Forsci 312 Prelim
Forsci 312 Prelim
Legal Medicine
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AboutCONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL this template
Legal
● is that which pertains to law, arising out of, by virtue of or included in law
● also refers to anything conformable to the letters or rules of law as it is
administered by the court
Medicine
● is a science and art dealing with prevention, cure and alleviation of
disease
● the science and art of diagnosing, treating, curing and preventing
disease, relieving pain, and improving the health of a person
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AboutCONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL this template
LEGAL MEDICINE
● branch of medicine
● deals with the application of medical knowledge
● to the purposes of law and in the administration of justice
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About
SCOPE this template
OF LEGAL MEDICINE
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What is a Medical Jurist?
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About this template
Medical Jurist
● A physician
● specializes or is involved primarily with medicolegal duties
● other terms: medical examiner, medicolegal officer, medico-legal expert
● must possess sufficient knowledge of pathology, surgery, gynecology,
toxicology and such other branches of medicine germane to the issues
involved
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OrdinaryAbout this template
Physician vs Medical Jurist
sees an injury or disease on the point of sees injury or disease on the point of view
view of treatment of cause
minor or trivial injuries are usually ignored must record all bodily injuries even if they
by inasmuch as they do not require usual are small or minor because these injuries
treatment may be proofs to qualify the crime or to
● superficial abrasions and other minor justify the act.
injuries will heal without medication
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Legal About thismay
Medicine template
be Applied:
1. Civil Law
○ a mass of precepts that determines and
regulates the relation of assistance, authority,
and obedience between members of a family
and those which exist among members of a
society for the protection of private interest.
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About this LAW
CIVIL template
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Legal About thismay
Medicine template
be Applied:
2. Criminal Law
○ branch or division of law which defines crimes, treats
of their nature and provides for their punishment.
○ legal medicine may be applied on the following:
■ Circumstances affecting criminal liability
■ Crimes against person
■ Crimes against chastity
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Legal About thismay
Medicine template
be Applied:
3. Remedial Law
○ deals with the rules concerning pleadings, practices and procedures in all
courts of the Philippines. It is the law which gives a party a remedy for a wrong.
○ legal medicine may be applied in the following provisions of the Rules of Court:
■ Physical and mental examination of a person
■ Proceedings for hospitalization of an insane person
■ Rules on evidences
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Legal About thismay
Medicine template
be Applied:
4. Special Laws:
○ Dangerous Drug Act
○ Youth and Child Welfare Code
○ Insurance Law
○ Code of Sanitation
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MEDICAL EVIDENCE
About thisEVIDENCE
MEDICAL template
Evidence
● the means of ascertaining in a judicial proceeding the truth
respecting a matter of fact (Sec. 1, Rule 128, Rules of Court)
● the species of proof, or probative matter, legally presented at the
trial of an issue by the act of the parties and through the medium of
witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, for the purpose
of inducing belief in the minds of the court as to their contention
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About thisEVIDENCE
MEDICAL template
Medical Evidence
● The means employed to prove a fact is medical in nature
● The rules of evidence shall be the same in all courts and on all
trials and hearings (Sec. 2, Rule 128, Rules of Court).
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About thisEVIDENCE
MEDICAL template
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About thisEVIDENCE
MEDICAL template
Proof of:
● RELEVANCY - Evidence must have such a relation to the fact
in issue as to induce belief in its existence or non-existence
● AUTHENTICATION - The process of proving that the object
being presented in court is the very object involved in the event
● COMPETENCY - All facts having rational probative value are
admissible unless some specific law or rule forbids. In short
the evidence is not excluded by law or rules.
