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    Chapter 2

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    Cjay Donato
    This chapter discusses soil formation and development. It identifies five main soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. The parent material, either bedrock or previously deposited sediment, greatly influences early soil development. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - which are classified based on their formation process and mineral composition. Learning activities include identifying the elemental composition of Earth's crust, classifying rocks and minerals, categorizing soil-forming factors, and illustrating the process of soil formation from bedrock through weathering and erosion.

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    Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    Cjay Donato
    20 views10 pages
    This chapter discusses soil formation and development. It identifies five main soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. The parent material, either bedrock or previously deposited sediment, greatly influences early soil development. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - which are classified based on their formation process and mineral composition. Learning activities include identifying the elemental composition of Earth's crust, classifying rocks and minerals, categorizing soil-forming factors, and illustrating the process of soil formation from bedrock through weathering and erosion.

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    This chapter discusses soil formation and development. It identifies five main soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. The parent material, either bedrock or previously deposited sediment, greatly influences early soil development. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - which are classified based on their formation process and mineral composition. Learning activities include identifying the elemental composition of Earth's crust, classifying rocks and minerals, categorizing soil-forming factors, and illustrating the process of soil formation from bedrock through weathering and erosion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    20 views10 pages

    Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    Cjay Donato
    This chapter discusses soil formation and development. It identifies five main soil-forming factors: climate, organisms, relief, parent material, and time. The parent material, either bedrock or previously deposited sediment, greatly influences early soil development. There are three main types of rocks - igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary - which are classified based on their formation process and mineral composition. Learning activities include identifying the elemental composition of Earth's crust, classifying rocks and minerals, categorizing soil-forming factors, and illustrating the process of soil formation from bedrock through weathering and erosion.

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    WORKBOOK ON PRINCIPLES OF SOIL SCIENCE

    CHAPTER 2
    SOIL FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT

    I. INTRODUCTION

    The soil on the earth's surface is undergoing continual change, which escapes a casual
    study of the soil. Each soil has a life cycle in terms of geologic time. This dynamic and
    evolutionary nature is embodied in a definition of soil as a natural body of the Earth's surface
    having "properties due to the integrated effect of climate and living matter (plants and
    animals), acting upon parent material, as conditioned by relief (slope), over periods.

    The so-called soil forming factors govern the formation of the soil on the Earth's surface "
    previously identified by Jenny (1941), a widely accepted hypothesis, are the climate,
    organisms, relief, parent material and time (S = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …). Among these factors, the
    parent material is one of the most influential factors aside from climate, especially during the
    early stages of soil development. Parent material in soil science refers to the underlying
    geologic material characterized generally by the bedrock or can also be from a previously
    deposited material (sedimentary).

    Three types of rocks are identified on the Earth's surface according to the major Earth
    processes that formed them namely: igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. They
    can also be classified based on their chemical composition as either a mafic type, where it
    contains higher amounts of magnesium and iron, or a felsic rock type, where it is enriched
    with lighter elements, particularly silica.

    II. LEARNING OUTCOME

    At the end of this topic, students should be able to:


    1. Enumerate the elemental composition of the Earth's crust
    2. Identify the different soil-forming minerals
    3. Discuss the three general classifications of rocks and their abundance
    4. Describe the weathering process and the factors affecting soil formation
    5. Describe the development of soil profile and soil horizon.
    II. LEARNING ACTIVITIES

    Activity 5. Using the circle below, create a pie graph which shows the elemental
    composition of earth’s crust.

    Activity 6.
    Make a compendium of the different rocks and soil forming minerals. Print
    pictures of 10 igneous, 10 sedimentary and 10 metamorphic rocks (passport size each
    photo) Place your clippings in the table on succeeding page. For rocks, discuss their
    characteristics and mineral composition. For minerals, characterize according to
    hardness.
    ROCKS CHARACTERISTICS MINERAL
    COMPOSITION
    IGNEOUS ROCKS
    SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
    METAMORPHIC ROCKS
    Activity 7. Categorize the following into respective soil forming factors. Write C for climate, LO for
    Living Organism, R for Relief, P for Parent Material and T for Time. Write briefly between the
    parentheses how it influences soil formation.

    _____1. Earthworms ( )

    _____2. Minerals ( )

    _____3. Temperature ( )

    _____4. Slope ( )

    _____5.Plants ( )

    _____6. Precipitation ( )

    _____7. Flatness ( )

    _____8. Rocks ( )

    _____9. Freezimg ( )

    ____10. Ants ( )

    Activity 8. Complete the diagram of rock formation by labelling the appropriate

    classification of rock formed in the process.


    Activity 9. Illustrate and explain how soil are formed from bedrock. The use of arrows to clearly
    indicate the flow of the process is highly advisable.

    IV. REFERENCES

    Brady N C. 1984. The Nature and Properties of Soils. 9th ed. Macmillan, New York.

    Cosico W. C.

    Primer on Soil Science. 2005. Agricultural Systems Cluster, College of Agriculture,

    UPLB.

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