STATIC : FIRST CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Distinguish confidently the state of equilibrium of bodies at rest and the different
forces acting on the body;
b.) Decide confidently whether a body will be in translational motion.

Overview

Static involves an analysis of the forces acting on objects that are either at rest or moving at constant speed
in a straight path. These objects that are at rest, like the bridges, buildings and books on the table is said to be in
equilibrium. These objects at rest are in static equilibrium or translational motion. At rest does not mean there are
no forces acting on the body but all forces acting on that body is zero. If two equal forces in the opposite direction
act on a body, the body will not move. Acceleration is zero. Billboards, electric poste, Bonifacio monument,
Ingredients in storage bins are examples of bodies in static equilibrium.

First Condition of Equilibrium : Translational motion

Two conditions for an object to remain in equilibrium :

1. The vector sum of all forces acting on the object must be zero. Then according to Newton’s Second Law
of Motion, the object’s acceleration is zero. If at rest, the object remains at rest; if moving, its
motion continues unchanged.

2. For the object to be rotationally stable, the forces must act on it in a way that prevent it from rotating,
tipping or falling over.

Arrangement Of forces :
F2 F2

F1 F1

F3
F3

Figure a. Concurrent forces Figure b . Non – concurrent forces

1. First Condition of Equilibrium

The first condition of equilibrium is a special case of Newton’s second law ( F = ma ) for situations in which
objects are not accelerating, or objects sitting at rest. If the acceleration is zero, then the forces acting on the object
must add to zero.

ΣF = 0, F1 + F2 + F3+………………………………=…..0

When the body is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all forces acting on it is zero. The force diagram is a closed
polygon, or the sum of the horizontal component of all the forces must each equal to zero ( F 1x,F2x,F3x…..), and the
sum of the vertical components ( F1y, F2y, F3y…..) must also be zero.

ΣFx = 0, F1x + F2x + F3x +…………………………=…0

ΣFy = 0, F1y + F2y + F3y+…………………………=…0

Note : Always assume signs of direction and compare to the given force. that is;

One direction + , One direction –

Example I. Object with different forces acting vertically and horizontally

Find a) F2 and b) F4 using first condition of equilibrium

F1 = 4 kg F2 = ?

F4 = ? F5 = 8 kg

F3 = 7 kgs,

Solution:
By first condition of equilibrium formula : ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0
 a) Find F2 ; by first condition of equilibrium ( using vertical forces )

+ ΣFy = 0 ͵ Fy1 + Fy2 + Fy3 ……. = 0 ( upward arrow : assume forces vertically upward is positive )

, =– 4kg – F2 + 7 kg = 0
F2 = 3 kg

b) Find F4 = by first condition of equilibrium ( using horizontal forces )

+ ΣFx = 0 ͵ Fx4 + Fx5 ……. = 0 ( right arrow : assume forces horizontally right is positive )

, = – 8 kg + F4 = 0
F4 = 8 kg

Object with forces acting at an angle , θ

Find a) F1 and b) F2 using first condition of equilibrium

resolve
F1 = ? F = 5N

30 ̊
F2 = ?

Solution:
By first condition of equilibrium formula : ΣFx = 0
ΣFy = 0

Resolve and get the components of Force , F

So that, Fx = 5N cos 30ᵒ = 4.33N

Fy = 5N sin 30ᵒ = 2.50N

a) Find F1, by first condition of equilibrium ( using vertical forces )

+ ΣFy = 0 ͵ Fy1 + Fy2 ……. = 0 ( upward arrow : assume forces vertically upward is positive)

= – F1 + 2.5N = 0
F1 = 2.5 N
 b) Find F2 , by first condition of equilibrium ( using horizontal forces )

solution : + ΣFx = 0 ͵ Fx1 + Fx2 ……. = 0 ( right arrow : assume forces horizontally right is positive )

, = – F2 + 4.33N = 0
F2 = 4.33N

Worded Problem
 Draw the force diagram of the problem
 Apply the two case problem solution.

Example 1 .An object weighing 100 lb. And suspended by a rope A (Figure a) is pulled aside by the horizontal rope B
and held so that rope A makes an angle of 30 0 with the vertical. Find the tension in ropes A and B.