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TYPESAbout this template
OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
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TYPESAbout this template
OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
2. Testimonial Evidence
○ consisting of the narration of a person, made under oath and in
the course of the judicial proceedings in which the evidence is
offered
○ known as a witness
○ A physician may be presented in court as an ordinary witness
and/or as an expert witness
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TYPESAbout this template
OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
2. Testimonial Evidence
Opinion Rule (Sec. 42, Rule 130, Rules of Court)
● The opinion of witness is not admissible, except as indicated in the following:
○ Opinion of ordinary witnesses. — The opinion of a witness for which proper
basis is given, may be received in evidence regarding
■ the identity of a person about whom he has adequate knowledge
■ A handwriting with which he has sufficient familiarity
■ The mental sanity of a person with whom he is sufficiently acquainted.
○ Opinion of expert witness. — The opinion of a witness on a matter requiring
special knowledge, skill, experience or training which he shown to posses,
may be received in evidence.
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TYPESAbout this template
OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
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TYPESAbout this template
OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE
3. Experimental Evidence
○ Experimental evidence is comprised of observations generated under controlled conditions
○ makes it possible for scholars to draw causal inferences about a phenomenon under study
4. Documentary Evidence
○ consist of writing or any material containing letters, words, numbers, figures or other modes
of written expressions offered as proof of their contents
○ Medical Documentary Evidence:
■ Medical examination
■ Physical examination
■ Necropsy (autopsy)
■ Laboratory
■ Exhumation
■ Birth, Death
■ Medical Expert Opinion
■ Deposition
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About thisEVIDENCE
MEDICAL template
5. Physical Evidence
○ articles and materials which are found in connection with the investigation
○ aid in establishing the identity of the perpetrator
○ Criminalistics - application of sciences in crime detection and investigation
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WHAT TYPE OF EVIDENCE IS THIS?
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WHAT TYPE OF EVIDENCE IS THIS?
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WHAT TYPE OF EVIDENCE IS THIS?
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About this template
PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
2. Sketching
Kinds of Sketch:
● Rough Sketch — This is made at the
crime scene or during examination
of living or dead body.
● Finished Sketch — A sketch
prepared from the rough sketch for
court presentation.
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
3. Description
● This is putting into words the person or thing to be preserved.
● Describing a thing requires keen observation and a good
power of attention, perception, intelligence and
experience.
● It must cause a vivid impression on the mind of the
reader, a true picture of the thing described.
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
4. Manikin Method
● A miniature model of a scene or of a human
body
● An anatomical model or statuette may be
used and injuries are indicated with their
appropriate legends
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
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METHODSAbout this template
OF PRESERVING EVIDENCES
6. Special Methods
Special way of treating certain type of evidence may be necessary.
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About this
Kinds of Evidence template
Necessary for Conviction
1. Direct Evidence:
○ That which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of any inference or
presumption.
○ The evidence presented corresponds to to the precise or actual point at
issue.
○ Confession & Eye witness statement
2. Circumstantial Evidence:
○ The proof of fact or facts from which the existence of a particular fact in
dispute may be inferred as a necessary or probable consequence
○ Fingerprint, Hair, Fibers
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DECEPTION
DETECTION
What is Deception?
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About
Methods this template
of Deception Detection
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About this template
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Reasons for the Inadmissibility To the Court of the Result of Polygraph Examination:
1. The polygraph techniques are still in the experimental stage and have not received the
degree of standardization of acceptance among scientists.
2. The trier of fact is apt to give almost conclusive weight to the polygraph expert's opinion.
4. The examinee may unwittingly waive his or her right against self-incrimination.
5. The test itself cannot be relied upon because it has many errors.
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Factors that are responsible for the 26% errors of the lie detector are as follows:
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About this template
PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Factors that are responsible for the 26% errors of the lie detector are as follows:
4. Unresponsiveness in a living or guilty subject
● No fear of detection
● Apparent inability to consciously control response by means of certain mental
sets of attitudes
● A condition of " sub-shock" or "adrenal exhaustion" at the time of the test
● Rationalization of the crime in advance of the test to such an extent that lying
about the offense arouses little or no emotional disturbance
● Extensive interrogation prior to the test
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
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PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE
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Inadmissibility
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About
USE OF DRUGS TO this template
INHIBIT THE INHIBITOR
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About this template
Admissibility
● Confessions made by the subject while under the influence of alcohol may
be admissible if he is physically capable to recollect the facts that he has
uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared.
