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A good way to increase your vocabulary is to see if you can find other forms of a word
you already know. You need to think of grammatically diffe~ent words and both positive
and negative words. If you look in a dictionary, you can often find these other forms in or
near the original word.

If you consider the word imagine, for example, you should also learn:
imaginable imaginary imaginative(ly) imaginati'on

Do any of these words have a negative form? You can check this by looking up the
prefixes dis·, il-, im-, ina, non- and una. By doing this, you should find the words
unimaginable and unimaginative.

,In Paper 3 you have to do an exercise in which you complete a passage with the correct
forms of the words given, for example:
It was raining (60) as the helicopter continued HEAVY
all the {61 )
to bring to the shore. The pilot's task SURVIVE
was made worse by the (62} weather conditions. PREDICT
The first word describes how it rained, so you need the adverb heavily.
In-the second blank you need the plural noun survivors.
The third missing word describes the weather conditions, so you need an odiective.
However, from the sentence it is clear that you need the negative adiective unpredictable.

It is therefore very important to think very carefully about what kind of word you have to
put in the sentence and to try and learn all the forms of a word.

If you make s~nfences using the different forms of a word, this will help you to understand
and remember them more easily.
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3.1 Word Formation: Adiectives - 1

~ Form the adiect.ive and its antonym (opposite) with .in- or un-.
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ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE

attention health

attract offend

comfort predict

competence ~ . reason

formality rely

Now use each negative adjective to fill a suitable blank.

1. My watch is very so I'm not sure of the correct time.

2. If that chair is , try this one over here.

3. The atmosphere was very and everyone was on fIrst-name terms.

4. He was so that he sent everybody the wrong information.

5. Was it of me to expect them to do so much homework?

6. That terrible make-up makes her look most .

7. He was a very pupil and seemed to spend most of the time looking..oul.
of the window.

8. He -keeps saying that eating all this fast food is , especially if you don~t
get much exercise.

9. He's very You never know what he's going to do next.

10. I thought it was an remark but apparently she was deeply insulted.

When you do a word transformation exercise, you will nearly always find
some sentences where you need a negative form of the word.
When you make lists of adiectives, always put the negative form, if there is one.

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IN- OR UN-?

Formthe antonym of each.of the ddjecti'les inthe list below and put them into the
appropriate column. Put the 'root word' in front of each adjective.

..•••believable •••••decisive ••.•.excusable .••..expensive ..•..fortunate

..•.•helpful •••••profitable ••...sensitive .•...considerate .•...successful

Think about the/root word' from which the adiective can be formed. Sometimes this will
be a noun, sometimes a verb.
Add more examples. (look in a dictionary and at the exercise opposite).

IN- UN-

.~!~.

..............................

..............................
••,!_•••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Test yourself by covering one of the columns.

To help you remember the words you have. seen, make sentences using them.
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3.2 Wo rd For mat ion: Adi ecti ves -2 ; . . . . . . . .. . .

given. Next,
As in the previous exercise, you must first forman adjective from the words
-1~s.F inally,
you must form the opposite of the adjective by using dis-, il-, im-, non-,
or
ctive.U se each form
you must complete each sentence by using a suitable negati veadie
once only.

ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE ADJECTIVE OPPOSITE

alcohol organi se

harm pain'

honesty patience

logic tact

obey violence

1. My dog won't hurt you. He's quite .

2. He's so that he'd even steal from his own mother!

3. The operat ion will be quite You won't feel a thing.

4. The show was so that nobod y knew who was coming ·on next.

5. We're in favour of some form of protest , such as occupying a b.uilding r

•

6. That was a rather remark you made about him losing all his hair!

7. I always drink something if I'm driving.

8. It isn't surprising if some children are in class if there's ·so little

discipline at home.

9. His reasoning is totally ..:". I can't follow it at all.

10. Don't be so ! I'm sure they'll be here soon!

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DIS-, IL-, IM-, NON- OR -LESS?

Put the adiectives from the exercise and the antonyms of the words below into the
g~r9prjQte column.: Add your own examples.
Where possible, wr'ite a 'root word' before each adjective.

agreeable legal mature satisfied

careful legible probable thoughtful
existent loyal reputable useful

DIS- IL-

.....~ . .~ ....

..............................

.............................. IM-

.....•........................

...............................
..............................
-LESS .............•................

..............................
.............................. NON-

. .

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3. 3 Word Formation - Adverbs . . . . . . . . .

~ It is important to realise what kind oFwordis needed to complete the sentence in a word-
: transformation exercise.
In each of the sentences below you need to fill in the blank withan.adverb. Sometimes a
negative form will be required.
As you do. the exercise, notice how the adverbs are formed and how they are used in a
sentence.
Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word in brackets.

