Water Network Design

Manual
 Overview

This design manual, with the aid of computer

modeling of the water distribution system, aims at
providing a set of guidelines and minimum design
criteria for the design of water network in Qatar
such as existing Kahramaa network extensions,
upgrading, diversions and replacements,
rehabilitation and refurbishments. It also applies
for other public and private development projects
that will be constructed and connected to
Kahramaa water system.

The collection of field data provides an opportunity

to understand the operation of the real system.
Once a model is considered to be calibrated, it can
be then used to estimate hydraulic characteristics of
the real-world system at locations where measured
data is unavailable or unknown.

The design engineers in the Water Network

Development Section in Kahramaa and our
consultants shall use the criteria and guidelines of
this manual.

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CHAPTER ONE.......................................................................................................3
Design Conditions..............................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER TWO...................................................................................................... 3
Engineer's Report..............................................................................................................................................3
2.1 General information..................................................................................................................................3
2.2 Extent of water works system...................................................................................................................3
2.3 Justification of project...............................................................................................................................3
2.4 Soil, groundwater conditions.....................................................................................................................3
2.5 Water use data...........................................................................................................................................3
2.6 Flow requirements.....................................................................................................................................3
2.7 Sources of water supply............................................................................................................................3
2.8 Financing...................................................................................................................................................3
2.9 Future extensions.......................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................3
Design Approvals...............................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................3
Water Design Guidelines...................................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................3
Design Criteria of Water Pipelines...................................................................................................................3
5.1 Public and Private Water Mains:......................................................................................................3
5.2 Easements for water lines:................................................................................................................3
5.3 Routing and Layout Requirements...................................................................................................3
5.4 Water Main Classifications for design..............................................................................................3
5.5 Pipe Material.....................................................................................................................................3
5.6 Design Period....................................................................................................................................3
5.7 Pipe Sizing........................................................................................................................................3
5.8 Population Projection........................................................................................................................3
5.9 Water Demand..................................................................................................................................3
5.9.1 Average Per Capita Consumption................................................................................................3
5.9.2 Peaking Factor (PF).....................................................................................................................3
5.9.3 Water loss.....................................................................................................................................3
5.9.4 Fire Demand.................................................................................................................................3
5.9.5 Demand Formulas and Calculations............................................................................................3
5.10 Design Pressure.................................................................................................................................3
5.11 Pipe Cover.........................................................................................................................................3
5.12 Separation from Utility Services.......................................................................................................3
5.12.1 Separation from Sanitary Sewer mains, Wastewater System Structures and Storm Drains
and Culverts................................................................................................................................................3
5.12.2 Separation from Other Utilities...............................................................................................3
5.13 Connections to Existing Water Main................................................................................................3

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 5.13.1 General....................................................................................................................................3
5.13.2 Connections to Primary Mains (Distillate)..............................................................................3
5.13.3 Connections to Primary Mains (Distribution..........................................................................3
5.13.4 Cross Connection and Backflow Preventions.........................................................................3
5.14 Leg Works.........................................................................................................................................3
5.15 Drawings...........................................................................................................................................3
5.16 Pipe material:....................................................................................................................................3
5.17 Over sizing Requirements:................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER SIX.........................................................................................................3
Valves and Appurtenances................................................................................................................................3
6.1 Valve Requirements..........................................................................................................................3
6.2 Bulk Meters and District Meters.......................................................................................................3
6.3 Appurtenance Chambers and Boxes.................................................................................................3
6.4 Cathodic Protection...........................................................................................................................3
6.5 Corrosion Protections........................................................................................................................3
6.6 Thrust Blocks and Anchorage...........................................................................................................3
6.7 Fire Hydrant Requirements...............................................................................................................3
6.8 Non-Return Valves...........................................................................................................................3
6.9 Wash-Outs.........................................................................................................................................3
6.10 Water Pressure Gauge.......................................................................................................................3
6.11 Quadrina Stations..............................................................................................................................3
6.12 Service Connections & Water Meters Requirements.......................................................................3
6.13 Check Valves....................................................................................................................................3
6.14 Air Valve Assemblies.......................................................................................................................3
6.15 Access Manholes..............................................................................................................................3
6.16 Restraint systems..............................................................................................................................3
6.17 Appurtenant facilities........................................................................................................................3
6.18 Design Survey Requirement.............................................................................................................3
6.19 Subsurface Investigation...................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER SEVEN...................................................................................................3
Reservoir and Pumping Station (RPS) Facilities............................................................................................3
7.1 Reservoir and Pumping Facilities.....................................................................................................3
7.1.1 General.........................................................................................................................................3
7.2 Reservoir Facilities- Additional Criteria...........................................................................................3
7.3 Construction Materials......................................................................................................................3
7.4 Storage capacity................................................................................................................................3
7.5 Chlorination System requirements (Optional)..................................................................................3
7.6 Pumping Units and size....................................................................................................................3
7.7 Design Criteria..................................................................................................................................3
7.8 Telemetry and Control system..........................................................................................................3
7.8.1 General.........................................................................................................................................3
7.8.2 Design Criteria.............................................................................................................................3

CHAPTER EIGHT....................................................................................................3
Water Network Modeling..................................................................................................................................3
8.1 Node-Link Representation of a Network..........................................................................................3
8.2 The Main Input Components are:.....................................................................................................3
8.3 Pipe Roughness Coefficients:...........................................................................................................3

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 8.4 Minor loss Coefficients for Common Components..........................................................................3
8.5 Qualitative evaluation of sources for model error, water-distribution system model:.....................3

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................3

GLOSSARY.............................................................................................................3
Definitions and Abbreviations.............................................................................................................................3

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 CHAPTER ONE
Design Conditions

The design conditions in Qatar are mainly specified by the weather and climate characteristics.

