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ScienceDirect
Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000
Procedia
Procedia Computer
Computer Science
Science 00 (2019)
171 (2020) 000–000
2073–2079 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)

Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications (CoCoNet’19)
Microstrip
Microstrip Patch
Patch Antenna
Antenna Design
Design for
for Fixed
Fixed Mobile
Mobile and
and Satellite
Satellite 5G
5G
Communications
Communications
Rashmitha R, Niran N, Abhinandan Ajit Jugale, Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed
Rashmitha R, Niran N, Abhinandan Ajit Jugale, Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, India
School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University, Bangalore, India
rashmitharashmi2000@gmail.com, niran.natraj1@gmail.com, abhinandan.a.j.1008@gmail.com, riyaz@reva.edu.in
rashmitharashmi2000@gmail.com, niran.natraj1@gmail.com, abhinandan.a.j.1008@gmail.com, riyaz@reva.edu.in

Abstract
Abstract
Connectivity has always been an important factor in the evolution of mankind. Since ages, it has shaped human history and now the
Connectivity
future is abouthas
to always been anThe
be visualized. important
urge forfactor in the evolution
perfection and speedof hasmankind. Since
lead to the ages,
birth it has shapedofhuman
of generations wirelesshistory and now the
communications.
future is about to be visualized. The urge for perfection and speed has lead to the birth of generations of wireless
Every upgrade in the generation of communication speeds up the electronic industry by a few decades. Within a few years of its communications.
Every
launch,upgrade
4G has innowthebecome
generation of communication
primeval. Further, the speeds
need for upthe
thefifth
electronic industry
generation by a few decades.
of communication Within
network is aintensively
few years being
of its
launch,
realized.4GIn has
thisnow become
paper, primeval.
we design and Further,
simulate the need for the
a microstrip fifthantenna
patch generation of communication
compatible network is intensively
with 5G communications. being
The antenna
realized. In this paper,
works in Extremely HighweFrequency
design and simulate
(EHF) rangea atmicrostrip
43.7GHz.patch antennamaterial
A substrate compatible with
of Fire 5G communications.
Resistant 4 (FR4) epoxy The with antenna
relative
works
permittivity of 4.4 has been used. Further, the antenna has been analyzed for its return loss, VSWR, gain, radiationwith
in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) range at 43.7GHz. A substrate material of Fire Resistant 4 (FR4) epoxy relative
pattern and
permittivity
current of 4.4 has
distribution. Thebeen used.results
obtained Further,
arethe antenna
verified has the
to suit been analyzed forand
requirements itsare
return loss, VSWR,
discussed gain,applications.
for various radiation pattern and
current distribution. The obtained results are verified to suit the requirements and are discussed for various applications.
c 2020

© 2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
c 2020

This is The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an
an open
open access
access article
article under
under the
the CC
CC BY-NC-ND
BY-NC-ND license
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
Peer-review access
under article under
responsibility of the
theCC BY-NC-ND
scientific licenseof(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
committee the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
Peer-review under(CoCoNet’19).
Communications
Communications responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network
(CoCoNet’19).
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
Keywords: Microwave Frequencies; Microstrip patch; Extremely High Frequency(EHF); 5G communication.
Keywords: Microwave Frequencies; Microstrip patch; Extremely High Frequency(EHF); 5G communication.

