The Pharma Innovation Journal 2023; 12(5): 3881-3886

ISSN (E): 2277-7695

ISSN (P): 2349-8242
NAAS Rating: 5.23 Economics of production of turmeric in Akola district
TPI 2023; 12(5): 3881-3886
© 2023 TPI
www.thepharmajournal.com
Received: 08-02-2023
Sachin D Kambale and AS Gadakh
Accepted: 11-03-2023
Abstract
Sachin D Kambale The present study was carried out to study cost structure, returns and resource use efficiency during the
Research Scholar, National year 2018-2019 based on primary data. The study was conducted in Akola, Patur and Akot tahsils based
Institute of Abiotic Stress on purposive sampling. A sample of 90 turmeric growers was selected based on random sampling. It was
Management, Baramati, observed that, Per hectare total cost of cultivation of Turmeric was highest in the large group i.e. Rs.
Maharashtra, India
(320584.94) per hectare followed by Medium group (Rs. 311907.23) and small group (Rs. 299825.93).
Per hectare total cost of cultivation of turmeric for overall farmers was Rs. 311663.48 /-. The average
AS Gadakh
Ph.D. Scholar, Department of yield and gross returns per hectare increased with the increase in size of farms The benefit cost ratio of
Agricultural Economics, Turmeric at cost 'C3' was 1.65 in small group, 1.69 in medium group and 1.72 in large group. This
Mahatma Phule Krishi indicates that, Cultivation of turmeric crop was economically profitable. The average main production
Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, was 74.12 q/ha.
Maharashtra, India
Keywords: Economics of production, turmeric, cost of cultivation

Introduction
Indian turmeric cultivation and production trend has increased gradually over the past decades
and also area of cultivation shows an increasing trend. India accounts for about 80 percent of
world turmeric production (Deepa KM). Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), the ancient and sacred
spice of India known as “Indian saffron”, is an important commercial spice crop grown in
India. It is known as the “golden spice” as well as the “spice of life” (Sahoo). India is a major
supplier of turmeric to the world with more than 60 percent share in turmeric trade (Angles S).
Turmeric was probably cultivated at first as a dye, and then became valued as condiments as
well as for cosmetic purposes. The Arab traders took turmeric to Europe in the thirteenth
century during his travels in China in 1280 (Babu N.). Use of turmeric dates back nearly 4000
years to the Vedic culture in India.
Maharashtra state in India ranks sixth in area under turmeric cultivation. (National Horticuture
Board). The area under crop was 11000 hectares with production of 45000tonnes and
productivity of 4.09 tonnes/ha. In Sangli district is the major turmeric production centre in
Maharashtra both in area and production. Akola district is well known for growing turmeric
traditionally, but during last few years area under this crop has been increased tremendously
with commercial production. In Akola district area under turmeric cultivation is 179.00 ha
with production 64.20 metric tonnes in year 2017-18.

Materials and Methods

The present study was conducted in Akola district of vidarbha region of Maharashtra state for
the period 2018-19. The selection of district and viz; Murtizapur, Patur and Akot tahsil was
purposively made taking into consideration the availability of data since there is concentration
of turmeric area in the selected tahsils. The data was collected from primary data. The selected
farmers were personally interviewed and required data was collected from them by survey
method through a specially designed schedule.

Cost Concepts
The standard cost concept i.e., Cost A1, Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and
Cost C3 was used in present analysis.
Corresponding Author:
Sachin D Kambale
Cost A1: All variable cost excluding family labour cost and including depreciation
Research Scholar, National
Institute of Abiotic Stress Cost A2: Cost A1+ Rent paid for leased-in land.
Management, Baramati,
Maharashtra, India
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Cost B1: Cost A1 + interest value of owned fixed capital Results and Discussions
assets (excluding land). From the Table 1 it is revealed that, number of the selected
farmer was 90 out of which 45 farmers belongs to small
Cost B2: Cost B1 + Rental value of owned land (net of land holding, 30 farmers belong to medium and 15 farmers to large
revenue) and rent paid for leased in land. size holding with average size of holding 1.36, 2.94 and 5.92
hectare respectively. The average size of holding of turmeric
Cost C1: Cost B1 + imputed value of family labour. cultivator was 2.65 ha.