The country is a peninsula extending towards the north of the Gulf with set of islands.

Qatar is characterized by flat landscape except for some small hills and high ground to the north
west. There are no high areas in Qatar except for few scattered sandstone and limestone hills. The
highest are those of Dukhan at about 35m.

Qatar is also characterized by hot summer starting from June till middle of September. Winter is
warm, with little rainfall.

The minimum annual temperature: 8.6°C

The maximum annual temperature: 47.9°C
The minimum relative humidity: 6%
The maximum relative humidity: 100%

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 CHAPTER TWO
Engineer's Report
The engineer's report for water works improvements shall present the following information where
applicable:

2.1 General information

including

a. description of the existing water works and sewerage facilities,

b. identification of the municipality or area served,

2.2 Extent of water works system

including

a. description of the nature and extent of the area to be served,

b. provisions for extending the water works system to include additional areas,

c. appraisal of the future requirements for service, including existing and potential industrial,
commercial, institutional, and other water supply needs.

2.3 Justification of project

Where two or more solutions exist for providing public water supply facilities, each of which is
feasible and practicable, discuss the alternatives. Give reasons for selecting the one
recommended, including financial considerations, operational requirements, operator qualifications,
reliability, and water quality considerations.

2.4 Soil, groundwater conditions

including a description of

a. the character of the soil through which water mains are to be laid,

b. foundation conditions prevailing at sites of proposed structures,

c. the approximate elevation of ground water in relation to subsurface structures.

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2.5 Water use data
including

a. a description of the population trends as indicated by available records, and the estimated
population which will be served by the proposed water supply system or expanded system 20 years
in the future in five year intervals, or over the useful life of critical structures/equipment,

b. present water consumption and the projected average and maximum daily demands, including
fire flow demand.

2.6 Flow requirements

including

a. hydraulic analyses based on flow demands and pressure requirements.

b. fire flows, when fire protection is provided, meeting the recommendations.

2.7 Sources of water supply

Describe the proposed source or sources of water supply to be developed and the reasons for their
selection.

2.8 Financing
including

a. estimated cost of integral parts of the system,

b. detailed estimated annual cost of operation,

c. proposed methods to finance both capital charges and operating expenses.

2.9 Future extensions

Summarize planning for future needs and services.

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 CHAPTER THREE

Design Approvals
The following utility departments shall review, comment and approve all the designs:

1. Kahramaa- Water Network Affairs

2. Kahramaa- Electricity Network Affairs.
3. Kahramaa- Corporate Planning & Business Department
4. Kahramaa- Customer Services Department
5. Kahramaa- Technical Affairs- Water Projects Department
6. Public Works Authority- Roads Affairs
7. Public Works Authority- Drainage Affairs
8. Urban Planning & Development Authority- Urban Planning Department
9. Qatar Telecom- Q-Tel
10. Qatar Petroleum
11. Superior Council of Environment Protection
12. Higher Planning Council

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 CHAPTER FOUR

Water Design Guidelines

The concept and final design of water network shall conform to the following:

1. KM Specifications of Main laying Contracts

2. KM Specifications for Main laying Materials
3. KM Plumbing By-Laws
4. KM Standard Details Drawings
5. Qatar Construction Specifications 2002 (QCS)
6. RA Design Manual

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 CHAPTER FIVE
Design Criteria of Water Pipelines

5.1 Public and Private Water Mains:

When the water distribution system is complete and all the improvements have been formally
accepted, the public utilities departments shall be responsible for the repairs and maintenance of all
service lines and water mains located in the public right-of-way and publicly dedicated mains and
loop systems. Maintenance and repairs for the portion of the system located on private property
shall be the responsibility of the property owner.

All engineering plans shall clearly differentiate between all portions of the public and private water
distribution system.

5.2 Easements for water lines:

Water lines shall be placed on the north and east side where possible except where it is impractical
or more expensive to do so, or where there is already an existing line.

5.3 Routing and Layout Requirements

Below are the minimum requirements in routing and layout requirements for pipes:
 All Water mains shall be constructed in streets within the water utility reserves as per Road
Affairs Road Hierarchy for safe and quick access to all KM water mains at all times for
repair of pipe breakages, install service connections and perform preventive maintenance.
 Pipelines should never be laid on private boundaries to ensure accessibility of the line
during maintenance and repair of the pipes.
 There maybe some instances where the standards cannot be applied. Hence, adjustments
or deviations from the standards for individual special cases will be made through mutual
agreement with other utility departments and with the approval of Kahramaa Water
Planning Department.
 In main highways or wide roads, the economics of laying secondary distribution mains on
both sides of the road must be considered to minimize the need for long service pipes
across the road. A secondary distribution line should be laid along side a primary
distribution line 400mm and larger, except where there are no houses yet. In this case,
outlets or stub-outs should be provided for future parallel secondary distribution line.
 Provision (such as Tees) for future extensions should be considered at all road
intersections.
 All water lines shall be laid as straight as possible. Avoid excessive number of high points
and low points along the line and between cross street connections as they create air
pockets.

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  Minimum radius of curve and maximum deflection angle of pipe joints will be restricted to
75% of manufacturer’s recommendation, after which the use of horizontal or vertical bends
will be required.