1. She spoke fast. (INCREDIBLE)

2. ]t rained all night. (HEAV\1

3. Could you help me to move these indoors? (POSSIBLE)

4. Sales have increased since we started advertising our

products on television. (DRAMA) .

5. She answered him in her quiet little voice, never once

looking up at him. ;(SHY)

6. Must you eat so ? We're trying to have a conversation!

7. I'm afraid she's been detained. - (AVOID)

8. . , I gave her all the help I could. (NATURE)

9. He really upset me by speaking so about my idea.

10. Write so that the examiner can read it. (LEGIBLE)

11 , I have no idea where she is, so I'm afraid I can't

help you. (FORTUNE)

12. Flooding is rare in this part of the world. (COMPARE)

13 , I agree with the plan. It's just some of the details that I'm
not so sure about. (BASE)

14. I've been informed that the government intend to raise the
tax on petrol. (RELY)

15. He was dressed in an old brown overcoat and shoes with

holes in them. (SHABBY)

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.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

USE OF ADVERBS

Adverbs ore used to modify (odd to the meaning of):

- verbs They walked slowly down the road.

- adjectives She felt extremely tired.
- adverbs He's eating terribly slowly.
_. phrases We met him entirely by accident.
- sentences F~rtunate)y, we had enough milk left for breakfast.

look through the sentences on the previous page and decide what the adverb is modifying
in each case.

FORMATION OF ADVERBS

Most adverbs are formed by adding -Iy to the adjective:

careful carefully extreme extremely

but notice full fully true truly

There are a few spelling problems. (Add your own examples):

-Ie comfortable comfortably possible possibly

-y easy easily happy happily

but notice shy shyly

-ic dramatic dramatically systematic systematically

but· notice public publicly

STUDY TIP In the examination you will not always be given the adjective as the word
to transform. To form truly you may, for example, be given truth.

This means you n~ed to learn all the forms of a word.

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3.4 Wo rd For mat ion - Pre fixe s .

of the words in the list

Put one of the following prefixes dis, en, mis or un in front of each
te the sentences. Use
below to form verbs. Next, use the verbs you have formed to comple
each ver~ once only in its correct form.

•••••••••• inform ••••.••••. Iock •••••••.•• sure

..........appea r
••••.•.•.. lorge ··········iudge .......... understand
..........approv e
.......•..Ioad •..•..•...obey ••••••••••wrap
.......... behave

1. I'm afraid ~ou've been We never give discou nts. -

2. By the photo we were able to read the words on the note.

3. The porter the door and let me in.

4. If those children once more, they'll go straigh t to bed!

5. Unfort unately , my father of my new girlfriend.

6. The lTIOney can't just have ! Someb ody has stolen it!

7.. After they've the furnitu re from the lorry, I'll make them a nice cup
~~
of tea.

what I was
8. I spoke very slowly and clearly so that nobod y would
saying.

wee~ for orders.

9. The soldier was put in prison for a ! ••••••

10. We all gathere d round to watch as she the parcel.

11. I the width of the stream and fell into the water.

12. Yau must always ~ that the car's brakes are on proper ly before you start
workin g on it.

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DIS-, MIS-, EN- or UNa?

Put the verbs from the exercise into the appropriate list below.
Next use the prefixes with the words below and 'put them into the correct list. Some verbs
can have more than one prefix.

able courage interpret pack screw

connect credit lead qualify trust

If you meet any more verbs with these prefixes, add them to your lists.

DIS- MIS-

..............................•
............•...................

OTHER
UN· EN- PREFIXES

If there are any verbs ypu find difficult, write a sentence with them In. If
you need help, a good dictionary should contain such sentences.

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3.5 Word Families - 1 - . . . . . .

Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given at the end. As you do the.
exercise, think about the kind of word that is needed in· the sentence -verb, noun or -
adjective.
Be careful, because in some cases you will 'need a negative form.

1. There was all over the floor after he cut himself shaving. BLEED.

2. She became more and more as time went by. ANXIETY -

3. She looked at him· in when he told her the terrible news. BELIEVE

4. We have still received no of our booking. CONFIRM

5. He seen1ed very reluctant to take my . ADVISE,

6. We can only catch criminals if we have the full of the

general public. COOPERATE

7. She gave me a very look when she saw that I wasn't

wearing the correct uniform. APPROVE

8. In , I would like to thank everybody who has helped to·

make the show such a success. CONCLUDE-

9. She has made an invaluable to our efforts.

10. The shop ~ seemed to spend most of the time talking rather
than attending to customers. ASSIST

11. They keep making statements so we don't really know

what they're going to do. CONTRADICT'

12. He's normally very so you'll be lucky if you get any

information out of him. COMMUNICATE

13. He left 111e with no but to disqualify him. CHOOSE

14. With her mind she was able to work out the best way
to get everybody to the nleeting on time. ANALYSE

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Below you will see a list of words relating to the exercise you have iust done. Fill each
blank with the correct form. If no word exists, there is a {-} in the table.