1. Introduction
1. Introduction
With the commercial launch of 4G by TeliaSonera in 2009, The speed of communication increased by ten times
fromWith the commercial
Turbo-3G to 80Mbpslaunch of 4G
in ideal by TeliaSonera
conditions. The lastin ten2009,
yearsThe
of 4Gspeed
haveoftremendously
communication increased
affected everyby ten times
industry on
from Turbo-3G to 80Mbps in ideal conditions. The last ten years of 4G have tremendously affected every
the planet. As the mere human behavior of always evolving constantly and the requirement of fast pacing industries, industry on
the planet. As the mere human behavior of always evolving constantly and the requirement of fast pacing
a higher generation of communications networks is required. The fifth-generation (5G) network works at a slightly industries,
ahigher
higherfrequency
generation of communications
range networks
of the existing 4G[1]. Withis the
required. The band
frequency fifth-generation (5G) network
between 28GHz to 100GHz,works
theattechnology
a slightly
higher frequency range of the existing 4G[1]. With the frequency band between 28GHz to 100GHz,
offers data speed of 10Gbps. Further, the 5G New Radio (NR) defined by the 3GPP under the SMARTER program the technology
offers data speed of 10Gbps. Further, the 5G New Radio (NR) defined by the 3GPP under the SMARTER program

∗ Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed. Tel:+91 9886564566.

∗ Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed. Tel:+91 9886564566.
E-mail address: riyaz@reva.edu.in
E-mail address: riyaz@reva.edu.in

1877-0509 
1877-0509 c 2020
© 2020 The
The Authors.
Authors. Published
Published by
by Elsevier
Elsevier B.V.
B.V.
1877-0509 c 2020 Thearticle
 Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an openaccess
This is an open under
access article the CC
under the BY-NC-ND
CC BY-NC-ND licenselicense
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open access article under
of the
Peer-review
Peer-review under
underresponsibility
responsibility ofCC
the theBY-NC-ND
scientific
scientific license
committee of (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
the Third
committee International
of the Conference on
Third International Computingon
Conference andComputing
Network Communications
and Network
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the Third International Conference on Computing and Network Communications
(CoCoNet’19).
Communications (CoCoNet’19).
(CoCoNet’19).
10.1016/j.procs.2020.04.223
2074
2 MohammedRashmitha R etetal.
Riyaz Ahmed al./ / Procedia
Procedia Computer
Computer Science
Science 171 (2020)000–000
00 (2019) 2073–2079

Ultra-low energy: Deep Coverage:

10+ years of battery life To reach challenging locations

Ultra-low complexity:
10s of bits per second Massive Internet
of Things Strong security:
Eg: Health/government/financial trusted
Ultra-high density:
1 million nodes per km2

Extreme capacity:
5G Ultra-high reliability:
< 10-5 per 1 millisecond

10 Tbps per km2

Enhanced
Mission-critical Ultra-low latency:
Mobile
control As low as 1 millisecond
Broadband
Extreme data rates:
Multi-Gbps peak rates;
100+ Mbps user experienced rates Extreme user mobility:
Deep awareness: Up to 500km/h
Delivery and Optimization

Fig. 1. 5G cases and their applications

includes three major cases to be satisfied by the new network system. For a communication network, the data rates
and area of coverage are always inversely proportional to each other. For systems to be connected in 5G NR, high
data rates have to be achieved across a wide area of coverage. This very requirement is achieved by Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB). Now, as the number of devices covered with justified data rate in a particular area increases,
the requirement towards high reliable and low latent network emerges to operate critical mission communication.
Autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, and Tactile Internet make few examples of critical mission communications.
This second case of 5G NR is addressed by Ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC). When a massive
number of devices are connected within a small area, it has to be taken care that IoT devices send data at irregular
intervals of time and when a large number of data coming irregularly has to be taken care, massive Machine Type
Communication(mMTC)comes into the picture.
The upgrade in the worldwide network requires immediate transformations in the devices to be compatible with
the new network. The entire communication system has to be reconfigured without which the new network becomes
redundant. However, the expeditious evolution would bring changes in the antennas. Thus the necessity of designing
an antenna working in 5G communication range has to be appreciated [3][4]. Vitally, Microstrip patch antennas are
one of the most sought antennas in this regard. Due to their small size and ease of fabrication, microstrip antennas are
preferred across most of the communication industries wherever low profile can be adapted. By most found adaptations
in smartphones, their ability of miniaturization of the entire circuit is a major advantage [5][6]. The flexibility they
allow in designing to be cut in any desired shape and size makes them a popular choice.