Cost C2: Cost B2 + Imputed value of family labour. Table 1: Average size of holding of selected farmers (ha)
Sr. No. of farmer Average size of
Size of holding
Cost C3: Cost C2 + marketing costs and transportation report. No. selected holdings
1 Small (Up to 2 Ha.) 45 (50.00) 1.36
Gross and net returns 2 Medium (2.01 to 4.00 Ha) 30 (33.33) 2.94
Gross returns 3 Large (4.01 & above) 15 (16.66) 5.92
Gross return of the farmers under the present study was Total/ Overall 90 2.65
estimated from returns obtained from sale of main produce. (Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to the total farmers)

Net returns Cost of cultivation of selected turmeric growers

Net returns were computed at different costs i.e. Cost A1, The cost of cultivation is helpful for crop planning therefore
in order to know the cost and profitability, the cost of
Cost A2, Cost B1, Cost B2, Cost C1, Cost C2 and Cost C3 by
cultivation of turmeric for small, medium and large farmer
deducting respective costs from the gross returns.
was workout.
Benefit-cost ratio
Per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Small
It was calculated at cost A1, cost A2, cost B1, cost B2, cost
farmer
C1, cost C2 and cost C3by dividing gross income by The per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for small
respective cost. farmers was workout and presented in Table 2.

Table 2: Per hectare cost of cultivation of Turmeric for small farmer (Rs)
Sr. No Item Unit/ha Input Cost/Input(Rs.) Total Cost Percentage to total Cost C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Hired Human Labour Male Days 82.66 200.01 16533.33 5.51
Female Days 146.33 150.00 21950.00 7.32
Subtotal 38483.33 12.84
2 Bullock Labour (Pair Days) 9.63 511.99 4930.55 1.64
3 Machine charges Hours 4.09 300.32 1228.33 0.41
4 Rhizomes qtls 26.44 3000.50 79333.33 26.46
5 Manures qtls 80.56 100.23 8074.53 2.69
6 Fertilizer N Kg. 180.15 24.12 4345.22 1.45
P Kg. 84.56 32.15 2718.60 0.91
K Kg. 82.26 22.15 1822.06 0.61
7 Irrigation charges (Rs.) 3325.00 1.11
8 Plant Protection (Rs.) 5000.00 1.67
9 Incidental charges (Rs.) 160.55 0.05
10 Repairing Charges (Rs.) 180.00 0.06
11 Working Capital (1 to 10) (Rs.) 149601.50 49.90
12 Int.on wor.Cap. @ 6% /annum (Rs.) 8976.09 2.99
13 Depreciation (Rs.) 903.05 0.30
14 Land Rev. cess & other taxes (Rs.) 169.22 0.06
15 COST "A1" (Items 11 to 14) 159649.86 53.25
16 Rental Value Leased in land (Rs.) 0.00 0.00
17 COST "A2" (Items 15 to 16) 159649.86 53.25
18 Int. on Fix.Cap. @ 10%/annum (Rs.) 3182.22 1.06
19 COST "B1" (Items 17 + 18) 162832.08 54.31
20 Rental Value of Land (Rs.) 82223.07 27.42
21 COST "B2" (Items 19 to 20) (Rs.) 245055.15 81.73
22 Family Human Labour Male Days 93.94 200.02 18788.88 6.27
Female Days 58.16 149.12 8725.00 2.91
Subtotal 27513.88 9.18
23 Cost " C1 " (Items 19+22) (Rs.) 190345.96 63.49
24 Cost " C2 " (Items 21+22) (Rs.) 272569.03 90.91
25 10% of" Cost C2" (Rs.) 27256.90 9.09
26 Cost"C3" (Rs.) 299825.93 100.00
27 Yield per hectare (Rs.) 70.12 7050.11 494353.71
Per qtl. cost of main produce at
28 (Rs.) 3887.18
Cost C3
(Figures in parentheses indicates the percentage to cost C3)

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Table 2 revealed that per hectare cost of cultivation of respectively.

