Section 1

Introduction

Definition of Mantiq: An important (canonical) tool by which the mind is protected from
making mistakes

Purpose of Mantiq: To protect the mind from making mistakes while thinking (contemplating)

Subject of Mantiq: Mu’arrif, Qawl Sharih(speech of the commentator) and Dalil (evidence), and
Hujjah

Where did Mantiq originate from?

Hakim Aristu (Aristotle) was the first to formulate this subject upon the request of Sikander
Dhul-Qarnayn (Alexander the Great).
Later, Abu Nasir Farabi (Alpharabius) developed this subject and explained it. When his work
was burnt, Ibn Sina (Avicenna) re-wrote them.

Who earned the titles of the first, second and third teacher?
1. Mu’allim al-awwal= Hakim Aristu, also known as Aristotle
2. Mu’allim al-thāni= Abu Nasir Farabi, also known as Alpharabius
3. Mu’allim al-thālith= Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna

Lesson 1- Tasawwur and Tasdiq

What is meant by dhihn?

The dhihn refers to the mind and it is similar to a mirror because you can produce visual images
(via dreams or imagine things in your head) as well as being able to feel things, mahsūsāt (the 5
senses) and be able to understand things, (ma’qulāt)

What is the definition of Ilm (knowledge)?

The obtaining of an image in the mind.

What is meant by Hukm (judgement)?

The affirmation of a thing for another or the negation of a thing for another.

What is meant by Ijāb and Salb?

Ijāb= positive affirmation
E.g. ‫ ھـ ُ َﻮﻋَﺎﻟِ ٌﻢ‬he is a scholar
Salb= negative affirmation
َ ‫ ھـ ُ َﻮ ﻟَ ْﯿ‬he is not a scholar
E.g. ‫ﺲ ﻋَﺎﻟِ ٌﻢ‬

How many categories does Ilm split into & what are they?
Ilm splits into 2 categories and they are:
1. Tasawwur (apprehension)- that knowledge which is empty of a hukm. It is the ability to
imagine or visualise something in our minds. So, when you say ‫ َز ْﯾ ٌﺪ‬, this doesn’t have a hukm
(context) but if you know a Zayd, he comes into your mind.
2. Tasdiq (affirmation)- that knowledge which contains a hukm. For example, ‫ َز ْﯾ ٌﺪ ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﻢ‬, Zayd is
standing. This is confirming that Zayd is in fact standing.
Lesson 2- Types of Tasawwur and Tasdiq

Define Tasawwur Badihi.

This refers to simple apprehension. That tasawwur which doesn’t require any contemplation. It is
like visualising or imagining something in advance without any extra information or thought
process being required.

For example, ٌ‫ اَ ْﻟ َﺤ َﺮا َرةُ و اَ ْﻟﺒُ ُﺮ ْو َدة‬hot and cold

For this, you don’t need to think or contemplate about the meaning or take time forming an
image of it.

Define Tasawwur Nazari.

This refers to cognitive apprehension. This involves the ability to form mental image or
representation of objects, ideas or a certain situation or scenario in the mind. So, it’s a cognitive
process which helps one on understand and visualising abstract concepts or hypothetical
situations.

For example, ‫ اَ ْﻟ ِﺠﻦﱡ و ا ْﻟ َﻤﻠَ ُﻚ‬which means, Jinn and Angels.

For this, everyone not only has to think about it, but everyone’s opinions and the image they
produce in their minds will also be different.

What is the difference between Tasawwur Badihi and Tasawwur Nazari?

Tasawwur badihi and nazari are both used to describe different aspects of imagination.

Tasawwur badihi refers to sensory imagination which basically involves forming a mental image
or being an,e to imagine something based on the 5 senses or experiences.
Whereas, Tasawwur nazari refers to mental or conceptual imagination which requires forming a
mental image on something without relying on direct sensory input.

Tasawwur badihi is more focused on sensory based imagination while Tasawwur nazari is more
about conceptual or mental imagination.

Define Tasdiq Badihi.