Solution : sketch system

vertical
( wall ) TA

300
O
TB

100 lb.
Consider the junction O as the body in equilibrium. It is acted upon by the three forces W = 100 lb. ; TA and TB
(unknown tension). Represent these forces in a force diagram. Resolve TA since it is at angle 30 ᵒ

The Force diagram Resolving force TA

TA
Fy = TA cos 30ᵒ
30ᵒ
TB
Fx = TA sin 30ᵒ TB

W = 100 lb W = 100 lb
a) Find TA, by first condition of equilibrium ( using vertical forces )

solution : + ΣFy = 0 ͵ Fy – W = 0 ( upward arrow : assume forces vertically upward is positive )

TA cos 30ᵒ – 100 lbs = 0

TA = 115.47 lbs

b) Find TB, by first condition of equilibrium ( using horizontal forces )

solution : + ΣFx = 0 ͵ – Fx + TB = 0 ( right arrow : assume forces horizontally right is positive )

, – TA sin 30ᵒ + TB = 0 ; – 115.47 sin 30ᵒ + TB = 0

TB = 57.73 lbs

Example 2: Calculate the magnitude of the tension force T pulling on the foot in the traction device shown in the
figure below. The weight w hanging from the cable attached to the wall is 40N.

w
300

300
T
w wall

40 N

Figure A: A traction device for the leg.

300
T

x
300
w

Figure B. A force diagram of the pulley of the traction device

Solution: The equations of the equilibrium for the pulley are as follows:

ΣFx = 0, or -T+ w cos 300 + w cos 30 0 = 0

ΣFy = 0, or 0 + w sin 300 - w sin 300 = 0

Since w = 40N, then we solve for T:

T = 2w cos 300
T = 2(40N)(0.87)
T = 69N
Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 6
Static: First Condition of Equilibrium

Solve for the following:

F1 = 12 lbs F2 = 25 lbs
1. Figure :

F6 = 17 lbs F5 = ?

F3 = ? F4 = 20 lbs

Find the following in the given figure : a) What are the forces acting vertically ?
b) What are the forces acting horizontally ;
c) Calculate F3 by 1st condition of equilibrium ;
d) Calculate F5 by 1st condition of equilibrium.
e) verify equilibrium.

. F1 = 30 N F2 = 10 N
2. Figure :
25 ᵒ
F6 = 39.06N F5 = ?

F3 = ? F4 = 8 N

Find the following in the given figure : a) Calculate F3 by 1st condition of equilibrium ;
b) Calculate F5 by 1st condition of equilibrium ;
c) verify equilibrium.
3. A 500-kg load is suspended from the end of a horizontal boom, as in the figure. The angle between the boom
and the cable supporting its end is 450. Assuming that the boom’s mass can be neglected compared with that
of the load, find (a) the tension in the cable and, (b) the inward force the boom exerts on the wall.

cable

450 T
F
boom

W =500 kg

4. A 50-lb box is suspended by two ropes . Rope A pulls the box horizontally and the other rope is in the direction
48 ᵒ with the horizontal. Calculate the tension of the ropes. Draw the force diagram.

5. Solve illustrative problem # 1 by triangular method

TORQUE: SECOND CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Distinguish confidently the state of equilibrium of bodies in motion and the different
forces acting on the body;
b.) Decide confidently whether a body will be in rotational motion.

Overview

The torque ( , Greek letter tau) is the product of the force and its moment arm at given axis of rotation. It is
the measure of the tendency of the force to cause a turn or rotation on the body. The factor to determine the effect
of a given force upon rotational motion is the perpendicular distance from the axis of rotation to the line of action of
the force. The distance is called the moment arm of the force or the perpendicular distance.
The importance of torque on a object to be rotationally stable means the forces must act on it in a way that
prevent it from rotating, tipping or falling or tip over. Mountain biker pedalling, roller coaster, hammer mill operation
in industries is an example of a body moving in a straight path at constant speed and is called dynamic equilibrium.
If the axis of rotation is fixed, it can be seen in the can opener that we are using daily, the pushing of the door, as we
turn our head and arms.

Second condition of Equilibrium : Rotational motion

Moment or torque - is the product of the force and perpendicular distance at a given axis.

Formula : T = F x perpendicular Distance

where T =torque
F = force
d = perpendicular distance

Note : 1. The unit of torque are pound-foot in British system, Newton-meter for MKS and Dyne-centimeter
for CGS.
2. The tendency of torque is to produce rotation.
Example 1 : Find torque ? F =2N

•A object
Distance = 3m

Solution :
Let Point A = Axis of rotation
3 m = perpendicular distance

T = F x perpendicular Distance
T = 2 Newtons x 3 meters
T = 6 N.m

Note: Three factors needed to produce torque: There must be a

1. Force
2. perpendicular distance
3. axis of rotation

Second Condition of Equilibrium

For an object to remain in rotational equilibrium, the sum of all torque’s acting on the objects must be zero.

Formula : ΣT0 = 0, T1 + T2 + T3 ………………… = 0

Where : T1, T2, T3 ….. represent the torque’s caused by all forces F1 , F2, F3 ……acting on the object.

or the formula can be re – written :

ΣT0 = 0 ͵ F1 d 1 + F2d2 + F3d3 …….. = 0

Note : Always assume signs of rotational direction and compare to the given forces.