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About this template
Inadmissibility
● Statements taken from the subject while under the influence of truth
serum or narcoanalysis are not admissible as evidence.
● Because of the potential risks involved in the application of the procedure,
it is seldom used by law-enforcement agencies.
● But in most instances, the subject cannot recall everything that he had
mentioned or he may refuse to admit the truth of the statement given.
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HYPNOSIS
Hypnosis
● the alteration of consciousness and concentration
● the subject manifests a heightened of suggestibility while
awareness is maintained
● Not all persons are susceptible to hypnotic induction. Subjects
who are compulsive-depressive type, strong-willed are usually
nonhypnotizable.
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Inadmissibility
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OBSERVATION
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About this template
OBSERVATION
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About this template
Inadmissibility
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About this
SCIENTIFIC template
INTERROGATION
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About this
SCIENTIFIC template
INTERROGATION
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About this
SCIENTIFIC template
INTERROGATION
Techniques of Interrogation
1. Emotional appeal
2. Mutt and Jeff technique
3. Bluff on split-pair technique
4. Stern approach
5. The subject is given the opportunity to make a lengthy, time-consuming narration
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CONFESSION
Confession
● The voluntary acknowledgement
● by a person of his guilt of the offense charged or of any offense included therein
● may be given in evidence against him.
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CONFESSION
Kinds Of Confession
1. Extra-judicial Confession - confession made outside of the court prior to trial of the case.
● Voluntary
○ The confession is voluntary when the accused speaks on his free will and
accord, without inducement of any kind
● Involuntary
○ Confessions obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or
anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.
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CONFESSION
Evidentiary value:
1. Confessions are admissible against the confessant. They are evidence of a high order for the
reason that no person in his right senses would admit his guilt or participation in the commission
of a crime, knowing that it would subject him to punishment. He must be prompted by truth.
2. But for purposes of conviction, the confession must be corroborated by evidence of corpus
delicti (body of the crime)
3. As to oral extra-judicial confessions, they afford no conclusive proof of that which they state but
merely present a prima facie case. It may still be proved they were uttered/made in ignorance, or
levity or mistake
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Admissibility
1. That the confession must be voluntary i.e it was given freely, knowingly and intelligently.
2. The accused gave the confession of his own free will, with full understanding and
knowledge of its consequences and that he was not coerced, pressured, forced,
intimidated or improperly influenced, or subjected to third degree.
3. Sec. 2, Rule 129, Rule of Court — Judicial admissions
○ Admissions made by the parties in the pleadings, or in the course of the trial or other
proceedings do not require proof and can not be contradicted unless previously
shown to have been made through palpable mistake.
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Inadmissibility
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Thank you!
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University of Cebu
College of Criminal Justice
Legal Medicine
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AboutCONSIDERATIONS
GENERAL this template
Identification
● is the determination of the individuality
of a person or thing
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About this template
IDENTIFICATION
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IDENTIFICATION OF
PERSONS
IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
● ORDINARY METHOD
● SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
● ORDINARY METHOD
○ No special training or skill is required of the identifier and no
instrument or procedure is demanded.
● SCIENTIFIC METHOD
○ Made by trained men, well-seasoned by experience and observation,
and primarily based on comparison or exclusion.