VERB ADJECTIVE NOUN

(in)advisable adviser/advisor
1. •.....•...•...............•.•.
advisory

2. analyse .•............................

3. anxious

4. (dis)approve (dis)· •....•.•••.....•.•.•.•...•.... (dis) .•...•...•..•..•....••.•..•.•.

s. assist
assistance

non-believer
6. (dis)believe (un) .. ~ .•........•........•...•....
(dis) .•......................•.....

7. bleed

8. . . .choosy

(un) ......•.••.........•••........
9. communicate
communicable

10. conclude (in) ..••......•..................•

11. confirm (un) .•......... ~ .

12. contradict

13. contribute

14. cooperate
(un) ._ .
(co-operate) cooperative

8HITANNIA CULTURAL L TDr.,

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3.6 Word Families - 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

~ Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given at the end.
~
w

1. How dare she us when she sits around doing nothing all day! CRITIC'

2. The mystery as yet another body was discovered. DEEP

3. Everywhere you could see evidence of the force of the

enemy bombs. DESTROY

4. He was most that we should bring warm clothes. INSIST.

5. Because of her eyesight she's unable to paint any more pictures. FAIL

6. That is supposed to be the price but you always seem

to end up paying extra for something. INCLUDE

7. We hope to see more schools where children of

different races can get used to working together. INTEGRATE

8. Two of the showed us how to do a hip throw. INSTRUCT

9. The in population has led to problems in providing

services such as housing and hospitals. GROW

10. I can't stand so I didn't go to the top of the tower with

the others. HIGH·

11. Our was delayed due to technical problems. FLY

12. Every evening you hear the noise of motor-cycles

revving up in the town square. DEAF

13. One of the sat down in front of the lorry and

refused to move. DEMONSTRATE

14. It is an fact that children watch too much TV. DENY

As you look these words upin your dictionary, remember to note what other forms of the
word there are for you to learn. '

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BeloW you will see a list of words relating to the exercise you have just done. Fill each
blank with the correct fornl.

VERB ADJECTIVE NOUN

critic
1. criticise/ize (un) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

deaf
2. deafness

demonstrable
3. demonstrate
(un) •••••••.•••••••.••.•••••.•.•••

4. deny (un) ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

s. depth

6. destruction
indestructible

7. fail

flier/flyer
8.

grower
9. growing

10•.•.••••.•.•••••..•.....•••...•.••..• high beig~t(s)

11 . inclusion

12. insist

13. integrate
integral

14. instruct

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3.7 Word Families - 3 . . - . . . . . . . . . . . .

~ Complete each sentence with the correct form of the word given at the end.
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1. It was an extremely experience, which I never want to

go through a~ain. PLEASE

2. The table is two metres in . LONG'

3. The weather is so that I don't know if I should take an

umbrella or sun-tan lotion. PREDICT

4. What a it is to be able to put your feet up,! RELIEVE',

5. The telephone service was very and we spent hours trying

to make a single call. RELY;.

6. The sea defences need to' be before the winter to reduce

the risk of flooding. STROl'fG

7. There's a of highly-skilled engineers so we might have

difficulty getting the work done. SHORT·

8. She's not really for this job as she hasn't had the
right sort of training.

9. As her only relative, he .expects to inherit all her money.

10. If they the road, that will mean more traffic and maybe'
more pedestrians being knocked over. WIDE:

11. His to sponsor the event came as a great shock. REFUSE

12. I wish I shared his , but I really don't think this will
work. OPTIMIST

13. I could only get tickets for the afternoon . PERFORM

14. They're very about our chances of success. PESSIMISM

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Below you will see a list of words relating to the exercise you have iust done. Fill each
blank with the correct form.

VERB ADJECTIVE· NOUN

1. ..•..•....•................... length
lengthy

optimist
2. - -

performer
3. ..•••••.......•............•.. performing

4. -
pessimism

5. (dis)please (un) •••.•.•..•.••.•........•.•.•.• (dis) ......•.........•..•...•....•.

6. predict (un) •••.•..••••.•.•..•.•..••••.•••

(un)predictabiJity

7. refuse.

8. •.•.•............ ~ . (un)relieved

(un)reliabiJity
9. ....•........•••....•......... (un) •••.•..•.•..•.••...••....•••••
reliance

10•....••...•....•..•.••••••..... short
shortness

11•••.•••••.•••••.•••..•••.•••••• ............................... stren~th

12.•.•••••.••.•...•....•••.•.•.••• (un) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• (un)suita bUity

13. survive
survival

14.•........••......•.......•..•. width