Counter clockwise direction + , clockwise direction –

The algebraic sign of torque is determined by the generation or direction of the rotation of the torque tends to
produce. For counter clockwise rotation we will consider a positive sign (+), and for clockwise rotation a negative
sign (-).

Fa Fb

la la

+ -

Example 1. A uniform bar, 9.0 ft. long and weighing 5.0 lb., is supported by a fulcrum 3.0 ft. from the left end as in
the figure shown below. If a 12-lb load is hung from the left end, a ) what downward pull ( F ) at the
right end is necessary to hold the bar in equilibrium? b) With what force ( R ) does the fulcrum push up
against the bar?

Figure : R=?

3 ft
6 ft

W=5lb
12 lb. F=?

Solution :

The first condition of equilibrium indicates that the vector sum of the forces applied to the bar is zero, or that
ΣFy = 0 ,

R – 12 lb. – 5.0 lb. – F = 0 equation 1

Since there are two unknowns in the equation (1), we cannot solve for R and F. We have to apply the second
condition of equilibrium, calculating the torque’s about some axis and equating their algebraic sum to zero.

We shall choose an axis through the point A as axis of rotation to calculate the torque’s.

ΣT0 = 0 ͵ F1 d 1 + F2d2 + F3d3 = 0

 + Ↄ ΣTaxis A = 0 , (12 lb. x 3 ft) + – (5.0 lb. x 1.5 ft) + – (F x 6.0 ft) = 0

36 lb.-ft – 7.5 lb.-ft – F(6.0 ft) = 0

(6.0 ft) F = 28.5 lb.-ft

F = 4.75 lb.

Substituting this value in the equation (1),

R – 12 lb. – 5.0 lb. – 4.75 lb. = 0

R = 21.75
lb.

Example 2: A rope C (figure below) helps to support a uniform 200-lb beam, 20 ft long, one end of which is hinged
at the wall and the other end of which supports a 1.0 ton load. The rope makes an angle of 30 0 with the
beam, which is horizontal. Determine the tension in the rope.

rope C wall
A 300 B

W = 200 lb.
2000 lb.
20 ft

Figure: The force acting on a horizontal beam

Solution.

 Resolve The rope C into components ( Fx and Fy ) : Fy = TC Sin 30 ᵒ

 Find Tension C by second Condition of equilibrium
 Use point B as the axis of rotation
 Assume counter clockwise direction positive.
Then, by second Condition of equilibrium

ΣT0 = 0 ͵ F1 d 1 + F2d2 + F3d3 = 0

+ Ↄ ΣTaxis B = 0 , (200lb x 10 ft) + ( 2000 lb. x 20 ft) + – (TC sin 30 ᵒ x 20 ft) = 0

, 42,000 = TC ( 10 )

TC = 4,200 lb. or 2.1 tons

Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 7
Torque : Second Condition of Equilibrium
Solve the following:

1. A uniform bar is acted upon by different forces as shown .

R = 21.75 lbx

3 ft 1.5 ft 4.5 ft

•A •B •C D•

F1= 12 lbs W=? F = 4.75 lbs

Find : a) equate the formula : ΣT0 = 0 ͵ F1 d 1 + F2d2 + F3d3 = 0 , using point A, B, C. D as of

axis of rotation
b) solve for W using axis c by second Condition of equilibrium
c) Check equilibrium by First condition of equilibrium.

2. Find R1 and R2 using 2nd condition of equilibrium

F1 = 600 lbs F2 = 300 lbs

2 ft. 5 ft. 3ft

A B

R1 = ? R2 = ?

3. Calculate the tension in the cable supporting the beam shown in the figure . If a plant weighing 100 N hangs from
the beam as shown. The beam’s weigh is 40 N.

T2 T1

6m

2m

100 N
4. Calculate the magnitude of the tension force T exerted by the hamstring muscles (in the back of the thigh) and
the compression force C at the joint between the thigh bone and the calf bone when a 20 lb. force pulls on the f
foot as shown in the figure.

P (20 lb.)

T 15.0 in

1.5 in

5. A 3.0 m-long weightless beam is supported at each end by cables. A painter weighing 900 N stands 1.0 m from
the left cable. Calculate the tension in each cable.
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Differentiate comprehensively scientific and common meaning of work, power and
energy;
b.) Analyze comprehensively how energy is conserved in a given scenario.