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IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
● ORDINARY METHOD
● SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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OrdinaryAbout this template
Methods of Identification
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Points of Identification Applicable to the Living Person Only
● characteristics that are easily changed
● characteristics that are not easily changed
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Points of Identification Applicable to the Living Person Only
● characteristics that are easily changed
● characteristics that are not easily changed
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About this template
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Points of Identification Applicable to the Living Person Only
● characteristics that are easily changed
● characteristics that are not easily changed
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About
Applicable this template
to Living Persons Only
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About
Applicable this template
to Living Persons Only
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About
Applicable this template
to Living Persons Only
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Points of Identification Applicable to the Living Person and Dead
Before Onset of Decomposition
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
1. Occupational Mark
a. Painters have stains on the hands and fingernails
b. A dressmaker develops multiple puncture marks on fingertips
c. Baker and miller may have flour dust on their clothings and on their bodies
d. Mason have callosities on the palms of the hands
e. Scars caused by burns produced by scales or sparks or red hot iron may be seen at
the back of the hands of blacksmiths
2. Race
a. Filipino
b. Chinese/ Korean
c. Americans
3. Stature
a. height
b. body structure/ posture
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
5. Weight
a. usually not a good point
b. easily changed
6. Deformities
a. congenital or acquired
b. deformities may cause peculiar way of walking, body movement, facial expression,
mannerisms, etc.
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
7. Birthmarks
a. permanent
b. must be described as to shape, location, dimension, color and degree of pigmentation.
9. Moles
a. permanent
b. can be removed by electrolysis, by radium or by carbon dioxide snow
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
10. Scar
a. a remaining mark after healing of the wound
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ApplicableAbout this template
to Living Person and Dead
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Anthropometry
About this template
Anthropometry
Anthropometry
● science of obtaining systematic measurements of the human
body
● height, weight, head and chest circumference
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About this template
Anthropometry
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About this template
Portrait Parle
● “Speaking Likeness”
● Spoken picture
● a verbal, accurate and description of the person identified
● such information may be given by the witness, relatives, or other persons who
are acquainted with the physical features of the person to be identified
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About this template
Portrait Parle
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About this template
Portrait Parle
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About this template
Portrait Parle
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About
Extrinsic thisin
Factors template
Identification
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About
Light as this
Factor intemplate
Identification
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About
Light as this
Factor intemplate
Identification
4. The flash of lighting produces sufficient light for the identification of an individual provided
that the person's eye is focused towards the individual he wishes to identify during the flash.
5. In case of artificial light, the identity is relative to the kind and intensity of the light
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IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
● ORDINARY METHOD
● SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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IDENTIFICATION OF PERSONS
● ORDINARY METHOD
● SCIENTIFIC METHOD
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About thisMETHOD
SCIENTIFIC template
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About this template
FINGERPRINTING
Poroscopy is the study of the pores found on the pappillary or friction ridges of the skin
for purposes of identification.
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FINGERPRINTING
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FINGERPRINTING
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FINGERPRINTING
1. Not much training is necessary for a person to take, classify and compare
fingerprints
2. No expensive instrument is required in the operation
3. The fingerprint itself is easy to classify
4. Actual prints for comparative purposes are always available and suspected
errors can easily be checked.
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About this template
FINGERPRINTING
1. Rolled method
a. The bulbs of the thumb and other fingers are rolled on the surface of the
paper after being rolled on an ink pad or ink plate with printing ink.
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About
Kinds of this template
Fingerprint Impressions
1. Real impression
○ Impression of the finger bulbs with the use of printing ink on the surface of the
paper.
○ thumb mark
1. Chance impression
○ Fingerprints which are impressed by mere chance without any intention to produce
it.
○ Chance impression maybe:
■ Visible print — visible without any treatment
■ Plastic print — pressing the finger tips on melted paraffin, cellophane,
plastic tape, etc
■ Latent print — prints which are not visible but made visible by the addition
of some substances. Latent prints develop because the fingers are always
covered with colorless residue of oil and perspiration which when pressed on
smooth and non-absorbent material will cause the production of the prints.
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About this template
FINGERPRINTING
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About thison
Fingerprinting template
Dead Bodies
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TypesAbout this template
of Fingerprint Pattern
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TypesAbout this template
of Fingerprint Pattern
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TypesAbout this template
of Fingerprint Pattern
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About this template
FINGERPRINTING
John Dillinger, a notorious gangster and a police character attempted to erase his
fingerprints by burning them with acid, but as time went by, the ridges were again restored
to its " natural" feature. The acid he applied temporarily destroyed the epidermis of the bulbs
of his fingers.