This refers to simple affirmation. That tasdiq which doesn’t require any deep thinking
(contemplation) in order to understand it.

For example, ٌ‫ اَﻟﻨﱠﺎ ُر َﺣﺎ ﱠرة‬which means Fire is hot.

This doesn’t require you to think whether or not fire is actually hot. This is a sentence which has
a hukm and you can easily determine whether or not it is true or false.

Define Tasdiq Nazari.

This refers to cognitive affirmation. That tasdiq which requires deep thinking (contemplation) in
order to understand it.

ٌ ‫ اَﻟ َﻌﺎﻟَ ُﻢ َﺣﺎ ِد‬which means The universe is contingent (created).

For example, ‫ث‬
For this sentence you have to use your senses and thoughts to understand what is meant and to
determine whether the sentence is true/false. By contemplating and thinking over it you can
come with an answer or with a sense of understanding.

What is the difference between Tasdiq badihi and Tasdiq nazari?

They are both terms used to describe different aspect of affirmation or confirmation.

Tasdiq badihi refers to sensory affirmation, which involves confirming or verifying something
based on direct perception.
Whereas, Tasdiq nazari refers to mental or conceptual affirmation which involves confirming
something based on reasoning or conceptual understanding.

So, Tasdiq badihi is more focused on affirmation in terms of sensory perception whereas Tasdiq
nazari is more about affirmation based on logical reasoning or the understanding of concepts.

What is meant by Nazar/Fikr?

Means contemplation or thinking.

This means to arrange known matters together which leads to knowledge of the unseen, an
answer basically. It involves pondering and analysing to gain a deeper understanding. It can be a
deeper understanding of various subjects and ideas, such as logical arguments, philosophical
concepts, or theological principles.

What is meant by Mu’arrif/Qawl Sharih?

This is when you arrange tasawwur knowledge. You define something by explaining it’s
important characteristics or attributes which helps understands things better.

For example, ‫ﻖ‬ ِ َ‫ َﺣﯿَﺎ َوانٌ ﻧ‬which means Rational (talking) being
ٌ ‫ﺎط‬

What is meant by Dalil/Hujjah?

Arranged knowledge in the form of tasdiq. This is where certain points are out together which
support a particular position or viewpoint. It is a logical or rational basis which helps one to
establish the validity or truth of a statement or a preposition.

For example, ‫ث‬ ٌ ‫ث ﻓَﺎ ْﻟ َﻌﺎﻟَ ُﻢ َﺣ ِﺪ‬

ٌ ‫ اَ ْﻟ َﻌﺎﻟَ ُﻢ ُﻣﺘَ َﻐﯿﱠ ٌﺮ َو ُﻛ ﱢﻞ ُﻣﺘَ َﻐﯿﱢ ٍﺮ َﺣﺎ ِد‬which means, The universe is changing and
everything thing that changes is contingent so, the universe is contingent

Here, you have put together Tasdiq sentences and come up with an answer that the universe is in
fact contingent
Lesson 3- Dālālah

Define Dālālah.
Signification.
A thing to be in such a way that if knowledge of it is obtained then the knowledge of a second
thing is also obtained.

For example, smoke and fire. If you see smoke, you know that there is a fire. So, you have
knowledge that there is smoke, because you can see the smoke so then you know there is a fire
which shows the knowledge of the second thing (the fire) being obtained as well.

Define Dāl and Madlūl.

Dāl— signifier, the first thing which is known
Madlūl— signified, the meaning or the understanding of what is being signified

Define Wad’.
Formulation.
When knowledge of the first thing is obtained then knowledge of the second thing is obtained
necessarily

For example, Zayd names his son Amr.

The name Amr will be known as MAWDU (formulated or placed for a reason) and the person,
Amr himself is known as MAWDU LAHŪ (formulated for the meaning of or placed for him).

How many categories does Dālālah split into & what are they?
There are 2 types :
1. Dālālah Lafziyyah— verbal signification
That Dālālah in which the dāl is a word.

For example, the dalalah of the word Zayd on the entity of Zayd

2. Dālālah Ghair Lafziyyah— non verbal signification

That Dālālah in which the dāl is not a word.