Overview

The word work, power and energy has a specific meaning in Physics. Work is done when a force is exerted on
an object causing the object to move in the direction of a component of the applied force. The work done can be
against frictional force enough to produce motion, can also change the position of the body and to accelerate a body
using a larger force. Delivery of finished product, transfer of raw materials, speeding up are example of work.
Power has a scientific meaning that differs somewhat from its everyday meaning. We can say a person has
great strength. In physics, the term power means the rate of doing work. It is how fast the work is done and measure
the same work in a unit time. There are person or even machines that are faster or can perform the work faster. Like
The power of electric motors, wide screen TV set, air conditioning unit are measured in horsepower or kilowatts.
Energy is the property that enables to do work. The more energy, the more work it can perform. There are
different energy that we see around like gasoline that gives us chemical energy, Electric charges flowing the
conductor gives electrical energy, the sun also give radiant energy.

WORK

Work is the product of the force and its displacement measured in the same direction with the force. There
will be no work done if a force acting horizontally produces a displacement vertically.

The figure illustrate work.

Force
object 

Formula : Work = Force x distance

W =FxS
There are cases, Force act at a certain angel, θ like pushing a grocery cart’

Considering the figure below,



S
Formula : W = F cos θ S

Units of Work

System W ( work ) F ( force ) S ( distance )

MKS N.m = Joule, J Newton, N Meter, m
CGS Dynes . cm = erg dynes Centimetre , cm
FPs Ft . lb Pound, lb. Feet, ft.

Example 1. A empty wooden box is push horizontal by a crew using a force of 150 N to move by 85 cm to the corner.
a ) What is the work done by the crew ?
b) If the force applied is at 30 ᵒ, find the work done?

Solution:
a ) What is the work done by the crew ?

Given : F = 150 N; S= 85 cm x m/100cm = 0.85 m; θ = 30 ᵒ

F = 150 N
object

----- S = 0.85 m------

W = FxS
= 150N x 0.85 m
W = 127 N.m or Joules
 b) If the force applied is at 30 ᵒ, find the work done?

W = F cos θ S

F = 150 N

30ᵒ

-- S = 0.85 m----

W = F cos θ S = ( 150 N ) ( cos 30 ᵒ ) ( 0.85 m )

W = 110.4 N.m or Joules.

POWER

Power is the amount of work done per unit of time. It is the rate of time in doing the work or
can be can product of force and velocity.

In equation form, Work FS

P = --------- = --------- or P = FV
Time t

The more power something has, the more work it can perform in a given time. Two special units of power are in
wide use, the watt and the horsepower, where

1 watt (w) = 1 Joule /sec = 1.34 x 10-3 hp

1-horsepower (hp ) = 550 ft – lb. = 746 watts

s
1kilowatts (KW) = 1000 watts (W)

Units of Power

work Time Power

erg sec Erg/sec
joules sec Joules/sec
Example 1. A driver pushes a car by exerting a force of 120 N and move to a distance of 12 meters in 25 sec.
What power4 does the driver developed?

Solution:
Given : F = 120 N; S = 12 m; t = 25 s

FS ( 120 N )( 12 m )
P= --------- = ------------------------
T 25 s

P = 57.6 N.m / s or 57.6 watts

ENERGY

Energy is the ability or capacity to do work. It is also a measure one’ capacity to do work. A person walking
has energy and can perform work, flowing water has also energy as seen in waterfall.

Three categories of Energy :

1. Kinetic Energy – is the energy of a body by virtue of its motion.

Formula : KE = ½ mv2

Where : m = mass of the body

V = velocity of the object

Example 1. A student on a motor bike of mass 60 kg travels the city with a velocity of 8 m/s. Calculate the
Kinetic energy produced by the student ?

Solution: Given : m = 60 kg; V = 8 m/s

KE = ½ mv2 = ½ ( 60 kg ) ( 8 m/s ) 2

= ½ ( 60 ) ( 64 ) kg.m2/s2

KE = 1,920 Joules
2. Gravitational Potential Energy or Potential Energy – is the energy of a body by virtue of its position
above some reference level. Object can stored energy by its position. Sometime called work against gravity.

W = mg
h

Formula :

PE = mgh or PE = wh (in terms of weight of a body )

Where : m = mass of the body

h = height of the body
g = gravitational acceleration

Example 1. Calculate the potential energy of a man with mass 48 kg climbing up an emergency exit ladder
of a building that is 15 m up the ground .

Solution :
PE = mgh = ( 48 kg ) ( 9.8 m/s2 ) ( 15 m )

= ( 48 ) ( 9.8 ) ( 15 ) kg. m/s2. m

PE = 7,056 N.m or Joules .

3. Rest Energy – energy of a body by the virtue of its mass alone.

Formula : E o = m o c2

Wher : Mm = mass of an object

c = speed of light
= 3 x 108 m/s = 9.83 x 108 ft/s = 186,000 mi/s

Law of Conservation of Energy

According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed, although it can be
transformed from one kind to another. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. A falling stone
provides a simple example: More and more of its initial potential energy turns to kinetic energy as its velocity
increases, until finally all its PE has KE when it strikes the ground. The KE of the stone is then transferred to the
ground by impact.
Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 8
Work, Power and Energy

Solve the following problems.