As long as the dermis of the bulbs of the finger is not completely destroyed, the fingerprints
will always remain unchanged and indestructible.
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About this template
FINGERPRINTING
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About thisMETHOD
SCIENTIFIC template
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AboutIDENTIFICATION
DENTAL this template
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AboutIDENTIFICATION
DENTAL this template
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AboutIDENTIFICATION
DENTAL this template
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LocationAbout this template
for Dental Identification
1. Teeth position
○ Anterior — front 3. Restoration
○ Posterior — back ○ Amalgam (silver filling), gold inlay, gold
2. Surface foil, silicate, acrylic, temporary cement,
○ Occlosal — O — surface which is in crown
contact with the opposing teeth when
jaws are in occlusion (closed) 4. Prosthesis
○ Mesial — M — Surface in direct contact ○ Fixed prosthesis — bridge
with the adjacent tooth towards the ○ Removable prosthesis:
midline ■ Complete denture
○ Distal — D — Surface in direct contact ■ Partial denture
with the adjacent teeth away from the 5. Root canal treatment
midline
○ Buccal — B — Surface facing the lip or
cheek
○ Lingual — L — Inward directed surface of
the teeth
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AboutIDENTIFICATION
DENTAL this template
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About thisMETHOD
SCIENTIFIC template
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About this template
HANDWRITING
A person may be identified through his handwriting, handprinting and hand numbering.
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HANDWRITING
The genuineness of any disputed writing may be proven by the following ways:
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HANDWRITING
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HANDWRITING
Bibliotics is the science of handwriting analysis. It is the study of documents and writing
materials to determine its genuineness or authorship.
Graphology is the study of handwriting for the purpose of determining the writer's
personality, character and aptitude.
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HANDWRITING
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Movements in Writing
1. Finger movement — The letters are made entirely by the action of the
thumb, the pointing and middle fingers
2. Hand movement — The letters are produced by the action of the hand as
a whole with the wrist as the center of action and with some action of the
fingers
3. Arm movement — The movement in writing is made by the hand and arm
supported with the elbow at the center of the lateral swing.
4. Whole arm movement — The action is produced by the entire arm
without any rest. The source of motion comes from the shoulder. Writing
on a blackboard is a good example of whole arm movement.
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About this
Characteristics oftemplate
Handwriting
Primary Factors
1. A person begins to write
2. Inclusion of some characteristics due to admiration of a peculiar design in writing
3. Identifying characteristics may be the result of the great volume of writing done
4. The presence or absence of physical abnormalities or defects originating from
illness, injury, psychological variations and other similar conditions.
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About this
Characteristics oftemplate
Handwriting
Secondary Factors
1. The position of the writer, e.g. sitting, standing, lying, arm high or low
2. Temporary physical or psychological disturbances, such as excitement, fear, pain, exhaustion, injury to
the hand or arm, etc.
3. Other external temporary variables, such as writing without glasses, bad lighting, irregular surface,
external interference
4. Physical and chemical factors
○ Writing instrument
■ Ballpen — lines are rounded, showing no tip separation even when pressed heavily
■ Fountain pen — lines are more or less round, when pressure is increased there is separation
of the nib which is easily detected. There is evenness in the flow of ink.
■ Steel pen — There is unevenness in the flow of ink and leaves a scratchy appearance.
■ Pencil — low quality pencils have gritty impurities which scratch the paper, while high-grade
pencils are free from such grit.
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About this
Characteristics oftemplate
Handwriting
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HANDWRITING
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About
Questioned this template
Document Examination
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About
Questioned this template
Document Examination
The standard (exemplar) writings with which the questioned writing has to be compared are of
two types:
1. Collected (procured) standards
○ consist of handwriting by the person who is suspected to have written the questioned
document. It may be found in the private or public records of the person or from other
possible sources.
