12.3
11.1 - 12 4.5 12.3 4.5 12.3
12.1 - 13 5.2 14.2 4.6 12.6
13.1 - 14 5.8 15.9 4.2 11.5
14.1 - 15 5.9 16.2 3.4 9.3
15.1 - 16 5.4 14.8 2.2 6.0
16.1 - 17 4.2 11.5 0.8 2.2
17.1 - 18 2.6 7.1 0 0

a
Calculated from WHO references of weight by age (WHO,1983)Error:
Reference source not found

6
Table 4.2: Energy requirements of boys calculated by quadratic regression analysis of total energy expenditure (TEE) on
weight, plus allowance for energy deposition in tissues during growth (E g)*

Age Wt TEE a Eg b BMRest c Daily energy requirement PAL d

y kg MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) kJ/kg/d (kcal/kg/d)

1.1 - 2 11.5 3.906 (934) 0.057 (14) 2.737 (654) 3.963 (948) 345 (82.4) 1.45
2.1 - 3 13.5 4.675 (1117) 0.047 (11) 3.235 (773) 4.722 (1129) 350 (83.6) 1.46
3.1 - 4 15.7 5.187 (1240) 0.049 (12) 3.602 (861) 5.236 (1252) 334 (79.7) 1.45
4.1 - 5 17.7 5.644 (1349) 0.047 (11) 3.792 (906) 5.691 (1360) 322 (76.8) 1.50
5.1 - 6 19.7 6.092 (1456) 0.047 (11) 3.982 (952) 6.139 (1467) 312 (74.5) 1.54
6.1 - 7 21.7 6.531 (1561) 0.052 (12) 4.172 (997) 6.583 (1573) 303 (72.5) 1.58
7.1 - 8 24.0 7.024 (1679) 0.057 (14) 4.390 (1049) 7.081 (1692) 295 (70.5) 1.61
8.1 - 9 26.7 7.589 (1814) 0.066 (16) 4.647 (1111) 7.655 (1830) 287 (68.5) 1.65
9.1 - 10 29.7 8.198 (1959) 0.078 (19) 4.932 (1179) 8.276 (1978) 279 (66.6) 1.68
10.1 - 11 33.3 8.903 (2128) 0.092 (22) 5.218 (1247) 8.995 (2150) 270 (64.6) 1.72
11.1 - 12 37.5 9.689 (2316) 0.106 (25) 5.529 (1321) 9.795 (2341) 261 (62.4) 1.77
12.1 - 13 42.3 10.539 (2519) 0.123 (29) 5.884 (1406) 10.662 (2548) 252 (60.2) 1.81
13.1 - 14 47.8 11.452 (2737) 0.137 (33) 6.291 (1504) 11.588 (2770) 242 (57.9) 1.84
14.1 - 15 53.8 12.371 (2957) 0.139 (33) 6.735 (1610) 12.510 (2990) 233 (55.6) 1.86
15.1 - 16 59.5 13.171 (3148) 0.127 (30) 7.157 (1711) 13.298 (3178) 224 (53.4) 1.86
16.1 - 17 64.4 13.802 (3299) 0.099 (24) 7.520 (1797) 13.901 (3322) 216 (51.6) 1.85
17.1 - 18 67.8 14.208 (3396) 0.061 (15) 7.771 (1857) 14.270 (3410) 210 (50.3) 1.84
* From Torun, 2001 (background paper)Error: Reference source not found. Requirements for 1.1-2 years adjusted by 7% to fit with energy requirements of
infants (see text)

7
a
TEE (MJ/d) = 1.298 + 0.265kg – 0.0011kg2 b
8.6 kJ or 2 kcal/g weight gain c
BMRest: basal metabolic rate estimated with predictive equations on body
weightError: Reference source not found d
PALest: physical activity level = energy requirement/BMRest
Table 4.3: Energy requirements of girls calculated by quadratic regression analysis of total energy expenditure (TEE) on
weight, plus allowance for energy deposition in tissues during growth (E g)*

Age Wt TEE a Eg b BMRest c Daily energy requirement PAL d

y kg MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) MJ/d (kcal/d) kJ/kg/d (kcal/kg/d)