1. The old oaken bucket that hangs in a wall has a mass of 6.75 kg. We slowly pull it up a distance of 5 m
pulling horizontally on a rope passing over a pulley at the top of the wall. How much work is done in pulling
the bucket up ?

2. What is the kinetic energy of a 15 kg object travelling at 6 m/s. What is the height of the height where the
Object must be dropped if it will be raised up ?

3. A force with magnitude of 30N acts on a 1.2-kg soccer ball moving initially in the direction of the force with a
speed of 4 m/s. Over what distance must the force act to change the ball’s speed to 6 m/s?

4. A horse pulled 500N to a distance of 12 m in 3 sec at a constant speed. What was the power of the horse in
a ) watts b) horsepower c) ft - lb d) kilowatts
s

5. A supply plane, flying 1.5 km above the ground drops food supply to a certain barangay below. If a bag of
food supply is 5 kg , find
a) the potential energy of a food supply bag just before it was drop ?
b) the potential energy of the supply bag after 8 sec.
c) calculate work done by the gravity after 8 sec.

6. The work done to push a steel box to a distance of 485 cm is 118.825 joules.
a) How much force is applied?
b) What is the work done if the force act at θ = 40 ᵒ?
C) if steel box is pushed in 35 sec, what is the power in kilowatts and horsepower ?
MOMENTUM

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Explain independently the relation of motion to impulse and momentum;

b.) Analyze comprehensively how momentum is conserved in a given scenario.

Overview

When an object is moving, there are two important factors that keep them moving: the mass of the object
and its velocity. The two factors not just give motion on the body but also resist the change of its motion since no
other force act upon the object. When we combine the effect of the two factors, the result is what we called
momentum. At the same velocity, truck has large momentum than a car because of greater mass and is hard to stop.
While the car with lesser mass can stop easily. Large velocity and small mass like the bullet, has large momentum.
The change in momentum is called impulse. Momentum and impulse are two quantities often seen in sport like
playing basketball or billiard, the paper ejecting the printing machine, soft drink cases or product packing.

MOMENTUM

Momentum is the product of mass and velocity. The concept is a continuation of newton’s law of motion.
Momentum is sometimes called inertia in motion. It also combine the idea of inertia and motion.

Formula :
p ( momentum ) = m x v ( mass x velocity )

Example 1 : Find the momentum of a 50-kg student running at 6 m/s.

Solution :
P = mv = 50-kg ( 6 m/s)

P = 300 kg.m/s

IMPULSE

A force that acts on a body during time t provides the body with an impulse Ft :

Formula : Impulse = Force x time

But according to Newton’s Second Law of motion,

F = ma and a = Vf – Vo then F = m ( Vf – Vo )
t t
 then momentum is can be expressed as;

Ft = m (Vf – Vo )

Note: This means that when a force acts on a body it produces a change in momentum. Therefore the
momentum change m(Vf – Vo) is equal to the impulse Ft provided by the force. The units of impulse are
newton-seconds, pound-seconds, or dynes-seconds.

Example 1. A 3200-lb car strikes a fence at 30 ft/s and comes to a stop in 1 second. What average force acted on
the car?

Solution :

The initial and final velocities of the car are 30 ft/s and 0, respectively. Hence,

Impulse = momentum change

Ft = m (v2-v1)
= m (v2 – v1)
g
F = w (v2 – v1)
gt

= (3200 lb)(0 – 30 ft/s)

(32 ft/s) (1 sec)

F = -3000 lb. ( The minus sign means that the force that acted to stop the car is in opposite
direction to its initial velocity.)

CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

The law of conservation of linear momentum states that the total linear momentum of a system of bodies
isolated from the rest of the universe remains constant regardless of what happens within the system. The total
linear momentum of the system is the vector sum of the momentum of the various bodies included in the system:
“isolated means that no net force of external acts on the system”.

Momentum is conserved in:

a. Explosion
Before Explosion After Explosion
m2
m1
m
V2
V=0 V1

P = mv = 0 P = m1v1 + m2v2
 Therefore ; momentum before explosion is equal to the momentum after explosion.

O = m 1 v 1 + m2 v 2

m1v1 = – m2v2 ( minus sign indicates that the other part goes in opposite direction )

b. Man and Boat System

m1 v 1 = m2 v 2

Where: m1 and v1 are the mass and velocity of man ;

m2 and v2 are the mass and velocity of the boat.