turmeric for small farmer was Rs. 299825.93 /- The major
item was rental value of land (27.42 percent) followed by Per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Medium
rhizomes (26.46), hired human labour (12.84) percent, family farmers
human labour (9.18) manures (2.69) percent share to cost C3 The per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Medium
respectively. The percent share of Cost A2 and Cost B2 were farmers was workout and presented in Table 3
Rs 53.25 percent and Rs. 81.73 percent in total cost

Table 3: Per hectare cost of cultivation of Turmeric for medium farmers (Rs)
Sr. No Item Unit/ha Input Cost / Input(Rs.) Total Cost Percentage to total Cost C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 Hired Human Labour Male Days 80.78 200.00 16156.66 5.18
Female Days 142.38 150.00 21356.25 6.85
Subtotal 37512.91 12.03
2 Bullock Labour (Pair Days) 7.20 539.35 3883.33 1.25
3 Machine charges Hours 5.42 300.27 1627.50 0.52
4 Rhizomes qtls 27.04 3101.89 83875.00 26.89
5 Manures qtls 100.12 100.56 10068.07 3.23
6 Fertilizer N Kg. 182.36 24.58 4482.41 1.44
P Kg. 85.56 32.95 2819.20 0.90
K Kg. 84.16 21.95 1847.31 0.59
7 Irrigation charges (Rs.) 3621.33 1.16
8 Plant Protection (Rs.) 5000.00 1.60
9 Incidental charges (Rs.) 171.50 0.05
10 Repairing Charges (Rs.) 192.50 0.06
11 Working Capital (1 to 10) (Rs.) 155101.06 49.73
12 Int.on wor.Cap. @ 6% /annum (Rs.) 9306.06 2.98
13 Depreciation (Rs.) 1066.66 0.34
14 Land Rev. cess & other taxes (Rs.) 171.81 0.06
15 COST "A1" (Items 11 to 14) 165645.59 53.11
16 Rental Value Leased in land (Rs.) 0.00 0.00
17 COST "A2" (Items 15 to 16) 165645.59 53.11
18 Int. on Fix.Cap. @ 10%/annum (Rs.) 3472.50 1.11
19 COST "B1" (Items 17 + 18) 169118.09 54.22
20 Rental Value of Land (Rs.) 87536.86 28.07
21 COST "B2" (Items 19 to 20) (Rs.) 256654.95 82.29
22 Family Human Labour Male Days 93.06 200.02 18613.33 5.97
Female Days 55.22 149.12 8283.75 2.66
Subtotal 26897.08 8.62
23 Cost " C1 " (Items 19+22) (Rs.) 196015.17 62.84
24 Cost " C2 " (Items 21+22) (Rs.) 283552.03 90.91
25 10% of" Cost C2" (Rs.) 28355.20 9.09
26 Cost"C3" (Rs.) 311907.23 100.00
27 Yield per hectare (Rs.) 74.12 7100.00 526252.00
28 Per qtl. cost of main produce at Cost C3 (Rs.) 3825.58
(Figures in parentheses indicates the percentage to cost C3)

It is observed from the table that the per hectare cost of per hectare yield obtained by the farmer was (74.12) quintal.
cultivation i.e. Cost C3 was Rs. 311907.23 /-. Among the
different items of expenditure rental value of land accounted Per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for large
highest (28.07%) share in total cost C3 followed by rhizomes farmers
(26.89) hired human labour (12.03%), family labour (8.62) The per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Large
Manure (3.24%), Fertilizer (2.94%) and of the total cost. The farmers was workout and presented in Table 4