For example, the dalalah of smoke upon fire. When you see smoke, it’s what you see as a grey
cloud thing, not the letters S-M-O-K-E in the sky.

Lesson 4- Types of Dālālah Lafziyyah and Ghair Lafziyyah

What are the types of Dālālah Lafziyyah?

1. Dālālah Lafziyyah Wad’iyyah— verbal formulation signification
That dālālah in which the dāl (signifier) is a word and the cause is wad’.

For example, dalalah of the word Zayd on the entity of Zayd. The word Zayd signifies his entity
because the wad’, so his father, named him that.

2. Dālālah Lafziyyah Aqliyyah— verbal rational signification

That dalalah in which the dāl is a word and the cause is the aql (reasoning).

For example, the dalalah of the word Dayz which is heard from behind a wall upon the presence
of a speaker.
If you’re in a room and you can hear someone saying “Dayz, Dayz”, even though you can’t see no
one, your aql, your intellect is telling you that there’s someone there.

3. Dālālah Lafziyyah Tab’iyyah— verbal natural signification

That dalalah in which the dāl is a word but the cause is tab’iyyah (nature)

For example, the dalalah of the word “uh, uh” upon chest pain. So, when in pain and you make
sounds, the sound that comes out your mouth is caused by a natural reaction to the severity of
the pain.

What are the types of Dālālah Ghair Lafziyyah?

1. Dālālah Ghair Lafziyyah Wad’iyyah— non verbal formulation signification
That dālālah in which the dāl (signifier) is not a word and the cause is wad’.

For example, dalalah of the lines on the road upon their meaning. So, the different lines n the
road show whether or not you can park there, different road signs show whether or not you can
enter or not etc.

2. Dālālah Ghair Lafziyyah Aqliyyah— non verbal rational signification

That dalalah in which the dāl is not a word and the cause is the aql (reasoning).

For example, the dalalah of smoke upon a fire. When you see smoke, you know there’s a fire
because of your brain.

3. Dālālah Ghair Lafziyyah Tab’iyyah— non verbal natural signification

That dalalah in which the dāl is not a word and the cause is tab’iyyah (nature)

For example, the dalalah of redness on the face upon guilt

Lesson 5- Dālālah Lafziyyah Wad’iyyah Types

Explain the types of Dālālah Lafziyyah Wad’iyyah.

1. Dālālah Mutābaqī— coincidental signification

That dalalah of a word upon the total meaning of what it was formulated for

For example, the dalalah of the word insan upon hayawan and natiq.
A talking living thing= human
A barking living thing= dog
A meowing living thing= cat

2. Dālālah Tadammunī— partial signification

That dalalah of a word upon a part of the meaning for which is was formulated for.
For example, the dalalah of the word insan on either hayawan or natiq.
3. Dālālah Iltizami— associative signification
That dalalah of a word upon a meaning which is wasn’t formulated for. However, it is not
associated with that meaning. Basically, the meaning is associated in a sense that when you say a
word, both the original meaning and the formulated come to mind.

For example, the dalalah of the words Shams (sun) on light. Shams means star around which the
planets orbit but when you talk about the shams, the sun, the meaning of light is understood as
the sun gives us light

Lesson 6- Lafz

What is the definition of Lafz?

That which a human says. So, anything the comes out the mouth of a human.

Is there any difference between the definition of Lafz in Nahw and Mantiq?
There is no difference in the definition however, there is difference in the definition of the types
of Lafz

What is meant by Mufrad?

That Lafz in which a part of the word does not signify a part of the intended meaning.

How and many types of Mufrad are there & Explain the types of Mufrad.
1. The word has no parts
E.g. Hamza Istifhaam

2. The word has a part but the intended meaning doesn’t

E.g. the dalalah of the word Allah upon its entity

So, Allah is made up of 4 letters, ‫ ا ل ل ه‬so it has 4 parts. But, each of these parts (the letters)
don’t have a link to meaning or the being of Allah.