COLLISIONS

When 2 objects collide, their final total momentum equals their initial total momentum. All collisions conserve
momentum, but not all of them conserve kinetic energy as well. The loss of kinetic energy is transformed into another
form such as heat, sound energies, etc. Collision shows us the conservation on a body.

Types of collisions

1. Perfectly Inelastic Collision – two colliding objects stick together after collision having a common velocity.
In such collision, KE loss is the maximum possible.

2. Partly Elastic Collision – some KE is loss but the two bodies do not reach a common final velocity.

3. Perfectly Elastic Collision – the relative velocity of the two bodies has the same magnitude before and after
collision. Whenever this condition is satisfied, the total KE is conserved.

Example 1. A 40-kg skater travelling at 4 m/s overtakes a 60-kg skater travelling at 2 m/s in the same direction and
collides with him. a) If the two skaters remain in contact, what is their final velocity?
b) How much kinetic energy is lost ?

Solution: Given : m1 = 40 kg; m2 = 60-kg;

v1 = 4 m/s; v2 = 2 m/s

a) If the two skaters remain in contact, what is their final velocity?

Initial momentum = final total momentum

m1 v 1 + m2 v 2 = MV;

Where; M = m1 + m2
V = final velocity of the two skaters
V = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2
M
 = 40 kg (4m/s) + 60 kg(2m/s)
40 kg + 60 kg

V = 2.8 m/s.

b) How much kinetic energy is lost ?

Initial KE = 1/2m1v12 + 1/2m2v2

= ½ (40 kg) (4m/s)2 + ½ (60 kg) (2 m/s)2
= 440 Joules

Final KE = ½ MV2
= (100/2 kg) (2.8 m/s)2
= 392 Joules

KE lost = 440 Joules – 392 Joules

= 48 Joules which is 11% of the original amount.

Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 9
Momentum
Solve the following problems.

1. a) What is the momentum of a 10,000-kg truck whose speed is 30 m/s? b) What will be the speed of another
5,000-kg truck in order to have same momentum?

2. An improvised billiard ball is used in a local play where a 35 gram billiard ball resting in a corner is suddenly
hit by another 45 grams ball moving 0.5 m/s. After the collision, the 45 grams ball remains at rest while the
other ball moves away. Find the velocity of the ball moving away ?

3. a) An empty freight car with a mass of 10,000 kg rolls at 5 m/s along a level track and collides with a loaded car
with a mass of 20,000 kg, standing at rest with breaks released. Friction can be neglected. If the cars couple
together, find their velocities after the collision.
b) Find the decrease in kinetic energy as a result of the collision.
c) With that speed should the loaded car be rolling toward the empty car for both to be brought to rest
collision?

4. A 0.3-kg block is moving to the right on a horizontal, frictionless surface with a speed of 0.6 m/s. It makes a
head-on collision with a 0.2-kg block that is moving to the left with a speed of 1.2 m/s. Find the final velocity
(magnitude and direction) of each block if the collision is elastic. (Since the collision is head-on, all motion
is along a line.)

5. From 12 m/s to 54 km/hr , a 1500 kg jeepney accelerates that produce a force of 450 N. Find
a) the momentum of the jeepney.
b) the time to accelerate ?

6. A 200 g whistle firecracker is set and fired horizontally in a straight line on top a smooth platform.
Its speed is 1.654 m/s in0.35 seconds.
a) What is the momentum ?
b) The force in that time .
HYDROSTATIC

Objectives

At the end of the topic, the students can able to perform the following :

a.) Explain confidently density and specific gravity, fluid pressure and height inside a vessel;
b.) Compute accurately and independently the effect of fluid experienced by a body that is
submerged in the fluid and to an enclosed fluid.

Overview

The term “hydrostatics” is applied to the study of fluids at rest. The word fluid means substance which can
flow pertaining to liquids and gas. Because they flow readily and do not resist shearing stress. Fluid at rest are liquids
or gases in a container that are not allowed to flow. In real life, the blood circulation, mineral water in an enclosed
plastic bottle are fluid at rest. Some properties related to hydrostatics are important to our daily life. Like density
that is use to test body fluid, specific gravity, fluid pressure will be discuss to understand its importance.

DENSITY and SPECIFIC GRAVITY

One of the properties characteristic of every material is its density. Density may be classified as mass density
and weight density.

a. The Mass Density, (p) , of a material is the mass per unit volume of the material.

Formula :
Density = mass of the substance or
Volume of the substance

P = m
V

Note: 1.) The SI unit for mass density is kg/m3. Also used are g/cm3, and slug/ft3.
2.) For water, its density is 1000 kg/m3 or 1 g/cm3.
3.) The mass density is often referred to as simply the “density”.
 Typical values of density at room temperature are given below.