5.4 Water Main Classifications for design

For the purposes of design in this manual, water mains shall be classified as in the
following table:

Table -1- Classification of Pipes

Pipe Size (mm) Classification

< 100 Tertiary Distribution Mains

100- 300 Secondary Distribution Mains

400 & Above Primary Mains

5.5 Pipe Material

All mains shall conform to the approved KM Specifications of Main laying Materials.

5.6 Design Period

Water system elements are designed to meet the demands of its service area over a design period.
The economical period of design of water system of element is related to its first cost, service life,
present population and present growth rate of its service area, interest rate and the ease and cost
of increasing its capacity. Most of the above factors invariably vary from locality to locality, hence
for a variable economical period of design.
The tedious iterative procedure coupled with inaccurate data on the above factors makes it
impractical to solve the economical period of design on a case to case basis. For all practical
purposes, the below listed Table can be used:

Table -2- Pipe Design Period

Type of Works Design Period (Years)

Primary Mains 20
Secondary Distribution Mains 30

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5.7 Pipe Sizing

The pipe network should be designed to deliver safely and economically the required volume of
water at the minimum acceptable pressure to consumers within district/pressure zones.
Water system shall be sized to carry the designed peak flow required plus fire flow without
exceeding the velocities or head losses as shown in the following table:
Table -3- Allowable Velocity and Head losses

Pipe Size Minimum allowable Maximum allowable Maximum allowable Head loss at Peak
(mm) Velocity (m/s) Velocity (m/s) Domestic Demand (m/1000km)
100-300 0.4 1.5 2-3

400 & 0.4 1.5 2-3

above

In addition, water main shall be a minimum of 100 mm in diameter. The standard sizes that shall be
used for the water system are given in the following table:

Table -4- Standard sizes of pipes

S. No. Size (mm) S. No. Size (mm)

1 100 7 900

2 150 8 1200

3 200 9 1400

4 300 10 1600

5 400 11 2000

6 600

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5.8 Population Projection

The population forecast shall be based on the population of Qatar as per The Planning Council's
Annual Statistical Abstract, as listed on Appendix ( A )
Over the 20-year population period in Qatar from 1986 to 1977, the population growth rate average
was 3.20 percent per year, increasing from 5.15 percent in 1997 to 2004 to 5.60 percent in 2005 to
2010. Thus, for a constant population projection, a growth rate of 5.60 % may be used for design
purposes.
In the absence of census data for a given area to be served, a rough population estimate may be
made base on the number of existing households and the number of persons per household as
given below:
Rural Areas- 8
Urban Areas- 12

5.9 Water Demand

Following are several data and formulas for the calculation of the design flow in the water pipelines.
The final design decision should be based on the average per capita consumption and fire demand
whichever is higher.

5.9.1 Average Per Capita Consumption

The average consumptions for the design purposes are suggested as per the following table:

Table -5- Per Capita Consumption of Consumers

Category Per Capita Water Consumption (liter/capita/day)

Rural / Urban Areas 500-520

TFS 150-200

Small & Medium Industries 0.60

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5.9.2 Peaking Factor (PF)
Water consumption varies on an hourly, daily or seasonal basis. Below is a table that shows the
recommended peaking factors for designs:

Table -6- Peaking Factor

Type of Peak Factors Peak Factor Range Average Peaking

Factor
Maximum day: Average day (1.20 to 2.0):1 1.50:1

Maximum hour: Average hour (2.0 to 3.0): 1 2.50:1

5.9.3 Water loss

The Design flow shall include allowance for losses as indicated below:

Table -7- Water Loss

Particulars % UFW
Proposed Pipe 15%

Existing Pipe 20-25%

5.9.4 Fire Demand

Qfire fire fighting flows are given as per the following table:

Table -8- Fire Flow Demand

Fire Risk Description Area Q fire (l/sec)

Central Urban Areas 200

Large size of Industrial and Commercial Areas 150

Medium Size of Business and Commercial Areas 50

Concentrated Built up Areas 100

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5.9.5 Demand Formulas and Calculations
 Average Water Demand (AWC)
AWC= P x Per Capita Water Consumption
Where;
P = Total No. of Population
AWC= Average Water Consumption

 Average Daily Demand (ADD)

ADD= P x AWC
1-% UFW
Where;
P = Total No. of Population
AWC= Average Water Consumption
ADD= Average Daily Demand

 Maximum Daily Demand (MDD)

MDD= PF x ADD= 1.50 x ADD
Where;
PF = Peaking Factor
MDD= Maximum Daily Demand in Lps

 Maximum Hourly Demand (MHD)

MHD= PF x ADD= 2.50 x ADD
Where;
PF = Peaking Factor
MHD= Maximum Hourly Demand

5.10 Design Pressure

The distribution mains maybe designed to convey the peak flow with a minimum service/residual
pressure of 1.50 Bar (15 m) at critical (highest and farthest) nodes of the system, regardless of
whether this node is on a primary or secondary line.

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5.11 Pipe Cover

All pipes shall have a minimum pipe cover of 900 mm from the crown of the pipeline to the finished
road level or ground.
However, as the primary mains increases in size, the minimum cover requirement may increase.
In cases where existing pipes are too shallow, the pipeline has to be replaced and laid as per
specifications. Where pipelines have 700mm cover, it has to be provided with a proper concrete
protection as per Kahramaa specifications.