3. The word has a part, the intended meaning has a part but a part of the word doesn’t signify a
part of the intended meaning. So, they both have parts but they don’t link or signify to one
another

E.g. the dalalah of the word Zayd upon his entity.

The word, Zayd, has a part because it is the name of an insan and insan comes in 3 meanings,
hayawan, natiq and shakhs.
The word Zayd also has 3 letters, ‫ز ي د‬, which are 3 parts.
The parts of the word don’t signify or link with the intended meaning.

4. The word and intended meaning both have a part, a part of the word signifies a part of the
meaning but the meaning isn’t the intended meaning.

E.g. the dalalah of the word Abdullah upon its entity

So, the word Abdullah has 2 parts, Abd (servant) and Allah (lord) which both signify their own
meanings. The intended meaning, which is the name of a human, has 3 parts.
 Both the word and the intended meaning have parts and there is signification as well, it isn’t
toward what you actually mean

5. Word and intended meaning both have a part, a part of the word signifies a part of the
intended meaning but the signification isn’t intended.

E.g. the dalalah of hayawan natiq, as a name, upon its entity

So, hayawan natiq has 2 parts
The intended meaning of it has 3 parts, hayawan, natiq and shakhs
While there is a link, there is no intended signification because the entire name of insan signifies
to all 3 things as a collection and not in parts

What is meant by Murakkab?

That Lafz in which a part of the word signifies a part of the intended meaning.
e.g. ‫ َز ْﯾ ٌﺪ ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﻢ‬Zayd is standing

Lesson 7- Types of Mufrad

How many categories does Mufrad split into and explain.

It splits into 3 categories and they are:

1. Ism— that Mufrad word which has an independent meaning and doesn’t contain a tense
2. Kalimah— that Mufrad word which has an independent meaning and does contain a tense
3. Adāt— that Mufrad word which does not have an independent meaning
Part of the word does not signify part of the intended meaning

How many types of Mufrad are there that only have one meaning?
There are 3 types and they are:
1. ‘Alam— proper noun. That Mufrad which has one meaning and is specific. For example, Zayd
(so names of people, city etc.)

2. Mutawati— uniform singular. That Mufrad which has one meaning which is non specific and
it’s members are equal in terms of its meaning. For example, insan. This refers to all humans,
not specific.

3. Mushakkik— non uniform singular. That Mufrad which has one meaning which is non
specific and it’s members are unequal in terms of its meaning. For example, black and white.
This has only one meaning which are the colours. It doesn’t refer to anybody or any place as
such but when it is used in referral, it is generalised. The members of black and white aren’t
all equal.

Lesson 8- Further types of Mufrad

What is the definition of Mushtarak?

Hononymous concept.
That Mufrad which has more than one meaning and one meaning is selected depending on the
context.
E.g. the word ‫ ﺟﺎرﯾﺔ‬means both slave girl and boat. In context, you would select the appropriate
meaning.
What is necessary for a Mushtarak work?
A qarinah (indicator) is necessary because it’ll tell you which meaning is intended in a certain
context.

What is the definition of Manqūl?

Transferred.
That Mufrad which was initially formulated for one meaning but it was later abandoned and
used in another meaning.
E.g. Salah used to be used in the meaning of dua, supplication. It has now transferred from its
original meaning of dua to prayer.

Why does the transfer (naql) of a meaning of a word occur?

This can be due to one of 3 things:
1. Urf— general people
So the meaning has changed and evolved as society has. For example,
The word daabah referred to all land animals. However, now it refers to 4 legged animals
The word ‘sick’ means vomit however now it refers to something being amazing

2. Shar’— the shariah

The scholars of Islamic law changed its meaning. For example. Salah used to mean dua or
supplication but now it has been changed to mean prayer.

3. Istilah— specific group of people

For example, ismorgijally meant name. But now, the scholars of Nahw changed its meaning so
that now it means a word which conveys its own meaning without a tense.

What is meant by Haqiqi and Majaaz and when are these applied?
These are applied when the original meaning hasn’t been abandoned but rather, it is used
occasionally in either meaning.

