Lecture (8) H

Su bject: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning II Al Mustaqbil University College
Year: Third B.Sc. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Eng. Dep.
LECTURE-(8)
TYPICAL AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES-2
1. Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling: -

The process of adding heat alone to or removing heat alone from moist air is represented by
a horizontal line on the ASHRAE chart, since the humidity ratio remains unchanged. Figure 1
shows a device that adds heat to a stream of moist air. For steady flow conditions, the required rate
of heat addition is
…………….1
Example
Moist air, saturated at 2°C, enters a heating coil at a rate of 10 m3/s. Air leaves the coil at
40°C. Find the required rate of heat addition.
Fig.1 Schematic of Device for Heating Moist Air Fig.2 Schematic Solution for Example 1
TYPICAL AIR-CONDITIONING PROCESSES-2 REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING ENG. DEP.
Figure 2 schematically shows the solution. State 1 is located on the saturation curve at 2°C.
Thus, h1 = 13.0 kJ/kg (dry air), W1 = 4.3 g (water)/kg (dry air), and v1 = 0.784 m3/kg (dry air).
State 2 is located at the intersection of t = 40°C and W2 = W1 = 4.3 g (water)/kg (dry air). Thus,
h2 = 51.6 kJ/kg (dry air). The mass flow of dry air is
2. Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification

For the system of Figure 3, the steady flow energy and material balance equations are
…………….2
Example
Moist air at 30°C dry-bulb temperature and 50% rh enters a cooling coil at 5 m3/s and is
processed to a final saturation condition at 10°C. Find the kW of refrigeration required.
Solution:
Figure 4 shows the schematic solution.
State 1 is located at the intersection of t = 30°C and φ = 50%. Thus, h1 = 64.3 kJ/kg (dry air),
W1 = 13.3 g (water)/kg (dry air), and v1 = 0.877 m3 /kg (dry air). State 2 is located on the
saturation curve at 10°C. Thus, h2 = 29.5 kJ/kg (dry air) and W2 = 7.66 g (water)/kg (dry air).
Fig.3 Schematic of Device for Cooling Moist Air Fig.4 Schematic Solution for Example 2
From Table 2, hw2 = 42.11 kJ/kg (water). The mass flow of dry air is
3. Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams

A common process in air-conditioning systems is the adiabatic mixing of two moist
airstreams. Figure 5 schematically shows the problem. Adiabatic mixing is governed by three
equations:
Fig.5 Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams Fig.6 Schematic Solutions for Example 4
…………….3
Example
A stream of 2 m3 /s of outdoor air at 4°C dry-bulb temperature and 2°C thermodynamic wet-bulb
temperature is adiabatically mixed with 6.25 m3/s of recirculated air at 25°C dry-bulb temperature
and 50% rh. Find the dry-bulb temperature and thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature of the
resulting mixture.
Solution:
Figure 6 shows the schematic solution.
States 1 and 2 are located on the ASHRAE chart, revealing that v1 = 0.789 m3/kg (dry air), and v2
= 0.858 m3/kg (dry air). Therefore,
Consequently, the length of line segment 1–3 is 0.742 times the length of entire line 1–2.
Using a ruler, State 3 is located, and the values t3 = 19.5°C and t3* = 14.6°C found.
4. Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air

Steam or liquid water can be injected into a moist airstream to raise its humidity. Figure 7
represents a diagram of this common air conditioning process. If the mixing is adiabatic, the
following equations apply:
Fig.7 Schematic Showing Injection of Water Fig.8 Schematic Solution for Example 5
…………….4
According to which, on the ASHRAE chart, the final state point of the moist air located on a
straight line whose direction is fixed by the specific enthalpy of the injected water, drawn through
the initial state point of the moist air.
Example.
Moist air at 20°C dry-bulb and 8°C thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature is to be processed to a
final dew-point temperature of 13°C by adiabatic injection of saturated steam at 110°C. The rate of
dry airflow is 2 kg/s (dry air). Find the final dry-bulb temperature of the moist air and the rate of
steam flow.
Solution:
Figure 8 shows the schematic solution. By Table, the enthalpy of the steam hg = 2691 kJ/kg
(water). Therefore, according to Equation (4), the condition line on the ASHRAE chart connecting
States 1 and 2 must have a direction:
The condition line can be drawn with the Δh/ΔW protractor. First, establish the reference
line on the protractor by connecting the origin with the value Δh/ΔW = 2.691 kJ/g (water). Draw
a second line parallel to the reference line and through the initial state point of the moist air. This
second line is the condition line. State 2 is established at the intersection of the condition line with
the horizontal line extended from the saturation curve at 13°C (td2 = 13°C). Thus, t2 = 21°C.
Values of W2 and W1 can be read from the chart. The required steam flow is,
5. Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains

Figure 9 schematically shows a space with incident rates of energy and moisture gains. The
quantity qs, denotes the net sum of all rates of heat gain in the space, arising from transfers through
boundaries and from sources within the space. This heat gain involves addition of energy alone and
does not include energy contributions due to addition of water (or water vapor). Assuming steady-
state conditions, governing equations are
…………….5
…………….6
The left side of Equation (5) represents the total rate of energy addition to the space from all
sources. By Equations (5) and (6),
…………….7
Fig. 9 Schematic of Air Conditioned Space

Example
Moist air is withdrawn from a room at 25°C dry-bulb temperature and 19°C thermodynamic
wet-bulb temperature. The sensible rate of heat gain for the space is 9 kW. A rate of moisture gain
of 0.0015 kg/s (water) occurs from the space occupants. This moisture is assumed as saturated
water vapor at 30°C. Moist air is introduced into the room at a dry-bulb temperature of 15°C. Find
the required thermodynamic wet-bulb temperature and volume flow rate of the supply air.
Solution:
Figure 10 shows the schematic solution. State 2 is located on the ASHRAE chart. From Table, the
specific enthalpy of the added water vapor is hg = 2555.52 kJ/kg (water). From Equation (7),
With the Δh/ΔW protractor, establish a reference line of direction Δh/ΔW = 8.555 kJ/g
(water). Parallel to this reference line, draw a straight line on the chart through State 2. The
intersection of this line with the 15°C dry-bulb temperature line is State 1. Thus, t1* = 13.8°C.
An alternate (and approximately correct) procedure in establishing the condition line is to use the
protractor’s sensible-total heat ratio scale instead of the Δh/ΔW scale. The quantity ΔHs /ΔHt is
the ratio of the rate of sensible heat gain for the space to the rate of total energy gain for the space.
Therefore,
Note that ΔHs /ΔHt = 0.701 on the protractor coincides closely with Δh/ΔW = 8.555 kJ/g
(water). The flow of dry air can be calculated from either Equation (5) or (6). From Equation (5),
Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6
1. Single-Zone Systems
Zone – any space with a thermostat
 Simple Air conditioning Cycle
 Recirculation

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Su bject: Refrigeration and Air Conditioning II Al Mustaqbil University College

Year: Third B.Sc. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Eng. Dep.

1. Moist Air Sensible Heating or Cooling: -

2. Moist Air Cooling and Dehumidification

3. Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Airstreams

4. Adiabatic Mixing of Water Injected into Moist Air

5. Space Heat Absorption and Moist Air Moisture Gains

Fig. 9 Schematic of Air Conditioned Space

Fig. 11 Schematic Solution for Example 6

 Simple Air conditioning Cycle

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