5.12 Separation from Utility Services

5.12.1 Separation from Sanitary Sewer mains, Wastewater

System Structures and Storm Drains and Culverts
To minimize if not totally eliminate the potential contamination, water and sewer/drainage facilities
shall meet the separation requirements as stated in the table below:

Table-9- Separation between Water facilities and Sewer/Drainage Facilities

Utility Minimum Allowable Separation

Vertical (m) Horizontal (m)
Gravity Sanitary Sewer Mains 0.75 3.0

Sewer Service Connections 0.75 3.0

Treated Sewer Effluent Forced 0.75 3.0

Mains

Wastewater Structure - 3.0

Storm Drains & Culverts 0.75 3.0

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5.12.2 Separation from Other Utilities
Water mains shall maintain the minimum clearances from any underground utility as per the
following table:

Table-10- Separation between Water facilities and Other Utilities

Utility Minimum Allowable Separation

Vertical (m) Horizontal (m)
Electricity 0.50 1.50
Q-Tel 0.50 1.50
QP Oil/Gas 0.60 2.00
Qatar Cool 0.50 1.50
Existing Water Main 0.50 1.50

The Set back distances from wall structures in special cases such as in saturated areas are:

Pipe size Centerline of pipe Set back allowance (meters)

Pipe up to 150 mm 1.5

150 to 900 mm pipes 2.0

More than 900 mm pipes 4.0

5.13 Connections to Existing Water Main

5.13.1 General
All connections to existing water mains shall be made under the direct supervision of KM and shall
conform to General Specifications of Main laying Contracts.

5.13.2 Connections to Primary Mains (Distillate)

Connections for single connections or distribution systems to any distillate mains are not allowed.
However, in areas where there is no reasonable alternative for providing service, KM may approve
a 300mm diameter minimum size connection and pipeline configured for a future parallel
distribution system for additional services. The connection shall include a minimum 300mm tee to
allow for expansions, an isolation valve, a pressure reducing valve and a flow meter at the point of
connection shall be installed.

5.13.3 Connections to Primary Mains (Distribution)

Connections smaller than 150mm (for single connections or distribution systems) to primary
distribution mains 400mm or larger are not allowed. In areas where there is no reasonable
alternative for providing service, KM may approve a 100mm minimum size connection and pipeline
configured for a future parallel distribution system for additional services. The connection shall
include an isolation valve at the point of connection, a minimum 100mm tee to allow for expansions,
and isolation valves on each extension.

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5.13.4 Cross Connection and Backflow Preventions
No physical connection shall be allowed between potable and non-potable sources. Backflow
prevention devices (.g., Non-Return Valve) shall be installed in all lines where the possibility exists
for water from any other source to enter the public water supply system.
Backflow prevention assembly installations shall be in accordance with KM Standard
Specifications.

5.14 Leg Works

During the design stage, a site investigation should be conducted by the designers to determine if
the condition at the site imposes special requirements. Corrosive soil, level of the water table,
extremely traffic loading, ground conditions, route/placement of pipe, etc. are among the
environmental factors that should be considered in the design.

5.15 Drawings

Drawings for water lines shall show stationing, pipe size and material, bearings, and curve data to
adequately define the water line location. Water line dimensions including distances to structures,
right-of-way, face of curb, edge of pavement, and property lines shall be shown.

The drawings shall also show all appurtenances, water service connections and water meters.

Profiles shall be provided for all water lines 400mm and larger in size. Grades shall be calculated
and shown on the profiles. Profiles shall also show all air, air/vacuum relief valves, fire hydrants,
and blow-off locations.

Water lines shall be referenced by distances from right-of-way lines, buildings, and other utilities.

Blocking and/or restraint details.

All drawings for water mains crossing sewers, sewer force mains, or other utilities shall show points
where crossings occur. Crossings shall be shown in both Plan and Profile. The Profile shall clearly
indicate vertical clearance between utilities.

5.16 Pipe material:

Pipe material shall be as per Kahramaa General Specification of Main Laying Materials for
Waterworks.

5.17 Over sizing Requirements:

The water main can be oversized based on the future development as per the policy plan.

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 CHAPTER Six
Valves and Appurtenances
All the required appurtenances should be laid in accordance with Kahramaa General Specification
of Main Laying Materials for Water works.

6.1 Valve Requirements

Valves should be provided to the water network to control the flow and pressure, facilitate hydro-
testing and to limit service cut-off during maintenance, repair and interconnection works.
Sluice/Gate Valves shall be used in pipelines ranging in sizes from 100mm to 300mm. For 400mm
and larger pipes, Butterfly Valves shall be used.
For grid iron system of pipes, valves shall be installed at each branch of crosses or tees and along
the run at intervals of four blocks but not more than the spacing as shown in the following:

Table-11- Valve Spacing in Long Pipelines

Pipe Size (mm) Maximum Spacing Between Valve Classifications

Valves (m)
100- 300 300 Sluice Valve

400- 500 600 Butterfly Valve

600 1000 Butterfly Valve

Above 600 2000 Butterfly Valve

The following additional guidelines are suggested for the placement of Valves:
 Valves shall be provided before and after inverted siphons, water pipe bridges, highway
crossings and busy intersections.
 Valves shall be provided immediately at the branch mains.
 The number of Valves required is one less than the number of pipes converging at the
intersection.
 As much as possible, Valves shall be located at street intersections or junctions.
 If Kahramaa requires the installation of Electronic Monitoring and remote operation
equipment, the line valve must be a butterfly valve with rectangular vault, housing the valve
operator and telemetry equipment.

