d anscription

ONA-RNA

-Polymerase
metalloenzyme
⑧
enzyme
·

cor
↳ (2zu7
&2 BB' w
associates with
holo
-
RNA polymeras
enzyme
~

↳
identities promoter
to
to
from periniation
<PIC)
compelt

identifies
functions- a promoter region
② opens up a small
segment of dupley DNA

* B Polymerization
④ Identification of termination
signal
⑥ Responds
to activation andrepression.

Comeregion
(sense) in RNA-s Uracil replaces
strian down
stand
coding,
- -

thymine
5. As
Except in s

-
5:
3
Template
cantisense)
submit
TTGACA If
is

Eintracts
I
this ing

[
this
-
35 untered around-35

wir 10 TAT A AT -> concensus req.

(not exactly
-

same

upelement
40, -60 in each
organiam)
-

X
Supstram)

transcription
optimum
↳
distance be bubble
by
be conditioned
*ofactor can as
catalyst
an
<it isnot partof RNApolymeran)
integral
·
identifies the
promoter region another
combine with
·
After 9-10 bp are transcribed, it detaches I can
polymean
·
multiple types of a factors (in bacterial
promoter recognition specificity of
&binding diffrents at time
to on a modifies
RNA

polymerase

Be
promoters
approx
40 nucleotides -turns)
(YONA long

i
am
two shortare site
start
->
sequences E
downstream
upstream
content
· low
melting temp
became
of 14
strands
· ease dissociation b/w DNA

have access downstream

to seq.
Once RNA polymerace
RNAP & promoter open complex
-

Now, combination of
 Se
-

ation
· comes
1eq,
·

I dependent

cloud open promotor compter complex

to

17bp separation
(maintained throughout

RNA
·

polymeras processive
is

low DNA
catalytic efficiency
than
polymerase
·

·
Have some 5'-s'exonuclease
actively proofreading)
some

· I in 104-105 error rate - more error

prove. Why?
 of
half life RNA-s
very (dutroyed.
less.

protein,defective proteins
end result is an also
destroyed
check pointmechanisms.
by some

nation-
RNA
termination signal commences from
In
prokaryotes,
itself.
in
↳a region followed by AT rich
region coding rand
U. in mRNA.
ace followed by poly
dA and U (ribouracil)-weakest linkage
Ideoxy A)

nee
~ taminatithis
on
to
we

due

era

Grabert
ein olgen is
RNA ent

Tumination of hairpin loop

Go rich region-paused
followed by dArU-weak intraction -
falling or

Termination -
I independant (intrinsic
↳I dependent
↳ Inlicar
exxameric adenosine
->

tiphosphatase (ATP) activity

 -
N

(formation of hairpin loop with attachmentof FMN]

nite initiate transcription?
RNAP find correct
to
How does

Itscans DNA seg

ata rate
of 103bp/s, until it

DNA to
which itbinds with higher
recognises
a
specific N

promoters
↓

affinity
promotor recognition-utilization process
a
regulatory step.

Riboswitch
-

Bacillus Subtilis

responsible for enzymes of riboflavin

 termination -s
①insic

alinationserie
-

1eq,

signal
ironandene
TTTT
↑

AAA

3
W

inverted ↳ Aulinkage
hyphenated d
peat weakest
↓
Transcribed transcribed RNA
->
Rent
- - fall off.

-
sequences
then
are complementary
due to inverted
to each other

(seat
hyphenatedrepeats
pain with each other
form
to

hair pin
like
loop
Trencribed RNAT
4494cauvo
-

A44
-

- =>
Si
 ↓FMN binding
nuruvr-3
j

~
51 -"
9
↳ -hairpin

RNA
formation of this RNA hairpin causes

to
polymerase pause.

②
termination
Int A
Pat.Aminate
e

= RNA site
At dependentbene
activityof I separates
grecognition
(rich) RNA & DNA
↓

rebears of RNA
 lied does notbind to
RNAP of
cell.
Eukaryotic
inhibiting
RNA synther's ↑
bact. all
of RNAP of
sisome
mys L
Rifampin
bird to
subunit
bond
X formation of firstphosphodiester
tuberculosis

strand
Dactinomycin binds to
DNAtemplate
(Actinomycin D with movement
of
interferes
DNA
RNA polymerase along
tumor
chemotherapy.
 Eukaryotes
iption
in

Eukaryotic promotes
-

DNA
signals in
several
which control
-
types
transcription

proximal promoter
to
-
2
of them are

I
controls site
a of hiciation of transcription
② rein
frequency.
binding
·Tata

from Panaman
e

ne
in
TFID to box
TATA - formation of
first step
in
A binding of
·transcription complex, on promoter

lack TATA Dox.

some
* gene->
initiator requence
(In)
additional elements
to
2

↓ downstream promoter elementPE

directRNA II
polymeras
promoter.
to
 TFID

Fur
T

, 4/TTTK
- transcribed
A +1- I nucleotide

TATA box+ Ih
com promotes
-
*

stronger

- TATA
30% -

only -
③
DFE
2540 Inm direct
Proximal components
-
+

In ↳
30% -
lite
to correct
15% all.
3. RNA polyman
↳ Promote

i
TATA

M
↳
25
S

+ 5

-
-s
 farther requences- determine
frequency of transcription

It i ->

Enhancers/repressors-Port
the rate
of transcription
initiation.

in orientation-independentfashion. I inference
can
·
canfunction an

even
from ,woo bases
away)
elements actas enhancer (silences.
· Hormone response
enhance or
· heat
shock/havy metals, toxin-can

L. 2nt) (dioxin) silence

gene
expe
 Eukaryotic basal transcription complex.
-
30 0 30
assembly I
TFIDto, TATA - basal transcription complex.
other
components
H
A F
E
·
It D N

I
no 130
I 7 I 2

- 10 10
-
+ 30 30
+
 termination
Eukaryotes
in
Transcription
 Port transcriptional modifications
occurs in ARNAin eukaryotes
splicing
also

Eroamedmore ne
S'
+RNA

-
mRNA
①
5'capping ->
methyl granoline triphosphate
②
3'poly A
tailing
③
Splicing.
usually I ban- 4/A

inge
59
①
linkage. b/w
4TP and
terminal (a
↳'triphosphate
GinGtts Cs capo
position of
-

② Tth
I
terminal
of ribose attached
to
③ Methylation of L'OU

mRNA - cap 1
bare of transcripted
 ④ Anther ribon is
methylated 20H
at
group of
bare

justbefore the terminal base

cap
2

of lapping
cance -

① mRNA
by Ying stability,
4
half life of
② Helps in translation.

Filing
mRNAis AAUAAA
signal
-
Termination for
-
identified by poly A fail mechanism.

(around 250 reside is added

·
DNA prime
is not
necenary for
addition of poly
fail
A

If tail no translation.
· no
poly A

function of poly A tails

① I
etability
translation.
② facilitate
 editing
RNA LDL receptor
- tructural binding
tructural
-
noLDL
receptor
I
- kinding

Apo Byd ↳
10 Apo B,o
↓ of ↓
Brow
2152 an 4536 at

in intertine in liver

-
coding foutamine
2153--CAA (codon for glutamin)
H at.
↓
is present
in interfine
deaminar
enzyme
converts CAA
↓
WAA.
codon)
to
UAA (stop which
is
codon.
a stop

intentinal
-
thus no LDL receptor binding site in

in
mRNA. both

Apo protein spite of having came

liver and intertine.

I I

full truncated protein

protein.