Nomenclature

Lg Length of Ground
Wg Width of Ground
Ls Length of Substrate
Ws Width of Substrate
h Hight of substrate
Lp Length of Patch
Wp Width of Patch
Lf Feed length
 Rashmitha
Mohammed Riyaz R et
Ahmed etal.
al./ /Procedia
ProcediaComputer
ComputerScience
Science00
171 (2020)
(2019) 2073–2079
000–000 2075
3

Fig. 2. (a)Top view of antenna. (b)Side view of antenna.

2. Antenna Design

The design process of an antenna begins with understanding the application to be achieved and parameter require-
ments. Frequency is an important factor. Further, the mode of application of the antenna will also come into the picture
and determines the substrate to be used [7]. Upon deciding all the data, the physical dimensions of the antenna are
calculated. In this work, authors use Ansys High-Frequency Structure Simulator[HFSS v 15.0] to design and simulate
the antenna. A ground layer of 7.39mm X 8.6 mm is first designed. This forms the base on which antenna has to be
mounted [8] [9]. The relative permittivity (r ) value of the substrate material contributes mainly towards the behavior
of antenna and thus the thickness of substrate material has to be calculated. The second layer of the substrate is at-
tached to the ground layer[10]. Radiating patch forms the third and most active layer of the antenna. Patch is fed with
current with various types of feeds. The major feed techniques include:

• Microstrip line feed

• Coaxial Probe feed
• Aperture Coupling feed
• Proximity Coupling feed

Microstrip line feed is the simplest form of feeding techniques. The conducting strip is usually smaller than the
patch and supplies current through one end of the patch[11] [12]. Further, this eases the fabrication process as feed
and patch are to be etched on the same plane. On the contrary, the height of the substrate is found directly proportional
to spurious feed radiations and surface waves. This proportionality is found to hinder the bandwidth of the antenna
along with undesirable cross-polarization. Coaxial type of feed is a technique which allows the feed to be placed
at any desired location inside the antenna. The feed cylinder moves from ground to the patch through the substrate
material. Thus, the thickness of the substrate material is found to cause issues in impedance matching. Further, it
reduces the effects of spurious radiation. The use of Coaxial feed usually gives a narrow bandwidth[13][14][15].
Aperture coupling, on the other hand, contains two substrate layers of different dielectric material and the feed line
sandwiched between the two layers. Due to the availability of two substrates, the thickness of each substrate can be
individually chosen to meet the application requirements. This type of feed gives reduced cross-polarization due to
symmetry. Also called an electromagnetic coupling scheme, proximity coupling also contains two substrates with feed
sandwiched between them. This type of feeding eliminates spurious feed radiation. The bandwidth is usually high due
to the increased thickness of the patch[16].
The antenna is designed with the dimensions of 7.39mm X 8.6mm with a thickness of 0.8mm at the substrate. The
substrate is composed of FR4 epoxy with a relative permittivity of 4.4 and dielectric loss tangent of 0.02. Further, the
2076 Rashmitha R et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 2073–2079
4 Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

patch with dimensions, 2.59mm X 3.8mm is mounted on the substrate. The probe feed consists of two outer cylinders
of 0.6mm diameter and inner cylinder of 0.2024mm diameter. The arrangement is as such that the lower cylinders
appear to be protruding out of the ground whereas the upper cylinder touches the patch. The dimensions are shown in
Table I. The geometric parameters are adjusted to observe the variations concerning the gain, bandwidth, and resonant
frequency of the proposed antenna.

Table 1. Antenna Parameters.