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6.2 Bulk Meters and District Meters

Flow meters should be installed at the points where major supplies enter the network,
downstream of main divergence points on the trunk system and at entry points to water
zones/districts, housing complexes, subdivisions and other distribution blocks. The sizing is
based on consideration of the hydraulic characteristics of the water meters approved by
Kahramaa.

6.3 Appurtenance Chambers and Boxes

In-situ concrete chambers shall be provided in 400 mm and larger pipes and pre-cast concrete
boxes for 300 and below mains.
All valves assembly, chambers, boxes and covers shall conform to the specifications of main
laying materials and specifications of main laying Construction.

6.4 Cathodic Protection

The ground conditions shall be considered in the case of metallic conduits and provide suitable
cathodic protection to the main where necessary.

6.5 Corrosion Protections

All water mains and appurtenances shall be provided with proper corrosion protections as per
Kahramaa specification of main laying contacts and specifications of main laying materials.

6.6 Thrust Blocks and Anchorage

All thrust blocks and anchorage shall be designed to resist the specified field hydrostatic test.
Thrust blocks and anchorages for restraint joints or thrust blocks shall be used for all bends
(vertical and horizontal) and fittings or where joint devices are required.
When multiple vertical bends are required for utility clearances, all fittings are to be designed
with restrained joints or rigid connections in addition to concrete thrust blocking.

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6.7 Fire Hydrant Requirements

The main function of fire Hydrants is for fighting fires. In addition, hydrants perform important
maintenance functions such as; flushing off dirty water and foreign materials from the mains,
pressure measurements, sampling points and night flow monitoring.
The recommended maximum spacing for fire hydrants is shown in the following table:

Table-12- Fire Hydrant Maximum Spacing

Land Use Spacing Requirements Fire Hydrant Max. spacing (m)

Residential & others 300

Commercial & Industrial 100

Note: The above criteria for spacing fire hydrants may be modified by the Department to
improve fire hydrant accessibility for fire fighting purposes.
Other fire hydrant requirements are as follows:
 Fire hydrants shall be placed on water utility reserves and shall be installed at convenient spots
for fire fighting such as at street intersections and junctions.
 Where long block lengths require the use of intermediate fire hydrants, they shall be placed in
line with the property boundary between adjacent lots or parcels of land.
 Dead end lines shall be provided with hydrants or terminal hydrants, not necessarily for fire
fighting but for draining off the pipeline from foreign materials.
 The minimum fire flow from any individual fire hydrant shall be 500 gpm (40l/s). The minimum
flowing pressure at maximum flow shall be 14m.

 During maximum rated fire flow conditions, the pressure drop in any fire protection system shall
not exceed 11m from the point of connection at the existing County system to any fire hydrant
or any combination of required hydrants.
 The minimum size water line used for fire protection shall be 150 mm in size and shall be
looped to provide feed from at least two directions

6.8 Non-Return Valves

Non-Return valves shall be installed to prevent backflow at the following locations;

On connecting lines of subdivisions with elevated water tanks, and

Where there is possibility of short circuiting from discharge pipe of pumping station to the suction
line of the same pumping station.

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6.9 Wash-Outs

Washouts are provided at suitable low points of long rising mains of 400mm diameter and above.

The following table gives the appropriate sizes of the washouts:

Table-13- Wash out sizing

Pipe Diameter(mm) Wash out Size(mm)

1200 250

1000 250

800 200

600 200

500 150

400 100

6.10 Water Pressure Gauge

Pressure gauges should be installed at key points such as; near flow meters and extremely high or
low points on the network and in low pressure area.

6.11 Quadrina Stations

Quadrina Stations should be installed in 300mm and larger pipes. It shall be installed at least 10
pipe diameters away from any bend, tee or cross. Its aim is to measure the flow and pressure in the
mainline and is used to calibrate bulk meters.

6.12 Service Connections & Water Meters Requirements

All Service Connections and Water Meter materials and installations shall be as per Kahramaa
Specifications.
Other requirements for Service Connections and Water Meters are given below:
In new developments where new mains are installed, service connections and electronic water
meters shall be installed to each prospective consumer.
Every separate property or building shall be supplied with a separate Service connection and
water Meter. A Single Service Line and a Master Meter could be used for two or more buildings
located on the same lot or for housing complex or the like within one lot/property.

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New Service connections, as much as possible, shall be limited in size to 50% of the water main
diameter. On looped mains there shall be a limited number of service connections comparable to
the equivalent existing main capacity.
Electronic Water Meters shall be used.
Service Connections shall be MDPE Pipes.
Note: For information of current fees for Service Connections and Water Meter installations, contact
Kahramaa Customer Services Department.

6.13 Check Valves

Check valves shall be installed on primary pipe lines to prevent backflow at the following locations;
On connecting lines of subdivisions with elevated water tanks and
Where there is possibility of short circuiting from discharge pipe of pumping station to the suction
line of the same pumping station.

6.14 Air Valve Assemblies

Primary mains between valves shall be treated as an independent unit with provisions for de-
watering, filling, removing air and adding air as appropriate for the primary main construction and
maintenance.
Air valve assemblies shall be installed at all profile high points in the Primary mains at locations
approved by Water planning Department as per the following sizing:

Table-14- Air Valve sizing

Pipe Diameter(mm) Air valve Size(mm)

1200 200

1000 200

800 150

600 150

500 100

400 80

6.15 Access Manholes

24
Access manhole shall be provided in 400mm and larger pipes to allow for inspections during
construction and to serve later on during repairs.