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Table 4: Per hectare cost of cultivation of Turmeric for Large Farmer (Rs)
Sr. No Item Unit/ha Input Cost / Input(Rs.) Total Cost Percentage to total Cost C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Hired Human Labour Male Days 81.11 200.00 16222.22 5.06
Female Days 142.04 150.00 21306.00 6.65
Subtotal 37528.22 11.71
2 Bullock Labour (Pair Days) 6.81 574.72 3913.88 1.22
3 Machine charges Hours 9.43 284.37 2681.66 0.84
4 Rhizomes qtls 28.66 3000.00 85983.33 26.82
5 Manures qtls 120.10 100.12 12024.41 3.75
6 Fertilizer N Kg. 183.23 24.12 4419.51 1.38
P Kg. 86.70 30.56 2649.55 0.83
K Kg. 86.70 22.58 1957.69 0.61
7 Irrigation charges (Rs.) 3731.38 1.16
8 Plant Protection (Rs.) 4733.33 1.48
9 Incidental charges (Rs.) 190.83 0.06
10 Repairing Charges (Rs.) 203.72 0.06
11 Working Capital (1 to 10) (Rs.) 160017.51 49.91
12 Int.on wor.Cap. @ 6% /annum (Rs.) 9601.05 2.99
13 Depreciation (Rs.) 116.83 0.04
14 Land Rev. cess & other taxes (Rs.) 181.50 0.06
15 COST "A1" (Items 11 to 14) 169916.89 53.00
16 Rental Value Leased in land (Rs.) 0.00 0.00
17 COST "A2" (Items 15 to 16) 169916.89 53.00
18 Int. on Fix.Cap. @ 10%/annum (Rs.) 3619.33 1.13
19 COST "B1" (Items 17 + 18) 173536.22 54.13
20 Rental Value of Land (Rs.) 91961.87 28.69
21 COST "B2" (Items 19 to 20) (Rs.) 265498.08 82.82
22 Family Human Labour Male Days 89.08 200.02 17817.77 5.56
Female Days 54.16 149.12 8125.00 2.53
Subtotal 25942.77 8.09
23 Cost " C1 " (Items 19+22) (Rs.) 199478.99 62.22
24 Cost " C2 " (Items 21+22) (Rs.) 291440.85 90.91
25 10% of" Cost C2" (Rs.) 29144.09 9.09
26 Cost"C3" (Rs.) 320584.94 100.00
27 Yield per hectare (Rs.) 77.54 7130.00 552860.20
28 Per qtl. cost of main produce at Cost C3 (Rs.) 3758.59
(Figures in parentheses indicates the percentage to cost C3)

It is seen from the Table that per hectare expenditure of Rs. (77.54) quintal.
320584.94 /- was incurred in the cultivation of turmeric as
Cost C3 by the cultivators. The major item of cost were rental Per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Overall
value of land, rhizomes, hired human labour, family labour, farmers
manure, fertilizer which accounted 28.69, 26.82, 11.73, 8.09, The per hectare cost of cultivation of turmeric for Overall
3.75, and 2.82 percent respectively. The per hectare yield was level was workout and presented in Table 5

Table 5: Per hectare cost of cultivation of Turmeric for Overall farmers (Rs)
Sr. No Item Unit/ha Input Cost / Input(Rs.) Total Cost Percentage to total Cost C3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Hired Human Labour Male Days 81.77 200.00 16355.92 5.25
Female Days 144.29 150.00 21644.86 6.94
Subtotal 38000.78 12.19
2 Bullock Labour (Pair Days) 8.52 527.62 4495.37 1.44
3 Machine charges Hours 5.48 295.67 1620.27 0.52
4 Rhizomes qtls 27.29 3033.67 82788.88 26.56
5 Manures qtls 100.25 100.12 10037.03 3.22
6 Fertilizer N Kg. 182.12 24.25 4416.41 1.42
P Kg. 85.25 31.12 2652.98 0.85
K Kg. 84.10 22.14 1861.97 0.60
7 Irrigation charges (Rs.) 3491.50 1.12
8 Plant Protection (Rs.) 4955.55 1.59
9 Incidental charges (Rs.) 171.47 0.06
10 Repairing Charges (Rs.) 192.56 0.06
11 Working Capital (1 to 10) (Rs.) 154684.77 49.63
12 Int.on wor.Cap. @ 6% /annum (Rs.) 9281.09 2.98
13 Depreciation (Rs.) 1013.22 0.33
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14 Land Rev. cess & other taxes (Rs.) 178.46 0.06