Haqiqi (concrete) refers to that Mufrad which is used in the meaning it was original,y
formulated for. For example, the word asad in the meaning of hayawan muftaris (lion)

Majaaz (abstract or metaphorical) refers to that Mufrad which is used in a meaning of other
than that which it was formulated for. For example, the word asad used to describe another
person

How many types of Mufrad are there according to its meaning?

There are 2 types and the are:
1. Mutaraadifaan— synonymous concept
Two Mufrad words which have one meaning. For example, asad and layth both mean lion

2. Mutabaainaan— dissimilar concept

Two Mufrad words which have 2 different meanings. For example, insan which means human
and hajar which means stone

Lesson 9- Types of Murakkab

What is the definition of Murakkab?
That Lafz in which a part of the word signifies a part of the intended meaning.
e.g. ‫ َز ْﯾ ٌﺪ ﻗَﺎﺋِ ٌﻢ‬Zayd is standing

How many types of Murakkab are there and what are they?
There are 2 types and they are:
1. Murakkab Taam (complete compound)
That Murakkab from which the listener understands fully the complete info or, it is a demand

2. Murakkab Naqis (incomplete compound)

That Murakkab from which the listener doesn’t understand fully the complete info or, it is not a
demand

Explain the 2 types of Murakkab Taam.

1. Khabr/Qadiyyah— proposition
That Murakkab Taam where the speaker can be considered true or false
E.g. ‫زﯾﺪ ﻗﺎﺋﻢ‬

2. Insha— creative
That Murakkab Taam where the speaker cannot be considered true or false
E.g. ‫إﺿﺮب‬

Explain the 2 types of Murakkab Naqis.

1. Murakkab Taqyidi— Bound compound
That Murakkab Naqis where the second part is a restriction for the first
e.g. ‫ﻏﻼم زﯾﺪ و رﺟﻞ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ‬
Servant of Zayd, scholarly man

2. Murakkab Ghair Taqyidi—unbound compound

That Murakkab Naqis where the second part is not a restriction for the first
E.g. ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪار‬
Lafz in which a part of the
word does not signify a part ‫مفرد‬
Split into 3
of the intended meaning Mufrad which only have 1 specific meaning

-
1. Word has no parts e.g hamzah
Ism ‘Alam
istifhaam
• that mufrad • proper noun
2. Word has a part but intended
which has an That mufrad which has
meaning doesnt e.g dalalah of
independant one meaning and is
the word Allah ‫ ﷻ‬upon its
meaning and specific e.g
entity, word Allah ‫ ﷻ‬has 4 parts
doesnt contain a
those parts are not linked to tense
being of Allah ‫ﷻ‬.
3. word has a part intended Kalimah
meaning has a part but they do • that mufrad word
not signify one another e.g which has an
dalalah of the word Zayd upon independant
his entity e.g zayd has 3 parts meaning and has
and the intended meaning has a tense
3 parts but they do not have link
to one another Adāt
4. Word and intended meaning • that mufrad word
both have a part, part of the which does not
word signifies part of the have a
intended meaning but meaning dependant
isn’t the intended meaning. E.g meaning nor
dalalah of the word abdullah tense
upon its entitiy
5. word and
 Murakkab - that lafz which a part of the word signifies a part of the intended meaning

Muakkab Taam (complete Murakkab Naqis (incomplete

compound) compound)
That murakkab from which the That murakkab which the listner doesnt
listener understands fully the fully understand fully the complete
complete info or it is Amr info or it is not a Amr
1. Murakkab Taqyidi (bound
1. Khabr/Qaddiyah (proposition) compound) murakkab naqis where
that murakkab taam where the the second part is a restriction for
speaker can be considered true the first e.g servant of Zaid,
or false e.g Zaid is standingt Scholarly man
2. Insha (creative) that Murakkab 2. Murakkab ghair Taqyidi (unbound
Taam where the speaker cannot compound) that murakkab naqis
be considered true or false e.g where the second part is not a
idrib restriction for the first e.g fil daari