6.16 Restraint systems

All bends, fittings, line Valves and Bulkheads shall be restrained by using a joint restraint system
compatible with the type of pipe. Water Planning Department (WPD) shall approve all restraint
system. The length of the restraint system shall be shown on the construction plans and complete
supporting data on the restraint system design shall be submitted to WPD for review and approval.
Concrete thrust blocks will not be accepted.

6.17 Appurtenant facilities

Primary Distribution mains, except Distillate Mains, shall be provided with branch outlets, tie-ins to
existing or proposed facility. A minimum of 300 mm diameter flanged branch outlet with side valve
shall be provided at 400m intervals along the alignment. These branches are provided to integrate
parallel or crossing distribution lines.

6.18 Design Survey Requirement

It is a required to have a vertical profile of the Primary mains, and existing and finished ground
surface profile of the alignment base on the latest Qatar National Datumn and tie to at lease 2
official survey benchmarks. Additional semi- permanent benchmarks shall be established every
100m along the route by closed loops of third order accuracy. The existing ground profile shall
consist of ground surface elevations along the proposed Transmission main centerline at every
25m station and at pronounce grade breaks.
Topographical features within the street or right of way and any topographic feature outside the
right of way, which may interfere with the operation or installation of the Primary main, shall be
accurately surveyed and depicted on the plans. Topographic features may be compiled by aerial
photogrammetry or field survey methods.
In areas where the ground slope perpendicular to the centerline of the Primary main exceeds 5%,
cross sectional data shall be surveyed at all 25m station profile points and shall extend at least 10
m at each side of the centerline.

6.19 Subsurface Investigation.

When required, a geotechnical works shall be performed for soil investigation for the purpose of
determining the soil bearing capacity, soil backfill suitability, presence of groundwater or bedrock,
corrosion potential and other conditions, which may affect the construction of the transmission
main. Test holes shall be located at maximum spacing not more than 200 m and at highway and
canal crossings.

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 CHAPTER SEVEN
Reservoir and Pumping Station (RPS) Facilities

7.1 Reservoir and Pumping Facilities

7.1.1 General
Water reservoir and pumping facilities/booster stations shall conform with Kahramaa Specifications.

7.2 Reservoir Facilities- Additional Criteria

The overall objective of the water reservoir/storage is the following:

Assist in meeting peak flow requirements.
Equalize system pressure.
Provide emergency water supply in case of component failure.
Permit high service pumps at desalination plants to operate at a relatively uniform rate.
Provide fire Flows.
Provide additional needed treatment.

7.3 Construction Materials

The materials and designs used for finished storage units shall provide stability and durability as
well as protect the quality of the water. The materials and design are subject to Kahramaa approval.

7.4 Storage capacity

Storage facilities shall have capacity to meet allocated domestic demands, fire flows and
emergency flows. Domestic demands are established using the criteria set forth in this manual
including fire flows. Kahramaa requires that storage facilities accommodate at least 3-days supply.
If the project is to be phased and two or more storage tanks are ultimately required, the initial or first
phase storage tank shall include the capacity for the total project (all phases) fire flow storage and
total project (all phases) emergency storage plus the peak hour storage requirement for the first
phase domestic demand.

7.5 Chlorination System requirements (Optional)

26
Due to the storage projects, no set design criteria ca be maintained for all sites. A general set of
criteria has been developed in order to provide guidelines for the design of each site. Based on
previous analysis, the following is a list of these guidelines.
 Monitor the chlorine residual in a continuous sample taken from a location that will represent the
chlorine level in the reservoir.
 If the chlorine residual falls below a set point of 0.2ppm, for example, then the chlorine additive
system is activated.
 When the chlorine system is activated, a reticulation pump starts and a chlorine solution is added
to the water to raise the free chlorine level in the reticulation water to approximately 1ppm.
 The reticulation pumps will be sized to turn the full volume of the reservoir over in a maximum of
3 days. Each site will have somewhat different point/points from which the reticulation pump will
draw its suction. The typical discharge point will be approximately 180 degrees from the inlet/outlet
piping. Using this piping system, the chlorinated water will be dispersed into the stored water and
eventually turn the volume of the reservoir over with chlorinated water.
 When the chlorine residual in the continuous sample reaches a set point of approximately
0.4ppm, the reticulation pump, without the chlorination system, will be started. This will help to
circulate any newly added water with adequate chlorine residual and a minimum chlorine level in
the reservoir.

Table-15-Chlorine Facilities Maximum Design Criteria.

Item Design Criteria.

Low level Chlorine 0.2ppm

High level chlorine 1ppm

Design Chlorine Dosage 1ppm

Volume Turnover Max. Time required 3 days

Chlorine Monitoring Constant, amperometric method

7.6 Pumping Units and size

Pumping Stations shall consist of variable pumps to supply a minimum of the total domestic
demand which is peak hour flow plus total fire. The station shall consist of a minimum of 2 Standby
pumps. At lower flows not all of the pumps are running.

7.7 Design Criteria

27
The minimum requirements for pumping facilities and booster stations are as follows:
The pumps shall be selected to provide the minimum required pressure of 1.0 BAR continuously at
downstream side of furthest stop cock valve of any house connection, facility etc located inside
certain water network.
The pumping station shall consist of group of pumps of equal operating capacity and installed in
parallel.
The number of operating, stand by and maintenance pumps shall be determined by concerned
planning engineer after comprehensive study and in accordance with operation department
instructions.
The pumps total capacity sizing shall be based on maximum hourly peak consumption which
equals to peaking factor times average daily demand.
Peaking factor shall be estimated based on historical reading for consumption of the required area
and based on future forecasts of water consumption.
The pumps technical specifications shall be in accordance with tender documents.