15 COST "A1" (Items 11 to 14) 165157.54 52.99
16 Rental Value Leased in land (Rs.) 0.00 0.00
17 COST "A2" (Items 15 to 16) 165157.54 52.99
18 Int. on Fix.Cap. @ 10%/annum (Rs.) 3407.38 1.09
19 COST "B1" (Items 17 + 18) 168564.92 54.09
20 Rental Value of Land (Rs.) 87530.21 28.08
21 COST "B2" (Items 19 to 20) (Rs.) 256095.13 82.17
22 Family Human Labour Male Days 93.78 200.02 18757.40 6.02
Female Days 56.51 149.12 8477.91 2.72
Subtotal 27235.31 8.74
23 Cost " C1 " (Items 19+22) (Rs.) 195800.23 62.82
24 Cost " C2 " (Items 21+22) (Rs.) 283330.44 90.91
25 10% of" Cost C2" (Rs.) 28333.04 9.09
26 Cost"C3" (Rs.) 311663.48 100.00
27 Yield per hectare (Rs.) 74.12 7100.00 526252.00
28 Per qtl. cost of main produce at Cost C3 (Rs.) 3822.59
(Figures in parentheses indicates the percentage to cost C3)

It is seen from the Table that the overall level the cost of q/ha.
cultivation was Rs. 311663.48 /-. The major item contributed
to total cost C3 were Rental value of land (28.08 percent), Per hectare cost and returns from Turmeric
Followed by followed rhizomes(26.56) hired human labour The per hectare cost and return of the turmeric was workout
(12.69 percent),family labour(8.74) Manure(3.22 percent), for small, medium and large farmers were presented in Table
fertilizer (2.87). The average main production was (74.12) 6

Table 6: Per hectare cost and returns from Turmeric (Rs)

Sr. No. Particulars Small Medium Large Overall
1 Main produce (q/ha) 70.12 74.12 77.54 74.12
2 Value of Main Produce 494353.71 526252.00 552860.20 526252.00
3 Gross Return 494353.71 526252.00 552860.20 526252.00
4 Cost of Cultivation at
Cost "A1" 159649.86 165645.59 169916.89 165157.54
Cost "A2" 159649.86 165645.59 169916.89 165157.54
Cost "B1" 162832.08 169118.09 173536.22 168564.92
Cost "B2" 245055.15 256654.95 265498.08 253842.24
Cost "C1" 190345.96 196015.17 199478.99 195800.23
Cost "C2" 272569.03 282599.60 291440.85 281077.55
Cost "C3" 299825.93 310859.56 320584.94 309185.31
5 Return at
Cost "A1" 334703.85 360606.41 382943.31 361094.46
Cost "A2" 334703.85 360606.41 382943.31 361094.46
Cost "B1" 331521.63 357133.91 379323.98 357687.08
Cost "B2" 249298.57 269597.05 287362.12 272409.76
Cost "C1" 304007.75 330236.83 353381.21 330451.77
Cost "C2" 221784.69 243652.40 261419.35 245174.45
Cost "C3" 194527.79 215392.44 232275.26 217066.69
6 Output input ratio at
Cost "A1" 3.10 3.18 3.25 3.19
Cost "A2" 3.10 3.18 3.25 3.19
Cost "B1" 3.04 3.11 3.19 3.12
Cost "B2" 2.02 2.05 2.08 2.07
Cost "C1" 2.60 2.68 2.77 2.69
Cost "C2" 1.81 1.86 1.90 1.87
Cost "C3" 1.65 1.69 1.72 1.70

The Table 6 indicates that the per hectare production of 215392.44and Rs. 232275.26/-. At an overall the net returns
turmeric for small medium and large farmer was 70.12, 74.12 were Rs. 217066.69/-. The input-output ratio at cost C3 was
and 77.54 quintal respectively. At overall level it was 74.12 1.65, 1.69 and 1.72 for small, medium and large farmer
q/ha. The average per hectare net return received by the small, respectively. The overall input-output ratio was 1.70. It
medium and large cultivator was Rs. 194527.79/- Rs. /- indicates that the turmeric cultivation was profitable.

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Fig 1: Per hectare cost and returns from turmeric

Conclusions
1. The per hectare total cost of cultivation of Turmeric i.e.,
cost 'C3' was highest in the large size group i.e.,
320584.94 per hectare followed by medium size group
(310859.56) and small size group (299825.93)
respectively. The average yield and gross returns per
hectare increased with the increase in size of farms.
2. The benefit cost ratio of Turmeric at cost 'C3' was 1.65 in
small group, 1.69 in medium group and 1.72 in large
group. This indicates that, Cultivation of Turmeric crop
was economically profitable.

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