Parameter Dimension in mm Parameter Dimension in mm

Lg 7.39 Wg 8.6
Ls 7.39 Ws 8.6
Lp 2.59 Wp 3.8
h 0.8 L1 1.4
L2 0.6 L3 0.2024
L so1 1.18 L so2 0.35
L so3 0.25 W so1 2.77
W so2 1.34 – –

3. Results and Discussion

The proposed antenna is designed and simulated through Ansys HFSS v.15.0 simulator tool. As shown in Fig.3,
the return loss of -23.3656 was obtained at 43.7GHz. The ratio of mismatch between an antenna and the feed should
lie between the values of 1 and 2 practically. For the designed antenna the obtained VSWR was 1.18dB at the resonant
frequency and are shown in Fig.4. Radiation patterns are plotted in E and H planes to understand the field of antenna
radiation. Further, the gain is expected to be always a positive value. The designed antenna gives faithful radiation
pattern and a good gain of 4.35 at the resonant frequency as seen in Fig.5(a) and 5(b) respectively. Surface current
distribution is observed over the patch and feed at the resonant frequency and is shown in Fig.6. It is now worth
mentioning that every slot made in the antenna patch contributes towards the behavior of the antenna[17][18][19].
The designed antenna, when simulated tends to deviate from the theoretical expectations and these deviations are
usually corrected by adapting slots. It is up to the designer to adapt various slotting techniques to obtain the expected
results which are usually done by trial and error method.
With the world eagerly waiting for 5G to come, the importance of 5G antenna has to be realized. The designed
antenna is compact and can be adapted in mobile phones as a 5G communication antenna. As the antenna works
in Extremely High Frequency (EHF) range, it is also found suitable for applications in satellites[20]. As the EHF

Fig. 3. Return loss versus frequency. The return loss of antenna should always be lesser than -10dB.
 Rashmitha R et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 2073–2079 2077
Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 5

Fig. 4. VSWR of the antenna must practically be between the values of 1 and 2.

(a) (b) Gain

Fig. 5. (a). Radiation pattern of proposed antenna at 43.7GHz. (b)Gain of the proposed antenna at 43.7GHz.

Fig. 6. Current distribution is a qualitative measure of how the current is owing in the antenna.

range wavelength corresponds to millimeter waves, every object which is greater than or equal to millimeter range of
dimensions poses an obstacle to the signal. Therefore, every man-made thing is an obstacle to the 5G signal[21][22].
To avoid this problem, Massive MIMO antennas are used. The concept of Massive MIMO corresponds to use of a
 2078 Rashmitha R et al. / Procedia Computer Science 171 (2020) 2073–2079
6 Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

very large number of similar type of antennas for a single application so that the obstacles are covered by the Multiple
Input Multiple Output (MIMO) antennas. The newer versions of 5G devices use massive MIMO antennas to increase
the throughput of the device[23] along with efficient beam steering. Further, small-cell cellular networks have to be
adapted which include low powered mini base stations[24]. This mini base station handles small cells of network and
provide better signal strength in the area. The designed antenna can also be used in these mini stations due to their
good radiation pattern with justified gain.

4. Conclusion

In this work, a microstrip patch slot antenna for 5G and satellite communication has been designed. The simulation
of the design has been carried out in Ansys HFSS v.15.0 simulation tool. The obtained results are found to be satisfying
the requirements of the 5G communication antenna. The antenna works at a resonating frequency of 43.7GHz. The
compact-sized antenna is suitable both in the communication device and the mini base stations. Due to the requirement
of Massive MIMO antennas for 5G, use of similar types of multiple antennas is suggested. As coaxial feed is used for
the antenna, the impedance problem is reduced[25][26][27]. Future work includes fabrication of designed antenna for
real-time 5G applications. The narrow bandwidth, low gain, low power and low efficiency of the microstrip antenna
have to be taken care[28][29]. However, more optimization of the antenna is required to match the real-time application
scenarios and will be included.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Dr. P.Shyamaraju, honorable chancellor, REVA University for providing all the necessary
research infrastructures to carry out our research. We also would like to thank School of ECE, REVA University for
the enduring support. Further, we would like to extend our gratitude to Ms.Bhoomika C M of Centre of Excellence
for Cyber Physical Systems at REVA University for her valuable inputs during the work.

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