Piping configurations shall include the following minimums:

 All piping within the pump stations shall be provided with restrained joints.
 Isolation valves shall be provided for each pump assembly.
 Discharge piping shall include:
- End Spools
- Check Valves
 Pump discharges shall be joined to a common header, which shall pass through an above ground
flow meter with isolation valves and a valved by-pass.
 A pressure relief valve shall be provided between the discharge header and supply line.
 Surge Protection shall include the following:
- Hydropneumatic tanks shall be equipped with pad mounted air compressor and level sensors.
- Electric Power Controls

7.8 Telemetry and Control system

7.8.1 General
These standards set forth a uniform engineering approach for determining design, specifications
and installation of SCADA System additions at Water Production Facilities. These standards are not
all encompassing.
New public RPS facilities shall be designed in accordance with this standards, KM Standards

7.8.2 Design Criteria.

Instrumentation and SCADA System additions design shall be in accordance with the typical
Process & Instrumentation Diagram, instrument device, schedule, Remote Terminal Unit, one-lines
and current Kahramaa SCADA Specifications.

28
 CHAPTER EIGHT
Water Network Modeling

8.1 Node-Link Representation of a Network

Links come in several varieties:

1. Pipes

2. Pumps

3. Valves.

Besides being the junction point between connecting pipes, nodes can

serve as:

1. Points of water consumption (demand nodes)

2. Points of water input (source nodes)

3. Locations of tanks or reservoirs (storage nodes).

29
8.2 The Main Input Components are:
(2)

Component Properties
Junction Identification label
Elevation
Demand
Demand pattern

Tanks Identification label

Bottom elevation
Initial water level
Minimum allowable water level
Maximum allowable water level
Tank diameter

Pipes Identification label

Start node label
End node label
Length
Diameter
Roughness coefficient
Status (Open / Closed)

Pumps Identification label

Start node label
End node label
Head-discharge curve

Pump Controls Pump identification label

Control Type (Time, Low Level, High Level)
Pump Setting (Open or Closed)
Control Setting (Time or Tank ID / Level)

Patterns Identification label

Multiplication factors

Time Parameters Duration

Hydraulic Time Step
Pattern Time Step

30
8.3 Pipe Roughness Coefficients:

Pipe Material Darcy-Weisbach ε (mm) Hazen-William C (unit less)

Cast Iron 0.25 120-140
Concrete or concrete 0.3-3 120-140
lined
Galvanized Iron 0.15 120
Plastic 0.0015 140-150
Steel 0.045 120

8.4 Minor loss Coefficients for Common Components (7)

Component Loss Coefficient

=======================

Globe valve- open 10

Angle valve- open 4.3

Butterfly valve-open 1.2

Gate valve-open 0.39

Bend θ=45 0.2

Bend θ=90 0.8

Square entrance 0.5

Exit 1.0

Tee (line flow) 0.3-0.4

Tee (branch flow) 0.75-1.8

31
8.5 Qualitative evaluation of sources for model error, water-
distribution system model:
(2)

Error Type Notes

Qualitative Estimate
of Error
Hig Moderat Lo
h e w
Input data X Measurement and typographical
Unknown pipe X Darcy-Weisback "C-Factors"-no measured
roughness values data, values determined from the table
Effects of system X X Metered consumption data availability
demands
Data derived from X Data quality assured using GIS software
network maps
Node elevation data X Data obtained from GIS
Time variance of X Pressures monitored with continuous-
pressures and water recording data loggers; tank water-level data
levels from SCADA
Skeletal X Not applicable--"street-level" network used
representation of
network
Geometric anomalies X Areas of suspected partially closed valves
or partially closed reported to water utility and investigated
valves
Outdated or unknown X Curves shall be obtained
pump- characteristic
curves
Poorly calibrated X Data loggers factory calibrated for each test;
measuring equipment quality assured using manual pressure
gauge

*List of error sources from AWWA Engineering Computer Applications Committee (1999)

32
 References
1. Advanced Water Distribution Modeling and Management", Haestad Methods, walski,
Chase, Savic, Grayman, Beckwith, Koelle.Haestad Press, First edition, 2003.
2. American Water Works Association.

3. Boss International Website forums

4. City of Lafayette Water Supply Facilities Design Criteria website

5. Data Base, Water Network development Section,Kahrama.

6. Design Guidelines for Subdivision improvements, City of Livingstone, Texas.

7. Haestad Methods Website.

8. Hydraulic Model Calibration, Water Distribution System Modeling.

9. Minimum Design Standards for Water Distribution Systems, City of Lubbock, Texas
website.

10. National Fire Protection Association,Qatar

11. North Shore City Council's Infrastructure Design Standards Manual, August 2004,website.

12. The network Model/Epanet website

13. Recommended Standards for Water Works, Policies for the Review and Approval of
Plans and Specifications for Public water Supplies, 2003.

14. Urban Hydraulic, André Dupont.

15. Various Related Websites.

16. Water and Watste Water Engineering,Gorgon M.Fair,John C.Geyer,Faniel A.Okun,Volume

1,Phoenix Press,inc.1966.