Material Density (g/cm3) Material Density (g/cm3)

Aluminum 2.7 Steel 7.6

Copper 8.9 Silver 10.5

Gold 19.3 Mercury 13.6

Ice 0.92 Ethyl Alcohol 0.81

Iron 7.8 Glycerin 1.26

Lead 11.3 Sea water 1.03

b. Weight Density, (D), of a material is the weight per unit volume of the material.

D = weight of the material

Volume of the material

D = mg
V

D=pxg

Note: 1. The units of D are N/m3, lbft3 or lb/in3.

2. Water has a weight density close to 62.4 lb/ft3.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY (sp. gr.)

The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of some standard
substance. The standard is usually water for liquids and solids, while for gasses, it is usually air.

Formula :

Sp. gr. = ___ P___ = __ D___

P standard D standard

Note: Since sp. gr. Is dimensionless ratio, it has the same value for all units systems. For liquids and solids
the density in g/ml or g/cm3 is approximately equal to the specific gravity since density of water is
1 g/ml.
Sample Problem.

1. Find the density and specific gravity of glycerin if 60.4 g occupies 48 ml.

Solution:

a) P = mass of glycerin
volume of glycerine

= 60.4 g
48 ml

P = 1.26 g/ml

b) sp. gr. = p glycerin

P water

= 1.26 g/ml
1 g/ml

Sp.gr. = 1.26 ( no unit )

2. Determine the volume of 400 g of carbon tetrachloride for which its specific gravity is 1.60.

Solution:

Sp.gr. = P carbon tetrachloride

P Water
1.60 = P carbon tetrachloride
1 g/ml

P carbon tetrachloride = 1.60 g/ml

From P = m
v

V = m/ P

V = 400 g
1.60 g/ml

V = 250 ml
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ( P )

Hydrostatic pressure or simply pressure is the force the fluid exerts perpendicularly on every part of the surface
of the container that the fluid touches.

Formula : P = F
A

Pressures are commonly expressed in newton per square meter (N/m2 ), dynes per square centimeter
(dyne/cm3) or pounds per square inch ( lb /in2). Pressure can also be expressed in “atmosphere”, representing a
pressure equal to that exerted by a column of mercury one centimeter high. One millimeter of mercury may also be
called as “torr”. Since gas and fluid flows, and being described as fluids, both flow in the direction from high to low
pressure.

Conversion: 1 atm = 1.013 x 105 N/m2

= 1.013 x 106 dyne/cm3
= 760 mm of hg
= 760 torr

The pressure exerted by a liquid depends upon depth and weight density of the liquid in the figure below.
The pressure exerted by the column of liquid of h distance below the surface area, A is the pressure due to the liquid
alone.

Formula :

P = pgh Where: P = pressure

g = gravitational acceleration
= 9.8 m/s2 , 980 cm/s2, 32ft/s2
h = height of the liquid, cm, m , ft.
p = density
 f the surface of liquid is under another pressure, this pressure must be added and the pressure at any level
in the liquid is
P = P surface + P liquid

P = Ps + p g h

Where: Ps is the pressure at the surface of the liquid. Ps maybe equal to the atmospheric pressure
in case of a liquid in an open container.

Problem 1 : Find the pressure at the bottom of a vessel 76 cm deep filled with a) water b) mercury.

Solution:

a) for water : P = pgh

= (76 cm) (1 g/cm3) ( 980 cm/s2)
= 74480 dyne/cm2

b) for mercury : p= pgh

= (76 cm ) ( 13.6 g/cm3) ( 980 cm/s2)
= 1.01 x 106 dyne cm/s2

Problem 2. A rectangular tank 30 cm x 30 cm x 60 cm is filled with ethyl alcohol to a full depth of 30 cm. The pressure
at the surface of the alcohol is 1.013 x 10 6 dyne/cm2. .Find : a) the pressure at the bottom of the tank ,
b) the force exerted on the bottom.

Solution:
a) the pressure at the bottom of the tank

P = hpg + Ps
= (30 cm) (0.81 g/cm3) (980 cm/s2) + 1.013 x 106 dynes/cm2
P = 1.037 x 106 dynes/cm2

b) the force exerted on the bottom

F = PA
= (1.037 x 106 dynes/cm2) (30 cm x 60 cm)
F = 1.866 x 109 dynes.
PASCAL PRESSURE

Pascal’s law states “ The Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion
of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessels ”.