1.1 - 2 10.8 3.561 (851) 0.057 (14) 2.505 (599) 3.618 (865) 335 (80.1) 1.44
2.1 - 3 13.0 4.330 (1035) 0.052 (12) 3.042 (727) 4.382 (1047) 337 (80.6) 1.44
3.1 - 4 15.1 4.791 (1145) 0.045 (11) 3.317 (793) 4.836 (1156) 320 (76.5) 1.46
4.1 - 5 16.8 5.152 (1231) 0.040 (10) 3.461 (827) 5.192 (1241) 309 (73.9) 1.50
5.1 - 6 18.6 5.522 (1320) 0.042 (10) 3.614 (864) 5.564 (1330) 299 (71.5) 1.54
6.1 - 7 20.6 5.920 (1415) 0.054 (13) 3.784 (904) 5.974 (1428) 290 (69.3) 1.58
7.1 - 8 23.3 6.431 (1537) 0.071 (17) 4.014 (959) 6.502 (1554) 279 (66.7) 1.62
8.1 - 9 26.6 7.019 (1678) 0.087 (21) 4.294 (1026) 7.106 (1698) 267 (63.8) 1.65
9.1 - 10 30.5 7.661 (1831) 0.094 (23) 4.626 (1105) 7.755 (1854) 254 (60.8) 1.68
10.1 - 11 34.7 8.287 (1981) 0.106 (25) 4.841 (1157) 8.393 (2006) 242 (57.8) 1.73
11.1 - 12 39.2 8.884 (2123) 0.106 (25) 5.093 (1217) 8.990 (2149) 229 (54.8) 1.77
12.1 - 13 43.8 9.414 (2250) 0.108 (26) 5.351 (1279) 9.523 (2276) 217 (52.0) 1.78
13.1 - 14 48.3 9.855 (2355) 0.099 (24) 5.603 (1339) 9.954 (2379) 206 (49.3) 1.78
14.1 - 15 52.1 10.168 (2430) 0.080 (19) 5.816 (1390) 10.248 (2449) 197 (47.0) 1.76
15.1 - 16 55.0 10.370 (2478) 0.052 (12) 5.978 (1429) 10.421 (2491) 189 (45.3) 1.74
16.1 - 17 56.4 10.455 (2499) 0.019 (5) 6.056 (1447) 10.474 (2503) 186 (44.4) 1.73
17.1 - 18 56.7 10.473 (2503) 0.000 (0) 6.073 (1451) 10.473 (2503) 185 (44.1) 1.72

8
* From Torun, 2001 (background paper)Error: Reference source not found. Requirements for 1.1-2 years adjusted by 7% to fit with energy requirements of infants (see text)
a
TEE (MJ/d) = 1.102 + 0.273kg – 0.0019kg2 b
8.6 kJ or 2 kcal/g weight gain c
BMRest: basal metabolic rate estimated with predictive equations on body weightError: Reference source not
found d
PALest: physical activity level = energy requirement/BMRest
Table 4.4: Comparison of new proposal for daily energy requirements with the 1985 FAO/WHO/UNU Report*

Age New values FAO/WHO/UNU, New values FAO/WHO/UNU, 1985

1985
years kJ/kg/d kcal/kg/d kJ/kg/d % diff a kJ/kg/d kcal/kg/d kJ/kg/d % diff a

BOYS GIRLS
1.1 - 2 345 82.4 439 -21.4 335 80.1 439 -23.7

2.1 - 3 350 83.6 418 -16.3 337 80.6 418 -19.4

3.1 - 4 334 79.7 397 -15.9 320 76.5 397 -19.4

4.1 - 5 322 76.8 397 -18.9 309 73.9 397 -22.2

5.1 - 6 312 74.5 377 -17.2 299 71.5 356 -16.0

6.1 - 7 303 72.5 377 -19.6 290 69.3 356 -18.5

7.1 - 8 295 70.5 326 -9.5 279 66.7 280 -0.4

8.1 - 9 287 68.5 326 -12.0 267 63.8 280 -4.6

9.1 - 10 279 66.6 326 -14.4 254 60.8 280 -9.3

10.1 - 11 270 64.6 267 1.1 242 57.8 227 6.6

11.1 - 12 261 62.4 267 -2.2 229 54.8 227 0.9

12.1 - 13 252 60.2 228 10.5 217 52.0 189 14.8

13.1 - 14 242 57.9 228 6.1 206 49.3 189 9.0

14.1 - 15 233 55.7 200 16.5 197 47.0 173 13.9

15.1 - 16 224 53.4 200 12.0 189 45.3 173 9.2

16.1 - 17 216 51.6 186 16.1 186 44.4 167 11.4

9
17.1 - 18 210 50.3 186 12.9 185 44.1 167 10.8
a
% difference = (New value/FAOWHOUNU X 100) – 100 * From Torun, 2001 (background paper)Error: Reference source not found

10