17. . Water Distribution System Contents, Engineering Standards and Specifications

18. Water Distribution System Design, City of Naperville Design Manual for Public
Improvements, March, 2002.

19. Water Line Distribution System Design Requirements

20. Website of Water Supply & Distribution/Columbus/Ohio

21. World Health Organization website.

33
 GLOSSARY

Definitions and Abbreviations

Check valve

A valve that allows water to stream in one direction and will then close to prevent development of a
back-flow.

Contaminant

Any foreign component in a substance, for example in water.

Corrosivity

Ability of water to dissolve or break down certain substances, particularly metals.

Chlorine demand

The difference between the amount of chlorine added to water, sewage, or industrial wastes and
the amount of residual chlorine remaining at the end of a specific contact period. Compare residual
chlorine.

Demand

The volume of water requested by users to satisfy their needs.

Desalination

34
Water treatment method where water is boiled to steam and condensed in a separate reservoir.
Contaminants with higher boiling points than water do not vaporize and remain in the boiling flask to
remove salt from seawater or brackish water to produce drinking water, using various techniques.

Disinfectants

Fluids or gasses to disinfect filters, pipelines, systems, etc.

A chemical (commonly chlorine, chloramine, or ozone) or physical process (e.g., ultraviolet light)
that kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

Disinfection

The decontamination of fluids and surfaces. To disinfect a fluid or surface a variety of techniques
are used, such as ozone disinfection. Often disinfection means eliminating the present
microrganisms with a biocide.

Distribution Main

A water pipe installed between distribution water main and water meter of customer property,
owned, operated or maintained by Kahramaa.

Distribution System

A network of pipes leading from a treatment plant to customers' plumbing systems.

Easement (corridor)

A right acquired legally to make use of another's property, such as a right of way over their land.

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

Fire Hydrant

is one that is located on streets dedicated to public use. A fire hydrant is the responsibility of
Kahramaa and is to be used for fire protection only. A fire hydrant shall conform to the
specifications of the Ministry of Civil Defense.

Head

35
The pressure of a fluid owing to its elevation, usually expressed in feet of head or in pounds per
square inch, since a measure of fluid pressure is the height of a fluid column above a given or
known point.

Head, static

The height above a standard datum of the surface of a column of water (or other liquid) that can be
supported by the static pressure at a given point. The static head is the sum of the elevation head
and the pressure head (after Lohman and others, 1972).

Head, total

The total head of a liquid at a given point is the sum of three components: (a) the elevation head,
which is equal to the elevation of the point above a datum, (b) the pressure head, which is the
height of a column of static water that can be supported by the static pressure at the point, and (c)
the velocity head, which is the height to which the kinetic energy of the liquid is capable of lifting the
liquid (Lohman and others, 1972).

Hydraulic gradient

(1) The change in static head per unit of distance in a given direction. If not specified, the direction
generally is understood to be that of the maximum rate of decrease in head.

(2) Slope of the water table or potentiometric surface (ASCE, 1985).

(3) A change in the static pressure of ground water, expressed in terms of the height of water above
a datum, per unit of distance in a given direction (10 CFR Part 960.2).

Hydraulic head

The height above a datum plane (such as sea level) of the column of water that can be supported
by the hydraulic pressure at a given point in a ground water system.

Lot

means a parcel of land or two or more contiguous parcels to be used as a unit.

Municipal sewage

Liquid wastes, originating from a community. They may have been composed of domestic
wastewaters or industrial discharges.

ND (Nominal Diameter)

Nominal external diameter of a pipe in metric system. It indicates the exact external diameter
corresponding to the standard pipe size.

Part per million (ppm)

36
Unit of concentration equal to one milligram per kilogram or one milligram per liter.

Expressed as ppm. One ppm is one unit weight of solute per million unit weights of solution. In
water analysis the ppm is equivalent to mg/l.

Peak Demand

The volume of water requested by users to satisfy their needs multiply by the local peak factor.

Population

A collection of individuals of one species or mixed species making up the residents of a prescribed
area

Potable water

Water that is safe for drinking and cooking.

PN (Pression Nominal)

Designator followed by designation number indicating approximate pressure rating for piping in
bars.

Pressure head

Hydrostatic pressure expressed as the height of a column of water that the pressure can support at
the point of measurement. See also head, static, and pressure, hydrostatic.

Pressure, hydrostatic

The pressure exerted by the weight of water at Public water system

Pump

A device which moves, compresses, or alters the pressure of a fluid, such as water or air, being
conveyed through a natural or artificial channel

Reservoir

A pond, lake, tank, or basin (natural or human made) where water is collected and used for storage.
Large bodies of groundwater are called groundwater reservoirs; water behind a dam is also called a
reservoir of water.

Residual chlorine

The available chlorine which remains in solution after the demand has been satisfied. Compare
chlorine demand

37
Reservoir

A natural or artificial holding area used to store water.

Rising Main

A pipeline through which water is pumped to a higher level.

Service Pipe

A water pipe installed, owned, operated and maintained by Kahramaa.

Transmission lines

Pipelines that transport raw water from its source to a water treatment plant.

Utility

It is a basic service such as water, electricity or gas that provides such a service. They are
generally regulated by the government.

Water demand

Water requirements for a particular purpose, such as irrigation, power, municipal supply, plant
transpiration, or storage.

Water Line

A closed conduit designed to distribute potable water for human consumption to various areas and
provide fire protection.

Water System

All pipes, fittings, valves, meters, pumps, hydrants, tanks and all appurtenances thereto which are
physically connected to State of Qatar water system.

Water table

The surface of groundwater in the soil.

38