○ Provided it is clear and sufficient, it is the most appropriate standard.
2. Requested standard
○ These are standards made by the alleged writer of the document in question upon
request of the examiner or the persons interested in the examination.
○ considering that it is a request from a suspected maker of the questioned document,
there is a strong possibility for it to be written in a disguised way.
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About
Questioned this template
Document Examination
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Questioned Document Examination
About this template
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About this template
Disguised Writing
Disguised writing is the deliberate attempt on the part of the writer to alter his writing
habit by endeavoring to invent a new writing style or by imitating the writing of
another person.
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Disguised Writing
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AboutForgery
this template
Forgery
● creating a false document, altering a document, or writing a false signature for the
illegal benefit of the person making the forgery.
Signature forgery
● signature may be found on a document which appears that a person has participated
in its execution and the person denied that he had signed it
● signature forgery examination is the most common activity of a questioned
document examiner.
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Classification of Forgery
1. Traced forgery
○ outlining of a genuine signature from one document onto another
○ basically drawing and consequently lacks free natural movement inherent in
a person's normal writing
2. Simulated forgery
○ an attempt to copy in a freehand manner
○ either from memory of the signature or from a model
○ quality varies with the writer's skill as a penman
○ writer recognizes and incorporates the details, concentrates on the
important feature of the signature
3. Spurious forgery
○ done with the forger's own handwriting
○ little or no attempt has been made to copy the characteristics of the genuine
writing
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About thisMETHOD
SCIENTIFIC template
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
How to Determine Whether the Remains Comes from a Single Individual or Not
● complete lay-out of the bones on a table in their exact locations in the human body is
necessary
● any plurality or excess of the bones after a complete lay-out denotes that the remains
belong to more than one person
● congenital deformities as supernumerary fingers and toes must not be forgotten.
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Height
Approximation of the height of a person by measuring the long bones of the
body
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Pelvis
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Skull
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Sternum
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Femur
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Humerus
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
Race
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
The age of the person to whom the skeleton belongs may be determined by:
1. Appearance of ossification center
2. Union of Bones and Epiphyses
3. Dental Identification
4. Obliteration of cranial sutures
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
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IDENTIFICATION OF SKELETON
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SCIENTIFIC template
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DETERMINATION OF SEX
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Evidences of Sex
1. Presumptive Evidences
● General features and contour of the face
● Presence or absence of hair in some parts of the body
● Length of the scalp hair. Generally, the female has long hair in the
scalp than that of the male.
● Clothes and other wearing apparel
● Figure — Females have prominent pelvis, while those of the males
are slender
● Voice and manner of speech
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Evidences of Sex
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Evidences of Sex
3. Conclusive evidence:
● female: ovary
● male: testis
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DETERMINATION OF SEX
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SCIENTIFIC template
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DETERMINATION OF AGE
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DETERMINATION OF AGE
1. Age of a fetus/infant/child
2. Growth of pubic hair, beard and mustache
○ pubic hair begins to appear at the age of 13 in female and 14 in male.
○ growth of thick dark hair is well marked on the pubes, scrotum and in the
axillae at about 16 to 17 years of age.
○ mustache and beard begin to appear in male at the age of 16 to 18.
3. Changes of the breast in female
○ development of the breast in female at the age of 13 to 14
4. Development of the voice
○ males develop low tone voice between the age of 16 to 18
○ females change their voice on the same period.
○ males become low pitch while females become high pitch
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DETERMINATION OF AGE
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About
IDENTIFICATION this template
OF BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
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About
IDENTIFICATION this template
OF BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
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About
IDENTIFICATION this template
OF BLOOD AND BLOOD STAINS
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About thisMETHOD
SCIENTIFIC template
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About this
IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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About this
IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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About this
IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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About this
IDENTIFICATION OF template
HAIR AND FIBERS
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