Two relationship :

a.) P1 = P2 but P = F/A b.) V1 = V2 but volume, V = area, a x height, h

F1 / A1 = F2 / A2 A1 h1 = A 2 h 2

Problem 1. In a hydraulic press, the small cylinder has a diameter of 8.0 cm, while the large piston has a diameter of
20.0 cm. If a force of 500N is applied to the small piston, a ) what is the force on the large piston,
neglecting friction. b) How far will the large piston rise if the small piston moves 100 cm?
( Areacircle = πD2/4 )

Solution:
a) For the force in the larger piston
P1 = P2
F1 / A1 = F2 / A2

F1 A2 ( 500N ) ( 20 cm)2
F2 = --------- = ---------------------- = 3125 N.
A1 ( 8 cm )2

b) For the displacement :

V1 = V2
A 1 h1 = A 2 h2

h2 = A1 h1
A2
= (π x 82) (100 cm)
4 .
2
( π x 20 )
4

h2 = 16 cm.
BOUYANCY: ARCHIMEDES PRINCIPLE

Archimedes Principle stated that when a body is immersed in fluid, the fluid exerts an upward force on the
body equal to the weight of the fluid which is displaced by the body.

Buoyancy – property of liquid to exert buoyant force.

Buoyant force (BF) – upward force exerted by the liquid to any object submerged in liquid. Lost of weight .

Formula : BF = W in air – W in liquid

The conditions that determine if a body will float or sink in a liquid are as follows :

1. Weight of the body ˂ Buoyant force, the body will float.

2. Weight of the body ˃ Buoyant force, the body will sink.
3. Weight of the body = Buoyant force the object is suspended in the liquid.

Note: When liquid is water, object will float or sink by comparing their density or simply specific gravity.
Object with specific gravity less than one will float in water. An object with specific gravity greater
than 1.0 will sink in water while an object with specific gravity of 1.0 will float, but it may float at any
level within the water.

Here are some equations that the Archimedes’ Principle might give us.

Sp. Gr. = density of the substance

Density of water

Sp. Gr. = weight of substance

Weight of equal volume of water

Sp. Gr. = weight of the substance

Buoyant force of water

Sp. Gr. = buoyant force of liquid

buoyant force of water
Problem 1. An object whose volume is 10 m3 weighs 800 kg. It is dropped in water of density of 1.0 g/cm 3. Will it
sink or float?

Solution:

Weight of object = 800 kg

Buoyant force = weight of displaced water
= (Volume displaced) (density of water)
= (10 m3) (1000 kg/m3)
BF = 1000 kg

Analysis : Buoyant force ( 1000 kg ) > weight of an object ( 800 kg ), then the solid will float.

Problem 2. An object weighs 5 newtons in air and 3 newtons in water. What is the specific gravity?

Solution :

Sp.gr. = weight of object in air

Buoyant force of water

= 5N .
5N – 3N

Sp.Gr. = 2.5
Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 10.1

DENSITY

Solve the following:

1. A certain jar can hold 200 g. of water. Determine the water a) volume in the jar b) specific gravity,
c) mass density in g/m3 and d) weight density in kg/m3.

2. What volume, in cc, will 300 g of silver occupy if its density is 10.5 g/ml ?

4. A certain solution has a specific gravity of 1.285. If this is 60% by weight acid, what mass of acid
is contained ?

5. A spherical object has a radius of 1.2 x 1015 mm and its mass is 1.6 x 10 20 kg. Find its density.

6. A certain gas has a density of 1.3 kg/m3 under standard condition. What is the weight of this gas if
it is occupying a tank whose dimension is 10 cm by 8 cm by 3 cm?
Name ________________________________________ Score________________
Prog/yr/sec ___________________________________ Date:________________

Activity No. 10.2

Hydrostatic and Buoyancy

Solve the following:

1. A solid weighs 5.0 x 104 dynes in air and 3.0 x 104 dynes in air and 3.0 x 104 dynes in water. Calculate its specific
gravity.

2. A piece of cork weighs 50000 dynes in air and a sinker weighs 1.75 x 10 4 dynes in water. Combined weight of
both the cork and sinker in water is 25000 dynes. What is the specific gravity of the cork ?

3. A solid weighing 100 grams in air. It weighs 70 grams in water and 80 grams in a liquid of unknown specific gravity.
Find the specific gravity of the liquid.

3. A 300 cc solid weigh 180 grams in water and 240 grams in water and 240 grams in oil whose relative density or
specific gravity is 0.83, Find a) the weigh of the solid b) the density of the solid c) the loss of weigh in water
(Buoyant force in water) d) the loss of weigh in oil (Buoyant force in oil)

4. In a hydraulic press, the large piston has a cross-sectional area of 20 cm2 . If F = 100 N is applied to the small
piston whose cross- sectional area is 5 cm2, find the force F2 on the large piston

5. Find the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the container 70 cm deep, if it is filled up with a) water
b ) mercury c ) sea water.

6. A box whose base is 2.0 m2 has a mass of 100 kg. What is the pressure beneath the box?